BoyWiki - User contributions [en]

Jongensforum

2009-12-29T18:33:33Z

Bigham: Undo revision 932 by Bigham (Talk)

'''Jongensforum''' is a [[Free Spirits]] message board for Dutch-speaking [[boylover]]s. The board was founded on 18 August 2000 by [[Kabouter]] at [[Parsimony]], a free forum hosting service. There were several moves between hosts and significant downtime, culminating in its present home at Free Spirits.
==See also==
* [[The Great Outage]]
== External links ==

* [http://www.jongensforum.net Jongensforum] [https://www.jongensforum.net/ (https link)]
[[Category:Free Spirits]]
[[Category:Message boards]]

Jongensforum

2009-12-29T18:32:11Z

Bigham:

'''Jongensforum''' is a [[Free Spirits]] message board for Dutch-speaking [[boylover]]s. The board was founded on 18 August 2000 by [[Kabouter]] at [[Parsimony]], a free forum hosting service. There were several moves between hosts and significant downime, culminating in its present home at Free Spirits.
==See also==
* [[The Great Outage]]
== External links ==

* [http://www.jongensforum.net Jongensforum] [https://www.jongensforum.net/ (https link)]
[[Category:Free Spirits]]
[[Category:Message boards]]

User talk:Bigham

2009-08-22T08:58:33Z

Bigham:

My apologies I had not thoroughly read many of the articles I submitted. I totally understand what you mean though and definitely don't want to get anyone in trouble for defamation or giving the appearance that we are using our enemies disgusting tactics. I will stick to less controversial subjects. Thanks for the warning. [[User:ImaginaryBoy|ImaginaryBoy]]

I wish to copy some articles from BoyWiki to Newgon Wiki (namely the articles on BoyWiki and Lifeline) what do I need to include, is a link to the original article sufficient? [[User:ImaginaryBoy|ImaginaryBoy]]
:Just include a link to our article such as you have done here with Newgon articles. --[[User:Bigham|Bigham]] 08:58, 22 August 2009 (GMT)

Sexual Offences Act (2003) (UK)

2009-08-22T08:50:07Z

Bigham: /* References */

The '''Sexual Offences Act (2003)''' is an [[Act of Parliament]] in the [[United Kingdom]] which was enacted in 2003. It was introduced as "An Act to make new provision about sexual offences, their prevention and the protection of children from harm from other sexual acts, and for connected purposes."<ref>http://www.statutelaw.gov.uk/content.aspx?parentActiveTextDocId=820904&ActiveTextDocId=820905</ref>

The Act introduced many new sexual offences and, due to a recent amendment enacted as part of the [[Criminal Justice and Immigration Act]], provides that UK nationals who act contrary to UK child sex offence laws abroad may be prosecuted in the United Kingdom.<ref>http://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/ld200708/ldbills/051/08051.52-57.html#jNC35</ref> It also defines penetrative sexual activity between two children under the age of 13 as rape.<ref>http://www.statutelaw.gov.uk/content.aspx?parentActiveTextDocId=820904&ActiveTextDocId=820916</ref>

The Act makes it an offence to encourage, arrange or facilitate certain child sex offences, including both contact<ref>http://www.statutelaw.gov.uk/content.aspx?parentActiveTextDocId=820904&ActiveTextDocId=820926</ref> and non-contact <ref>http://www.statutelaw.gov.uk/content.aspx?LegType=parentActiveTextDocId=820904&ActiveTextDocId=820969</ref> offences.

==References==
<references/>

==See also==

*[[Criminal Justice and Immigration Act]]
*[[Legal Information]]
*[[Indecent images of children]]

==External Links==

[http://www.statutelaw.gov.uk/legResults.aspx?activeTextDocId=820904 Sexual Offences Act (2003) at the Statute Law Database]
[http://newgon.com/wiki/Sexual_Offences_Act_%282003%29 "Sexual Offences Act (2003)"] (Original Newgon Wiki Article)
[[Category:Encyclopedia]]

MediaWiki:Deletereason-dropdown

2009-08-18T07:12:44Z

Bigham: New page: *Common delete reasons ** Author request ** Copyright violation ** Vandalism ** Off topic of boywiki

*Common delete reasons
** Author request
** Copyright violation
** Vandalism
** Off topic of boywiki

David Finkelhor

2009-08-15T23:51:33Z

Bigham: /* References */

'''David Finkelhor''' is an [[America]]n sociologist often cited as the major proponent (and a key founder) of sexual [[victimology]] as applied to [[children]]. He holds posts as director of the [[Crimes against Children Research Center]], Co-Director of the [[Family Research Laboratory]] and Professor of Sociology at the University of New Hampshire in the US.

Whilst Finkelhor is probably the most frequently cited research authority on what (partially due to his own advocacy) has become known as [[child sexual abuse]], his work has been criticised by other authors such as [[Bruce Rind]], for its poor sampling and use of morality to make broadsweeping statements about [[adult-child sex]].

==Career==

Finkelhor has been studying [[child abuse]], child victimization, child maltreatment and family violence since 1977. He is editor and author of 12 books and over 200 journal articles and book chapters. He has received grants from the National Institute of Mental Health, the National Center on Child Abuse and Neglect, and the US Department of Justice, and a variety of other sources. In 1994, he was given the Distinguished Child Abuse Professional Award by the American Professional Society on the Abuse of Children. In 2004 he was given the Significant Achievement Award from the Association for the Treatment of Sexual Abusers. In 2005 he and his colleagues received the Child Maltreatment Article of the Year award, and in 2007 he was elected as a Fellow of the American Society of Criminology.

Finkelhor is best known for his research on child sexual abuse. He has stated that he intends to continue his research until he proves "an unambiguous and persuasive case that the problem [of child sexual abuse] is widespread."<ref>Child Sexual Abuse: New Theory and Research, p. 229</ref> According to Kenneth Plummer, he is "probably the most prominent sociologist at work in the field [of child sexual abuse]."<ref>Review of Child Sexual Abuse: New Theory and Research, in ''Contemporary Sociology'', Vol. 14, No. 6. (Nov., 1985), pp. 712-713.</ref> He holds a [[Ph.D]] in sociology.

More recently, Finkelhor addressed US Congress with a group of researchers. He agreed with the group that standard advice given to children concerning web use (not to divulge personal details) was flawed and that adult-minor sexual contacts solicited over the web rarely conform to the pathological model, and are chosen by teens themselves. Two years later, this advice had still not been adopted by professionals.

===Satanic ritual abuse===
Between 1986 and 1988, Finkelhor worked on a large study of sexual abuse in day cares in an attempt to legitimize the [[satanic ritual abuse]] panic, including the discredited [[McMartin preschool case]]. His research was funded by a grant of $173,000 from the National Center on Child Abuse and Neglect, and the results were published in the book ''Nursery Crimes: Sexual Abuse in Day Care''.<ref>Finkelhor, D., Williams, L. M., & Burns, N. (1988).'' Nursery Crimes: Sexual Abuse in Day Care''. Newbury Park: Sage.</ref> In an executive summary<ref>Finkelhor, D., Williams, L. M., & Burns, N., & Kalinowski, M. (1988). "Sexual abuse in day care: A national study. Study prepared under grant 90-CA-1155 from the National Center on Child Abuse and Neglect." University of New Hampshire: Family Research Laboratory.</ref> of his findings, available [http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICDocs/data/ericdocs2sql/content_storage_01/0000019b/80/1c/82/61.pdf online], Finkelhor writes:

:"Allegations of ritualistic abuse ("the invocation of religious, magical or supernatural symbols or activities") occured in 13% of the cases. After studying the ritualistic allegations we decided that they needed to be subdivided into three categories: 1) true cult-based ritualism, where the abuse was in service to a larger spiritual or social objective, 2) psuedo-ritualism, where the goal was primarily sexual gratification, with ritual being used only to intimidate children against disclosing, and 3) psychological ritualism, where the activities were primarily the expression of an individual's obsessional or delusional system. [...] We recommend more research and professional awareness about ritualistic child abuse. We need to know more about the prevalence, dynamics and impact of this disturbing type of abuse. Moreover, we need better information on how to effectively investigate allegations. Law enforcement, child welfare and licensing officials need to be educated about the existence of such abuse so that they can recognize it and include it in their investigations." (p. 17)

In the book, Finkelhor speculates that the motivation for ritualistic abuse may be an "identification with evil" that "ties sexual abuse to ritual abuse in the mind set that may be attracted to so-called satanic practice" (p. 64).

==Criticism==

Critics have pointed to numerous flaws in Finkelhor's research papers:

*'''Exclusion of data''':
*'''Wrong conclusions''':
*'''Importation of (flawed) moral critique''': [[Bruce Rind]] argues that ''"Finkelhor (1979, 1984) many years ago already articulated the positions Schmidt is currently espousing. But the weakness of his articulation is instructive, as it points to the problem of trying to be a scientist and a moralist simultaneously. Like Schmidt, Finkelhor argued that harm is not needed to establish the immorality and unacceptability of adult-child sex. Instead, Finkelhor continued, the unacceptability is based on the child's inability to consent, because he does not know what he is getting into and he cannot say no. A critic then complained that, if it is true that children cannot make judgments about sex, how can they judge among rival claims of the various religious sects (e.g., agree with an adult to be taken to one church rather than another or none at all)?. Finkelhor responded that it is different with sex, because sex is more likely to be harmful. His argument is circular: the issue falls back to harm, even though harm is claimed to be unessential to the point."''<ref>Rind, B., (2002) "The Problem with Consensus Morality", Review in "Peer Commentaries on Green (2002) and Schmidt (2002)",
''[[Archives of Sexual Behavior]]'', Vol. 31, No. 6, December 2002, pp. 479 - 503</ref>
*'''Clinical focus''': Finkelhor's most-cited research on the effects of child sexual abuse relies on clinical/legal samples (e.g., Kendall-Tackett, Finkelhor, et al. (1993)<ref>Kendall-Tackett, K A., Williams, L. M., & Finkelhor. D. (1993). "[http://www.ipce.info/library_3/pdf/impact.pdf Impact of sexual abuse on children: A review and synthesis of recent empirical studies]," ''Psychological Bulletin'', 113, 164-180.</ref> and Finkelhor & Browne (1986)<ref>Finkelhor, D. & Browne, A. (1986). "Impact of child sexual abuse: a review of the research," ''Psychological Bulletin'', 99, 66-77.</ref>), which are not representative of the general population. Studies using college or national samples report a weak to non-existent relationship between child sexual abuse and maladjustment (see [[Research: Prevalence of Harm and Negative Outcomes]]). Bruce Rind has [http://www.ipce.info/library_3/files/rind/rtbval_5.htm criticized]<ref>Rind, B., Tromovitch, P., & Bauserman, R. (2001). "The validity and appropriateness of methods, analyses, and conclusions in Rind et al. (1998): A rebuttal of victimological critique from Ondersma et al. (2001) and Dallam et al. (2001).," ''Psychological Bulletin'', 127, [http://www.ipce.info/library_3/files/rind/rtbval_5.htm 748-749].</ref> this and other aspects of Kendall-Tackett, et al. (1993).

==References==
<references/>

==External links==
*[http://www.unh.edu/ccrc Crimes against Children Research Center]
*[http://www.unh.edu/ccrc/researchers/finkelhor-david.html David Finkelhor bio & curriculum vitae]
*[http://www.unh.edu/frl Family Research Laboratory]
*[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ok05pxbYLJI Finkelhor addresses Congress]
*[http://newgon.com/blog/?p=64 Finkelhor's Flaws] - Criticism from Newgon.com's [[Stephen James]].
*[http://newgon.com/wiki/David_Finkelhor "David Finkelhor"] (Original Newgon Wiki Article)

[[Category:Encyclopedia]][[Category:People]]

Adult-child sex

2009-08-15T23:03:41Z

Bigham: /* References */

'''Adult-child sex'''<ref name="ACS-JMM">[http://jmm.aaa.net.au/articles/14853.htm "Nicole Kidman's BIRTH: shocking double standards" from John Mark Ministries] (Link/source last verified 16 January 2008)</ref><ref name="ACS-PAN">[http://www.prevent-abuse-now.com/misuse.htm "Adult-Child Sex: Abuse or Misuse?" from Prevent Abuse Now] (Link/source last verified 16 January 2008)</ref><ref name="ACS-Fox">[http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,49382,00.html "Mainstream Book Advocating Adult-Child Sex Draws Howls of Protest" from Fox News] (Link/source last verified 16 January 2008)</ref><ref name="ACS-Spokesman">[http://www.spokesmanreview.com/breaking/story.asp?ID=5616 "Adult-child sex is wrong – always" from The Spokesman-Review] (Link/source last verified 16 January 2008)</ref><ref name="ACS-MHC">[http://www.mhamic.org/sources/finkelhor.htm "What’s wrong with sex between adults and children?" from Male Homosexual Attraction to Minors Information Center] (Link/source last verified 16 January 2008)</ref><ref name="ACS-WND">[http://www.wnd.com/news/article.asp?ARTICLE_ID=27104 "'Nothing new' in book condoning child sex" from World Net Daily] (Link/source last verified 16 January 2008)</ref><ref name="ACS-IPCE">[http://www.ipce.info/library_3/files/star_tribune.htm "Some in mainstream contend certain cases of adult-minor sex should be acceptable" from Star Tribune (Minneapolis, Minnesota)]
:: ''These academics seek to change the language, moving away from "pedophilia," which often evokes a charged negative response, particularly in light of the priest-pedophile cases challenging the Roman Catholic Church. In its place would be more neutral terms such as "intergenerational sex" or "adult-child sex."''
:: (Link/source last verified 16 January 2008)</ref><ref name="ACS-JSP">[http://www.blackwell-synergy.com/doi/abs/10.1111/0047-2786.00002 Referencing journal article entitled "What's Wrong with Adult-Child Sex?" by Claudia Card (2002) from the Journal of Social Philosophy 33 (2), 170–177.] (Link/source last verified 16 January 2008)</ref><ref name="ACS-Baptist1">[http://baptistpress.net/bpnews.asp?id=801 "Baptists criticize implication that adult-child sex may not be harmful" by Don Hinkle from Baptist Press] (Link/source last verified 16 January 2008)</ref><ref name="ACS-NYTimes2">[http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9F06E7DA1238F930A25755C0A96F958260 "Study on Child Sex Abuse Provokes a Political Furor" by Erica Goode from the New York Times]
:: ''The authors also suggested that the term ''adult-adolescent sex'' or ''adult-child sex'' be substituted, in some cases, for ''child sexual abuse.''
::(Link/source last verified 16 January 2008)</ref><ref name="ACS-FFL">[http://fathersforlife.org/dale/pedophil.html "Is adult/child sex always abusive?" by Dale O'Leary from Fathers for Life] (Link/source last verified 16 January 2008)</ref><ref name="ACS-Baptist2">[http://www.sbcbaptistpress.org/bpnews.asp?id=14034 "Push for adult-child sex threatens society's moral fabric, Land says" by Dwayne Hastings from the Baptist Press] (Link/source last verified 16 January 2008)</ref><ref name=RichardGreen>[[Richard Green]]. "[http://www2.hu-berlin.de/sexology/BIB/pedophilia.htm#1 Is Pedophilia a Mental Disorder?]". Archives of Sexual Behavior, Vol. 31, No. 6, December 2002, pp. 467–471.</ref> is a term referring to sexual intercourse<ref name="McCain1">http://www.come-and-hear.com/editor/ca-wt-04-19-02
''Ms. Levine cites research about "happy consensual sex among kids under 12," and writes: "America's drive to protect kids from sex is protecting them from nothing. Instead, often it is harming them."''
:: ''But researchers and activists say the book is only the most recent in a series of academic arguments for "consensual" sex involving children''
:: ''In 2000, the Institute for Advanced Study of Human Sexuality in San Francisco published an article, "Sexual Rights of Children," saying there is "considerable evidence" that there is no "inherent harm in sexual expression in childhood."''
:: ''San Francisco State University professor Gilbert Herdt, co-author of the 1996 book "Children of Horizons: How Gay and Lesbian Teens Are Leading a New Way Out of the Closet," said in an interview with the Dutch pedophilia journal Paidika that "the category 'child' is a rhetorical device for inflaming what is really an irrational set of attitudes" against sex with children.''
:: ''John Money, professor emeritus of psychology at Johns Hopkins University, gave an interview to Paidika about "genuinely, totally mutual" sex between boys and men. In the introduction to a Dutch professor's 1987 book called, "Boys on their Contacts with Men: A Study of Sexually Expressed Friendships," Mr. Money wrote that opponents of pedophilia are motivated by "self-imposed, moralistic ignorance."''
:: ''Harris Mirkin, a professor at the University of Missouri-Kansas City, published a 1999 article in the Journal of Homosexuality complaining that boys who have sex with men "are never considered willing participants, even if they are hustlers." He has also written that "children are the last bastion of the old sexual morality."''
:: ''A 1998 "meta-analytic" study in an American Psychological Association (APA) journal argued, among other things, that "value-neutral" language such as "adult-child sex" should be used to describe child molestation if it was a "willing encounter."''
:: ''Ms. Levine's book favorably cites the Rind study and, in a telephone interview, she defended the study as "methodologically meticulous."''
:: ''Academic defenses of sex between adults and children are not new. Indiana University professor Alfred Kinsey claimed in his famous 1948 and 1952 reports on human sexuality that "children are sexual from birth" and included charts of "data" gathered by pedophiles about the children they molested.''
:: (Link/source last verified 10 January 2008)</ref> between an [[adult]] (a person over the [[age of consent]]), and a [[child]], usually viewed as a person below the age of consent (in other contexts, specifically a pre-[[adolescent]] or pre-[[puberty|pubescent]] youth). In most industrialized societies, adult-child sex is considered [[child sexual abuse]] by a large majority of people. Societal views and legal ramifications have varied across cultures and throughout history.<ref name="USAToday1">{{cite web | author=Robert Stacy McCain
| title=Experts debate impact, gray areas of adult-child sex | work=''USA Today'' | date=2002-04-17 |url=http://www.usatoday.com/news/nation/2002/04/17/adult-child-sex.htm}}
::''Sex researchers and academics are tussling over a topic that most Americans don't even want to think about: sex between adults and children. Some of these experts are making the startling assertion that not all sexual activity between adults and minors is necessarily harmful.''
::''But some serious researchers and academics want to review the term "child sexual abuse," preferring a more neutral term such as "adult-child sex."''
::''Experts debate whether sex with an adult is more damaging for an adolescent girl than for a boy, as some research indicates.''
::''"I think the evidence has been clear for some time that child and adolescent sexual abuse does not always do harm in the long term," says David Finkelhor of the University of New Hampshire, one of the nation's foremost researchers on the sexual abuse of children. "That is the good news."''
::''Discussions about adult-child sex are appearing in professional journals, including a special issue last month of the AmericanPsychologist, a journal of the American Psychological Association (APA).''
::''The adult-child theme has been picked up on TV shows such as Boston Public, Once and Again and Dawson's Creek.''
::(Link/source last verified 10 January 2008)</ref> In a less strict definition, it may refer to a wider range of sexual activity.<ref name="McCain1">{{cite web | author=Robert Stacy McCain
| title=Endorsement of adult-child sex on rise | work=The ''Washington Times'' | date=2002-04-19 |url=http://www.come-and-hear.com/editor/ca-wt-04-19-02}}
:: ''Ms. Levine cites research about "happy consensual sex among kids under 12," and writes: "America's drive to protect kids from sex is protecting them from nothing. Instead, often it is harming them."''
:: ''But researchers and activists say the book is only the most recent in a series of academic arguments for "consensual" sex involving children''
:: ''In 2000, the Institute for Advanced Study of Human Sexuality in San Francisco published an article, "Sexual Rights of Children," saying there is "considerable evidence" that there is no "inherent harm in sexual expression in childhood."''
:: ''San Francisco State University professor Gilbert Herdt, co-author of the 1996 book "Children of Horizons: How Gay and Lesbian Teens Are Leading a New Way Out of the Closet," said in an interview with the Dutch pedophilia journal Paidika that "the category 'child' is a rhetorical device for inflaming what is really an irrational set of attitudes" against sex with children.''
:: ''John Money, professor emeritus of psychology at Johns Hopkins University, gave an interview to Paidika about "genuinely, totally mutual" sex between boys and men. In the introduction to a Dutch professor's 1987 book called, "Boys on their Contacts with Men: A Study of Sexually Expressed Friendships," Mr. Money wrote that opponents of pedophilia are motivated by "self-imposed, moralistic ignorance."''
:: ''Harris Mirkin, a professor at the University of Missouri-Kansas City, published a 1999 article in the Journal of Homosexuality complaining that boys who have sex with men "are never considered willing participants, even if they are hustlers." He has also written that "children are the last bastion of the old sexual morality."''
:: ''A 1998 "meta-analytic" study in an American Psychological Association (APA) journal argued, among other things, that "value-neutral" language such as "adult-child sex" should be used to describe child molestation if it was a "willing encounter."''
:: ''Ms. Levine's book favorably cites the Rind study and, in a telephone interview, she defended the study as "methodologically meticulous."''
:: ''Academic defenses of sex between adults and children are not new. Indiana University professor Alfred Kinsey claimed in his famous 1948 and 1952 reports on human sexuality that "children are sexual from birth" and included charts of "data" gathered by pedophiles about the children they molested.''
:: (Link/source last verified 10 January 2008)</ref> People often colloquially, though inaccurately, refer to all such activity as [[pedophilia]].<ref name="Ames">Ames, A. & Houston, D. A. (1990). "[http://www.springerlink.com/content/g8g66p6370731x85/ Legal, social, and biological definitions of pedophilia.]" ''Archives of Sexual Behavior''. '''19''' (4), 333-342.
:: ''Most important, much of the research has accepted a legal definition of pedophilia, treating all offenders convicted of child molestation as pedophiles, regardless of the age or appearance of the victim. We argue that a distinction should be made between biological children and sociolegal children. Laws governing child molestation reflect sociolegal childhood, regardless of its discrepancy with biological childhood. True pedophiles should be identified by their preference for biological children. By using legal classifications, researchers may well be confusing two distinct types of offenders, child molesters and rapists, and confounding attempts to understand pedophilia.''
::(Link/source last verified 09 January 2008)</ref>

== Historical views ==

The phenomenon of adult-child sex is observable throughout the animal kingdom and has served different functions during the recorded history of mankind. In the late 19th century, early industrialized Western societies discovered "youth" as a distinct period of life, and began criminalizing sexual interaction between children and adults.<ref name="Killias1">Killias, M, Dr., in Sandfort, Brongersma, Naerssen (ed.) 'Male Intergenerational Intimacy', Haworth Press, 1991, pp 41-46.</ref> Modern Western cultures began to deem harmful all sexual relations between adults and children, giving rise to the contemporary concept of [[child sexual abuse]].<ref name="UPenn1">[http://www.sp2.upenn.edu/~restes/CSEC_Files/CSEC_Bib_August_2001.pdf The Sexual Exploitation of Children], ''Chart 1: Definitions of Terms Associated With the Sexual Exploitation (SEC) and Commercial Sexual Exploitation of Children (CSEC)'' (p. 4), University of Pennsylvania Center for Youth Policy Studies, U.S. National Institute of Justice, August 2001.
:: ''Child Sexual Abuse (CSA): Sexual activity involving persons younger than 18 years of age. Most often perpetrated by an adult, such activities include rape and molestation, pornography, and exposure of children to the sexual acts of others''
:: (Link/source last verified 09 January 2008)</ref>

Very recently the topic of adult-child sex has become a topic of serious research apart from assumptions of child sexual abuse, as well as entering mainstream entertainment and media as a serious area of debate and research.<ref name=USAToday1/>
=== Across cultures ===

While most Western societies condemn adult-child sex as child sexual abuse, not all cultures do so.<ref name="Green1">[[Richard Green]]. "[http://www2.hu-berlin.de/sexology/BIB/pedophilia.htm Is Pedophilia a Mental Disorder?]". Archives of Sexual Behavior, Vol. 31, No. 6, December 2002, pp. 467–471.
:: ''Ford and Beach (1951) described cross-cultural examples of child–adult sex from the Human Relation Area files at Yale University.''
:: ''In the eighteenth century, Cook (1773) reported copulation in public in Hawaii between an adult male and a female estimated to be 11 or 12 "without the least sense of it being indecent or improper" (cited in Diamond, 1990). Sexual interactions between adult and child were seen as benefitting the child, rather than as gratifying the adult. The sexual desire by an adult for a nonadult, heterosexual or homosexual, was accepted (Pukui, Haertig, & Lee, 1972, cited in Diamond, 1990).''
:: ''Observations concern a near relative of Man, the bonobo, where these "pigmy chimps" are allowed free access to any other bonobo for sexual contact at the San Diego Zoo. Nonfertile combinations (same-sex or juvenile–adult combinations) were as frequent as potentially fertile, adult male–female combinations. Further, one third of sociosexual contacts by an adult with an infant were initiated by the infant (De Waal, 1990).''
:: ''How common is sexual interest or arousal in persons not known to be, or self-labeled as, pedophiles? In a sample of nearly 200 university males, 21%reported some sexual attraction to small children, 9% described sexual fantasies involving children, 5% admitted to having masturbated to sexual fantasies of children, and 7% indicated they might have sex with a child if not caught (Briere & Runtz, 1989). Briere and Runtz remarked that "given the probable social undesirability of such admissions, we may hypothesize that the actual rates were even higher" (p. 71). In another sample with 100 male and 180 female undergraduate students, 22% of males and 3% of females reported sexual attraction to a child (Smiljanich & Briere, 1996).''
:: (Link/source last verified 09 January 2008)</ref>

According to the 2001 Human Rights Watch World Report, in Yemen in 1999 the minimum marriage age of fifteen for women, rarely enforced, was abolished; the onset of puberty, interpreted by conservatives to be at the age of nine, was set as a requirement for consummation of marriage.<ref name="Yemen-marriage">http://www.hrw.org/wr2k1/mideast/yemen.html</ref>

=== Ethnological/Anthropological ===

=== Nonhuman comparisons ===

It seems that sexual activity in many higher vertebrate species has evolved from simple procreation to additionally serve purposes of social nature, and thus many species engage in a variety of sexual activities beyond fertilization, or strict opposite-sex and adult-adult pairings. The displayal of sexual interest towards fellow specimen tends to instantly end intra-species conflicts and aggressive behavior, and to initiate sexual activity, however it is under dispute among academics<ref name="B-E1985/88">Bleibtreu-Ehrenberg, Gisela: ''The Paedophile Impulse: Toward the Development of an Aetiology of Child-Adult Sexual Contacts from an Ethological and Ethnological Viewpoint'', in: ''Paidika - Journal of Paedophilia'', no. 3, 1988 (original German abridged publication in 1985 as ''Der pädophile Impuls - Wie lernt ein junger Mensch Sexualität?'' in the sociological and political journal ''Der Monat'', founded and published by Melvin J. Lasky, editor-in-chief Michael Naumann, publisher emeritus of ''Die Zeit'', former federal Minister of State, a SPD candidate for mayor in the 2008 Hamburg elections; second English edition published 1997 in: Joseph Geraci, Angelia R. Wilson (ed.): ''Dares to speak: Historical and Contemporary Perspectives on Boy-Love'', Gay Men's Press: London)</ref> whether these sexual displayals to end conflicts count as domination and submission or rather consensual restoration of group peace by mutually enjoyed behavior.

Naming the common forms of intimate juvenile-adult sexual interactions in animals, German psychologist, sociologist, ethnologist, Indo-European scholar, religious scholar, and philosopher [[Gisela Bleibtreu-Ehrenberg]] writes<ref name="B-E1985/88"/>:

:''The 'fondling' connected with the reaction to the ''infant model'' in non-human primates, and in those primitive peoples that have no taboos relating to this, includes caresses, smelling, licking, 'romping', and the well-known 'grooming'. Touching and manipulation of the genitals of children belong in this context among the acts of devotion, while in humans, as a result of the heightened mobility of the hand, manual actions can supplement many of the forms of devotion mentioned. Their own reaction to the ''encoded stimulus'' of the ''infant model'' brings to those reacting an intensive experience of satisfaction (the 'reward' of nature, so to speak, for the response to the ''encoded stimulus'').''

While also engaging in juvenile-adult sexual interactions, adult males ''"appear to limit penetration and ejaculation to contacts with mature females"'', that is to procreative sexual activities.<ref>Waal, F.B.M. de, ''Sociosexual Behavior Used for Tension Regulation in All Age and Sex Combinations Among Bonobos'', in Feierman, J. (ed.), ''Pedophilia: Biosocial Dimensions'', New York: Springer-Verlag, 1990</ref>

While it seems common for immature individuals to practice sexual interactions with mature ones and thus most juveniles within populations seem to go through a stage at one time or another with more or less frequent such behavior with adults, the percentage of mature individuals within a herd or pack to engage in this behavior appears more limited, and these adults often do so in a promiscious fashion.<ref name="B-E1985/88"/>

Many individual members of higher vertebrate species do not exhibit nurturing behavior towards the young of their species independently of social factors, i. e. if they are separated from their group early in life, growing up and reaching adulthood in isolation; even highly violent and murderous behavior towards their own offspring is observed in, for instance, chimpanzee mothers that grew up in isolation.<ref>''Grzimeks Tierleben'' ("Grzimek's zoology"), vol. 1, ''Säugetiere'' ("Mammals"), Munich/Germany, 1979, p. 533.</ref> An unusually high correlation is however observed between adult desire for practicing consensual juvenile-adult sexual interactions and obviously instinctly triggered nurturing behavior towards juveniles even in case of prior isolation of the adult individual, a correlation so high that it appears that adult individuals desiring juvenile-adult sexual interactions could be the only individuals posessing a genetical nurturing instinct independent of social influence.<ref name="B-E1985/88"/>

== Ethical considerations ==
=== Sex within adult-child marriage ===


Ibn Warraq writes that Muhammad's example encourages the practice of child marriage in Muslim communities: "child marriages continue to be practiced, and the fact that the Prophet himself married Aisha when she was only nine and he was fifty-three encourages Muslim society to continue with this iniquitous custom."<ref name=MuhammadWife-note>Ibn Warraq, ''Why I Am Not a Muslim'', p. 320, Prometheus Books, 1995, 0879759844</ref>


=== Sex as form of abuse ===

The widely-accepted view of adult-child sex among both legal experts and lay people is that it is an inherently abusive practice by the adult against the child.<ref name=Ames/> Supported by evidence from several studies of child sexual abuse victims, psychologists argue that the inability of children to provide full and informed consent to sexual acts necessarily makes all such acts abusive in regards to the child. <ref>[http://www.ipce.info/library_3/files/abuse.htm Comment on Rind, Tromovitch, and Bauserman] ([[Rind et al. (1998)]]), Steven J. Ondersma , Mark Chaffin, Lucy Berliner, Ingrid Cordon and Gail S. Goodman, and Douglas Barnett, ''[[Psychological Bulletin]]'' Vol. 127. No 6.707-714, 1998.</ref>

The [[American Psychiatric Association]] maintains the position that "children cannot consent to sexual activity with adults",<ref name="apaposition">[http://www.leadershipcouncil.org/1/rind/apa.html Leadership Council - APA Statement on Child Sexual Abuse] Quote: "...it is the position of the Association that children cannot consent to sexual activity with adults."</ref><ref name="delay">[http://www.apa.org/releases/delay.html APA Letter to the Honorable Rep. DeLay (R-Tx.)]</ref> and condemns the action of the adult in strong terms: "An adult who engages in sexual activity with a child is performing a criminal and immoral act which never can be considered normal or socially acceptable behavior."<ref name="apaposition"/>

A paper by [[David Finkelhor]] argued for "the importance of a stronger ethical position" than the belief that sex with adults causes harm to children. In his paper, Finkelhor calls into question what he considers to be three common arguments relating to "intrinsic harm", "premature sexualization" and "unnaturalness" of the act, describing them as both inadequate and lacking in solid empirical footing. Instead, he draws a parallel between Adult-child sex and sex between a therapist and a patient, stating that while there may be cases where the patient benefits, it should still be considered wrong due to the fundamental asymmetry of the relationship.<ref name="ACS-MHC"/>He wrote: "It is suggested that basing the prohibition of adult-child sex on the premise that children are incapable of full and informed consent will provide a more solid and consistent approach to the problem."<ref>Finkelhor, David. [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=495708&dopt=Citation What's wrong with sex between adults and children? Ethics and the problem of sexual abuse.]</ref>

=== Sex as non-abusive ===

Those who have disagreed with the majority viewpoint include philosophers, academics, writers, and pro-pedophile activists.<ref name="NudistHallofShame">http://www.nostatusquo.com/ACLU/NudistHallofShame/Okami.html</ref><ref name="McCain1"/> In the controversial 2002 book ''[[Harmful to Minors]]'', the feminist writer [[Judith Levine]] wrote that some scholars challenge the idea that all sexual activity between adults and minors is necessarily harmful,<ref>Levine, J. (2003). Harmful to Minors: The Perils of Protecting Children from Sex, Thunder's Mouth Press</ref> and that in some cases, "quite young" people can have a positive sexual experience with an adult, referring specifically to "happy consensual sex among kids under 12."<ref name="McCain1"/>[[Psychology|Psychologists]] Bruce Rind and Robert Bauserman argued in a 1998 study ([[Rind et al. (1998)|Rind et al.]]) that not all cases of adult-child sex should be termed [[child sexual abuse]]. Authors of the study argued that "CSA does not cause intense harm on a pervasive basis regardless of gender.", and that "an important reason why the assumed properties of CSA failed to withstand empirical scrutiny in the current review is that the construct of CSA, as commonly conceptualized by researchers, is of questionable scientific validity." This study was officially "condemned" by the United States Congress, an event which marked the first time in U.S. history that Congress officially condemned a study published in a major scientific journal.<ref>[http://www.mhamic.org/rind/ Rind controversy]</ref>

== Impetus ==

=== Close-in-age ===

Strictly speaking, sex between a person just below the age of consent and a person just above it can be termed (and considered by some) to be a form of adult-child sex. In these situations, legal defenses are often available when the age difference is small.

=== Pedophilia ===

The [[American Psychiatric Association]] and the [[World Health Organization]] both define pedophilia as attraction by adults and older youths toward [[Puberty|prepubescent]] children (less than 13 years of age), whether the attraction is acted upon or not.<ref>American Psychiatric Association (2000). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (fourth edition text revision), § 302.2</ref><ref>World Health Organization, International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems 10. § F65.4</ref> Researchers like Howard E. Barbaree have argued for a sharper focus on sexual activity over sexual attraction, asserting that the diagnosis of pedophilia only apply to those who have sexual relations with children, rather than to all who experience the desire.<ref name="barbaree-seto">Barbaree, H. E., and Seto, M. C. (1997). Pedophilia: Assessment and Treatment. ''Sexual Deviance: Theory, Assessment, and Treatment''. 175-193.</ref>

Some research indicates that most perpetrators of child sexual abuse are not primarily interested in prepubescent youths.<ref>Lanning, Kenneth (2001). ''[http://www.missingkids.com/en_US/publications/NC70.pdf Child Molesters: A Behavioral Analysis]'' (Third Edition). National Center for Missing & Exploited Children.</ref> In two studies designed to measure sexual preferences using phallometric data, it was found that "''30% of the [child sex] offenders tested did not show sufficient arousal [to children] to derive a usable score.''" <ref>Wogan, Michael (2002). ''[http://crab.rutgers.edu/~mwogan/eyemovement.htm]''Wogan, Michael (2002)</ref> Sociology professor Rüdiger Lautmann, in his book on pedophilia, stated: "In this book I am concerned exclusively with the first type [the true pedophile who "has a general interest in social contact with children, including a sexual dimension"], which constitutes approximately 5% of all pedosexually active men."<ref name="Lautmann1">Rüdiger Lautmann [''http://www.shfri.net/trans/lautmann/lautmann.htm''] Rüdiger Lautmann</ref> A survey of cases of father-daughter [[incest]] concluded that most involve fathers who are situational offenders, rather than pedophiles.<ref>Quinsey, V. L. (1977). "The assessment and treatment of child molesters: A review." ''Canadian Psychological Review.'' '''18''', 204-220.</ref>

=== Ephebophilia ===
{{moreinfo}}

=== Initiation ===

A sexual initiation is a first experience of sexual intercourse by a child, usually a teenager or late adolescent, with an adult, and is more common among boys and women than girls and men.

=== Prostitution ===
{{moreinfo}}

== Legal implications ==
=== Issues ===
Sexual relations between adults and [[child]]ren are widely outlawed, although the ''definition'' of [[child]] varies greatly between different cultures and jurisdictions. Adults violating these laws are generally subject to severe criminal penalties, in some cases life imprisonment or capital punishment. 

In the interest of child protection, this practice is outlawed, along with other forms of [[child abuse]] and [[sexual assault]],<ref>[http://www.nspcc.org.uk/helpandadvice/whatchildabuse/sexualabuse/sexualabuse_wda36370.html What is sexual abuse?], [[NSPCC|National Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Children]]</ref> almost everywhere. Adults violating these laws are generally subject to severe criminal penalties, in some cases life imprisonment or capital punishment. Production of [[child pornography]] also incurs strict punishment because it itself constitutes child sexual abuse. The possession and distribution of child pornography is likewise punished with strict measures, due to the assumed possibility of these acts to facilitate further child sexual abuse. 

The popular consensus in defining the appropriate [[age of consent]] has moved upwards in modern times, coincident with changes in scientific and moral views of human sexuality and the psychological and social nature of childhood. In [[England]], the legal age of consent was 10 for three centuries, until the end of the 19th century.<ref>http://www2.hu-berlin.de/sexology/BIB/pedophilia.htm#1</ref> By the turn of the 20th century, 14 to 18 had become the norm in many places, particularly Western and Western-influenced countries.<ref name="waites">Waites, M. (2005). The Age of Consent: Young People, Sexuality and Citizenship, Palgrave Macmillan</ref> In the 21st century, sexual relationships between adults and minors aged 16 to 18 are now considered legal in most countries, but legal variations exist allowing for ages of consent as young as 12 or as old as 21. A minority of countries either do not have any enforceable legal age of consent regulations, or have abolished such regualtions entirely in favour of arbitrary societal judgement and local customs.<ref>http://www.avert.org/aofconsent.htm Wordwide age of consent laws</ref>. According to the 2001 Human Rights Watch World Report, in Yemen in 1999 the minimum marriage age of fifteen for women, rarely enforced, was abolished; the onset of puberty, interpreted by conservatives to be at the age of nine, was set as a requirement for consummation of marriage. <ref>http://www.hrw.org/wr2k1/mideast/yemen.html</ref>

While sexual intercourse without consent is considered [[rape]], adult's intercourse with a child below the legal [[age of consent]], either with or without consent, is punishable under [[law]] with varying severity. In case of [[statutory rape]], consent by the child is not considered as legal consent.

=== French petitions and letters ===

In 1977, a petition was addressed to the French Parliament calling for the repeal of several articles of the age-of-consent law and the [[decriminalization]] of all consented relations between adults and minors below the age of fifteen (the age of consent in France at the time). The document was signed by the philosophers [[Michel Foucault]], [[Jacques Derrida]], [[Jean-Paul Sartre]], and [[Simone de Beauvoir]], as well as by novelist and gay activist [[Guy Hocquenghem]], and by "people belonging to a wide range of political positions".<ref>Foucault, Hocquenghem and Danet are referenced several times as petitioners in the Michel Foucault's text “[[Sexual Morality and the Law]]” ([http://www.ipce.info/ipceweb/Library/danger.htm online version in English]). The term “people belonging to a wide range of political positions” are mentioned on page 273.</ref><ref>The names of philosophers Jacques Derrida, Louis Althusser and André Glucksmann come from the [http://web.archive.org/web/20050404190912/http://www.decadi.com/dignaction/Fpetit.html Dignaction.org] website (in French). Finally, the names of philosophers Jean-Paul Sartre, Simone de Beauvoir and Roland Barthes, as well as of the writers Alain Robbe-Grillet and Philippe Sollers, come from the [http://www.denistouret.net/textes/Cohn-Bendit.html Denistouret.net] website (also in French).</ref> Similar sentiments were expressed by 69 signers of an open letter published January 26, 1977 in ''Le Monde'' concerning two men accused of violating France's age of consent law.

Another open letter was published in ''Libération'' in March, 1979, this time signed by 63 prominent French intellectuals, supporting a Frenchman accused of sexual relations with girls aged 6 to 12. According to the letter, the girls' "blooming shows before the eyes of all, including their parents, the happiness that they found with him."<ref>[http://web.archive.org/web/20050404190912/http://www.decadi.com/dignaction/Fpetit.html 1977-1979 petitions and signatures] (in French), retrieved 4 April 2005</ref>

== Academic research ==
=== Difficulty in researching ===
Psychiatrist Jay R. Feierman, describing what he considers to be the most common shortcomings of literature on Adult-child sex, writes:
:''...most of the lay and professional literature, although voluminous, reflect a narrow anthropo-, ethno-, and chronocentrism that precludes any real understanding of the topic with anything more than the preconceptions of our times. The writing is anthropocentric because the topic often is discussed as though humans were the only species in which sexual behavior between adults and nonadults is found. The writing is ethnocentric because the behavior is discussed as though it were, somehow, peculiar to Western industrialized societies. The writing is chronocentric because the behavior is discussed as though it were a recent development in the history of the human species. All of these ‘-centrisms’ obscure the fact that the behavior is seen in other species, societies, and times and has to be understood within these broader contexts.''<ref name="Feierman1">Feierman, J. (ed.), ''Pedophilia: Biosocial Dimensions'', New York: Springer-Verlag, 1990</ref>

==See also==
* [[Child marriage]]
* [[Child sexuality]]
* [[Ephebophilia]]
* [[Pedophilia]]
* [[Nepiophilia]]
* [[Pederasty]]
* [[False allegation of child sexual abuse]]
* [[Child sexual abuse]]
* [[Child pornography]]

== References ==
<references/>

==External Links==
* [http://newgon.com/wiki/Adult-child_sex "Adult-child sex"] (Original Newgon Wiki Article)

[[Category:Encyclopedia]]

Indecent images of children

2009-08-15T22:49:58Z

Bigham: /* Sentencing */

<div style="margin-left: 25px; float: right;">__TOC__</div>An '''indecent image''' of a child is a photograph or pseudo-photograph (including one comprised in a film) which shows a child and is indecent. [http://www.statutelaw.gov.uk/content.aspx?parentActiveTextDocId=1502057&ActiveTextDocId=1502059]

==Definition of a photograph==

In R v Fellows & Arnold (1994), the appealant contended that an image stored electronically could not constitute an indecent photograph of a child under section 7 of the Protection of Children Act.

It was ruled that an electronically stored image was a "copy of an indecent photograph of a child". The court stated that "there is no restriction on the nature of a copy, [and a copy of a photograph is data which] represents the original photograph, in another form". It was also stated that "there is nothing in the Act which makes it necessary that [a] copy should itself be a photograph within the dictionary or the statutory definition, and if there was, it would make the inclusion of the reference to a copy unnecessary. So we conclude that there is no restriction on the nature of a copy [..]" [http://www.bailii.org/ew/cases/EWCA/Crim/1996/825.html]

According to section 7 of the Protection of Children Act, references to a photograph are "the negative as well as the positive version; and data stored on a computer disc or by other electronic means which is capable of conversion into a photograph." [http://www.statutelaw.gov.uk/content.aspx?parentActiveTextDocId=1502057&activetextdocid=1502066]

So, an image stored electronically is a copy of a photograph and is illegal if it is indecent and shows a child.

==Definition of a pseudo-photograph==

A pseudo-photograph is an image which has the appearance of a photograph, but which is not a photograph. A pseudo-photograph of a child does not necessarily show a real child.

==Defintion of a child==

A child was originally defined as a person under the age of 16, however the [[Sexual Offences Act (2003)]] raised the defintion of "child" to a person under the age of 18.

==Indecency==

The decency of an image is an objective test; that is, it is decided by the jury. Indecency is considered to be a [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Question_of_fact question of fact].

===Interpretation===

In order to judge whether an image is indecent, the jury must "apply[..] the recognised standards of propriety." (''R v Graham-Kerr'', 1988) [http://www.geocities.com/pca_1978/reference/grahamKerr.html].

In 2003, the Sentencing Advisory Panel provided guidance for Judges considering sentences for people convicted of an offence under the Protection of Children Act. The lowest level of indecency was described as "images depicting erotic posing with no sexual activity", which would suggest that naturist images without posing are not indecent. Despite this, a number of people have been convicted of an offence for making and possessing naturist images. In 2003, Tom O'Carroll was convicted of "evading the prohibition on the importation of indecent material", for importing photographs of "young naked child[ren] engaging in normal outdoor activity such as playing on a beach". One should never assume that an image must be pornographic for it to be indecent.

Put simply, a photograph or pseudo-photograph is judged to be indecent if the jury believes that it would offend the majority of the population of the United Kingdom.

===Context===

In R v Graham-Kerr, the defendant had taken (naked) photographs of a male child during a naturists-only event at a swimming pool. The Police interviewed the defendant about his intentions in taking the photographs, and he admitted that he received "'sexual gratification by taking or looking at such photographs". The Judge stated that the jury were entitled to take into account the circumstances, motives, and sexual intentions of the take.

At the appeal against conviction, the Judge ruled that "''the circumstances and the motivation of the taker may be relevant to the mens rea of the take as to whether his taking was intentional or accidental and so on, but it is not relevant to whether or not the photograph is in itself indecent''". The conviction was quashed. [http://www.geocities.com/pca_1978/reference/grahamKerr.html]

In ''R v Mould'' (2000), the Appeal Court ruled that "Mr Burton [representing Mr Mould] was rightly concerned that the jury, in deciding whether or not the photograph was indecent, would wrongly take into account [data showing access to paedophile discussion forums]." Although it was agreed that the jury should not use such information to make a judgment regarding the decency of the image for which Mr Mould was convicted, it was understood that "the prosecution [successfully] sought to rely on it in order to prove that the appellant had deliberately created the .bmp file." [http://www.geocities.com/pca_1978/reference/mould2000.html]

While a defendant's proven sexual attraction to children should not affect indecency, it may affect the perceived ''mens rea'' of an act.

==Criminal offences==

Under the (amended) Protection of Children Act, it is an offence for a person:

:* to take, or permit to be taken, or to make any indecent photograph of a child . . .; or
:* to distribute or show such indecent photographs; or
:* to have in his possession such indecent photographs [outdated text removed]; or
:* to publish or cause to be published any advertisement likely to be understood as conveying that the advertiser distributes or shows such indecent photographs, or intends to do so. [http://www.statutelaw.gov.uk/content.aspx?parentActiveTextDocId=1502057&ActiveTextDocId=1502059]

Under the Sexual Offences Act (2003), it is an offence to cause, control, arrange or facilitate a child's involvement in pornography. [http://www.statutelaw.gov.uk/content.aspx?parentActiveTextDocId=820904&activetextdocid=820967][http://www.statutelaw.gov.uk/content.aspx?parentActiveTextDocId=820904&activetextdocid=820968][http://www.statutelaw.gov.uk/content.aspx?parentActiveTextDocId=820904&activetextdocid=820969]

It is an offence to "attempt to incite" any criminal offence in the United Kingdom.

===The "making" offence===

Causing an indecent photograph of a child to exist on a computer screen is considered to be "making an indecent photograph of a child".

"A person who either downloads images on to disc or who prints them off is making them. The Act is not only concerned with the original creation of images, but also their proliferation. Photographs or pseudo-photographs found on the Internet may have originated from outside the United Kingdom; to download or print within the jurisdiction is to create new material which hitherto may not have existed therein." (R v Bowden) [http://www.geocities.com/pca_1978/reference/bowden1999.html]

===Offences committed abroad===

(1) If—

::(a) a United Kingdom national does an act in a country outside the United Kingdom, and

::(b) the act, if done in England and Wales or Northern Ireland, would constitute a sexual offence to which this section applies,

the United Kingdom national is guilty in that part of the United Kingdom of that sexual offence.

(2) If—

::(a) a United Kingdom resident does an act in a country outside the United Kingdom,

::(b) the act constitutes an offence under the law in force in that country, and

::(c) the act, if done in England and Wales or Northern Ireland, would constitute a sexual offence to which this section applies,

the United Kingdom resident is guilty in that part of the United Kingdom of that sexual offence. [http://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/ld200708/ldbills/041/08041.50-56.html#jNC35]

This means that a United Kingdom national may be prosecuted under the Protection of Children Act (as amended by the Sexual Offences Act) if he engages in activity contrary to the Protection of Children Act while in a foreign territory. A United Kingdom resident who engages in an act contrary to the Protection of Children Act while outside of the United Kingdom may be prosecuted if the act also constituted an offence in the foreign jurisdiction.

==Defences==

There are a small number of defences against charges under the Protection of Children Act. Below is a list of defences set by the statutes, precedents and case law.

===Marriage and other relationships===

In cases where a defendant has taken or made a photographic image of a child over the age of 16, the defendant is not guilty if, at the time when he obtained the photograph, he and the child:

:: (a) were married; or

:: (b) lived together as partners in an enduring family relationship; and

:: (c) the defendant reasonably believed that the child consented to the image being obtained. [http://www.statutelaw.gov.uk/content.aspx?parentActiveTextDocId=820904&activetextdocid=820963]

This exemption was introduced in 2003 under the Sexual Offences Act, which had changed the statutory definition of "child" (in the Protection of Children Act) from 16 to 18.

===Mens Rea===

The Criminal Justice Act provides that:

"Where a person is charged with an offence of possession, it shall be a defence for him to prove –

:: (a) that he had a legitimate reason for having the photograph or pseudo-photograph in his possession; or

:: (b) that he had not himself seen the photograph or pseudo- photograph and did not know nor had any cause to suspect, it to be indecent; or

:: (c) that the photograph or pseudo-photograph was sent to him without any prior request made by him or on his behalf and that he did not keep it for any unreasonable time." [http://www.statutelaw.gov.uk/content.aspx?parentActiveTextDocId=2116646&ActiveTextDocId=2116851]

The same defences may be applied to the other offences under Section 1 of the Protection of Children Act.

It is also a defence for the defendant to prove that he did not take, make, distribute, show or possess an image which the knowledge that the image was, or was likely to be:

::* an indecent image; and
::* an image of a child.

This was upheld in R v Smith & Jayson, when the judge ruled that, "the mens rea necessary to constitute the offence [of making an indecent pseudo-photograph of a child] is that the act of making should be a deliberate and intentional act with knowledge that the image made is, or is likely to be, an indecent image of a child" ''(R v Smith & Jayson, 2003)''. [http://www.geocities.com/pca_1978/reference/smithJayson2003.html]

A defendant must be proven (beyond reasonable doubt) to be aware that a cache of images exists, in order to be convicted for the possession offence. It should be noted that, in such cases, the defendant will still be convicted of the making offence, unless another defence applies.

===Collages===

Lord Justice Simon Brown ruled that "an image made by an exhibit which obviously consists, as this one does, of parts of two different photographs sellotaped together cannot be said to appear to be "a photograph" [http://www.bailii.org/ew/cases/EWHC/Admin/2000/302.html]. This means that, if a collage does not appear to be parts of a single photograph, it does not fall within the scope of the Protection of Children Act. A photocopy or scan of a collage may fall under the Act and could therefore be illegal if it shows a child and is judged to be indecent.

===Law enforcement===

It is a defence for the defendant to prove that images were made "for the purposes of the prevention, detection or investigation of crime, or for the purposes of criminal proceedings"

===Human Rights Act===

The [http://www.opsi.gov.uk/acts/acts1998/19980042.htm Human Rights Act] offers two potential defences against possession and "making" charges under the ''Protection of Children Act'', however the following Articles have ''not'' been tested in court in relation to such charges.

Section 3 of the Act dictates that:

:"(1) So far as it is possible to do so, primary legislation and subordinate legislation must be read and given effect in a way which is compatible with the Convention rights.

::::(2) This section—

::::::(a) applies to primary legislation and subordinate legislation whenever enacted;

::::::(b) does not affect the validity, continuing operation or enforcement of any incompatible primary legislation; and

::::::(c) does not affect the validity, continuing operation or enforcement of any incompatible subordinate legislation if disregarding any possibility of revocation) primary legislation prevents removal of the incompatibility."

The relevant convention articles are ''Article 13'' and ''Article 14''.

'''Article 13:'''

:"(4) The court must have particular regard to the importance of the Convention right to freedom of expression and, where the proceedings relate to material which the respondent claims, or which appears to the court, to be journalistic, literary or artistic material (or to conduct connected with such material), to—

::::(a) the extent to which—
::::::(i) the material has, or is about to, become available to the public; or
::::::(ii) it is, or would be, in the public interest for the material to be published"

It is well known that nude images of children have been used, controversially, in artistic exhibitions, which implies that some people see an artistic element in nude images of children. Cases involving art galleries have never resulted in prosecution, but cases involving the downloading of questionable material from the internet do lead to prosecution. A defendant may argue that images which are on the public internet (world wide web) could be defined as having "become available to the public." Indeed, the judge of the case of ''Knuller v. DPP'' stated that "in public" [..] has a wide meaning." It appears to "cover exhibitions in all places to which the public have access either as of right or gratis or on payment."

'''Article 14:'''

"The enjoyment of the rights and freedoms set forth in this Convention shall be secured without discrimination on any ground such as sex, race, colour, language, religion, political or other opinion, national or social origin, association with a national minority, property, birth or other status."

==Sentencing==

The sentencing guidelines for offences committed contrary to the Protection of Children Act were decided by the Sentencing Advisory Panel, to assist with sentencing during ''R v Oliver et al''

The levels of indecency are as follows:

{| border="1"
| Level
| Definition
|-
| Level 1
| Images depicting erotic posing with no sexual activity
|-
| Level 2
| Non-penetrative sexual activity between children, or solo masturbation by a child
|-
| Level 3
| Non-penetrative sexual activity between adults and children
|-
| Level 4
| Penetrative sexual activity involving a child or children, or both children and adults
|-
| Level 5
| Sadism or penetration of, or by, an animal
|}

Judges use the following guidelines when sentencing someone who has been convicted under the Protection of Children Act:
 

{| border="1"
| Starting points
| Type/nature of activity
| Sentencing ranges
|-
| Community order
| Possession of a large amount of level 1 material and/or no more than a small amount of level 2, and the material is for personal use and has not been distributed or shown to others
| An appropriate non-custodial sentence
|-
| 12 weeks custody
| Offender in possession of a large amount of material at level 2 or a small amount at level 3

Offender has shown or distributed material at level 1 or 2 on a limited scale

Offender has exchanged images at level 1 or 2 with other collectors, but with no element of financial gain
| 4 weeks-26 weeks custody
|-
| 26 weeks custody
| Possession of a large quantity of level 3 material for personal use

Possession of a small number of images at level 4 or 5

Large number of level 2 images shown or distributed

Small number of level 3 images shown or distributed
| 4 weeks–18 months custody
|-
| 12 months custody
| Possession of a large quantity of level 4 or 5 material for personal use only

Large number of level 3 images shown or distributed
| 26 weeks-2 years custody

|-
| 2 years custody
| Offender involved in the production of, or has traded in, material at levels 1–3
| 1-4 years custody
|-
| 3 years custody
| Level 4 or 5 images shown or distributed
| 2-5 years custody
|-
| 6 years custody
| Offender commissioned or encouraged the production of level 4 or 5 images

Offender involved in the production of level 4 or 5 images

| 4-9 years custody

|}[http://www.sentencing-guidelines.gov.uk/docs/82083-COI-SCG_final.pdf]

Images which are below the threshhold for Level 1 - but which are judged to be indecent by a jury - will be treated as Level 1 images during sentencing; therefore a naturist image with no erotic posing will be treated as a Level 1 indecent image of a child, if judged to be indecent.

A person who is convicted of an offence under the Protection of Children Act is also likely to be banned from working with children in the United Kingdom, and ordered to sign the Sex Offenders Register.
==References==
<references/>

==Important Notes==

*Any image may technically be indecent under UK law.
*Even if an image has been declared as decent by one jury, it may be still be declared indecent by another jury.
*Despite precedents stating that the context of an image does not affect indecency, a jury may be more likely to rule that an image is indecent if they believe that the defendant is attracted to children.
*Previous interpretations of the indecency suggest that "indecency" has a lower threshhold than "pornography", so what is "indecent" (and therefore illegal) is not necessarily "pornographic".

==See also==

* [[Child pornography]]
* [[Child Pornography Laws]]
* [[Criminal Justice and Immigration Act]]
* [[Legal Information]]
* [[Sexual Offences Act (2003)]]

==External Links==
*[http://newgon.com/wiki/Indecent_images_of_children "Indecent images of children"] (Original Newgon Wiki Article)
[[Category:Encyclopedia]]

User talk:ImaginaryBoy

2009-08-14T23:34:11Z

Bigham: reply

I'm a bit concerned with some of the articles you're posting. I don't believe that boywiki should become a BL version of wikisposure. There are several articles which have statements in them which could be considered defamatory and I'd rather not go down that road. Can you hold off on posting articles until we can discuss this further? --[[User:Bigham|Bigham]] 05:57, 11 August 2009 (GMT)
:The articles in question are basically the ones that point out wikipedia anti-ped editors and the like. I will present a list of the articles that might be deleted before they're deleted. --[[User:Bigham|Bigham]] 23:34, 14 August 2009 (GMT)

User talk:ImaginaryBoy

2009-08-11T05:57:50Z

Bigham: New page: I'm a bit concerned with some of the articles you're posting. I don't believe that boywiki should become a BL version of wikisposure. There are several articles which have statements in th...

Nifty Archive

2009-06-23T03:14:23Z

Bigham: add

The '''Nifty Archive''' is an archive on the internet collecting and publishing a wide range of erotic stories via their website. The site is run by the Nifty Archive Alliance , an official not-for-profit organization and recognized as a tax-exempt organization by the US IRS.

==History==

The Nifty Archive started as a personal archive of both stories and pictures made available to the public via anonymous FTP at CMU by a student who became later a staff-member. In 1993 the current webmaster David approached the initiator Chris and offered his help and support. In March of that year they started the task of categorizing and merging of all uploaded stories.

The archive had to end public access to the site in April 1993 because Chris, his postmaster and also his boss received harassing email about the FTP-site. CMU requested the hostmasters to remove the pictures because many of them were copyrighted and there was no age-restriction to the FTP site. The university allowed Chris to re-open the access to the stories section.

Around June 1994 Nifty also enabled GOPHER access and about a year later FTP-access was limited to reduce the heavy CPU load on the system. Later the archive enable WWW access and a HTML welcome-page was created to enable easy access to the archive.

In 1996 Chris left the CMU and David asked help from the internet-community to find a new home for the archive. Only few offers for resources materialized and commitments made by individuals weren't followed up. In that same year the Communications Decency Act was passed which forced the site to use some form of age-verification.

The site had to close down for a short time but after the CDA was ruled unconstitutional and the archive found place on The Gay Cafe using several methods for parental control, Nifty was reborn.

Another hiccup followed in 1997, when The Gay Cafe had a dispute with their ISP and had to shut-down their site and all mirrors. Another appeal from David led to finding some extra high-capacity mirror sites and since then the archive is online.

In April 2000 the Nifty Archive Alliance was formally incorporated as a not-for-profit organization. In March 2001, the IRS determined that the Nifty Archive Alliance was a tax-exempt charity under IRS Code 501(c)(3) making all donations fully tax deductible to U.S. residents[1].

==The archive==

Originally the archive consisted of gay erotic pictures and stories. The (mainly scanned) pictures were often copyrighted and due to the lack of any age-control, had to be removed from the site.

Currently the site doesn't only contain gay stories but also other erotic stories. All stories are categorized and indexed using several properties. Stories can be searched and sorted on publishing-date, author name or content-type. The main groups used to categorize are: gay male, lesbian, bi-sexual, transgender / transsexual, bestiality and information.[2]

Most of these main-categories contain several sub-cat's allowing searching stories on specific preferences. A single story can be found in several of these groups. For example, a story about two students having their first experiences in college can be found in both gay/college as gay/beginnings. All categorizing (except the transgender stories) is done by a single person, the previous mentioned David and authors who upload their stories can provide the tags for the available groups. Currently (May 2009) the archive contains some 15.000 files, totaling nearly 3,5 Gb.[2]

The archive offers authors of stories a platform to publish their own stories. Authors can upload their own stories to the website provided that they accept the organizations publishing rules regarding copyright, distribution etc.[3]. Another source of the stories are several USENET groups containing all sorts of erotic stories except heterosexual stories.

==Protection==

The archive uses several techniques to prevent unwanted access by minors. Currently the archive supports the following parental control systems: Cyber Patrol, NetNanny and CYBERsitter. Nifty adheres the SafeSurf and ICRA Content Rating guidelines[2].

==Sources==
*This article was lifted from a Google cache of the Nifty Archive article deleted from Wikipedia on 22 June 2009.

==External links==
*[http://www.nifty.org Nifty Archives]
*[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Articles_for_deletion/Nifty_Archive Wikipedia deletion discussion]

[[Category:Online history]]

Samuel Weaver

2009-06-22T23:24:09Z

Bigham:

'''Samuel Hanson Weaver''' (April 1978 - 21 August 1992) was the son of [[Wikipedia:Randy Weaver|Randy]] and Vicki Weaver who was killed by a [[Wikipedia:United States Marshals Service|US Marshal]] during the [[Wikipedia:Ruby Ridge|Ruby Ridge]] incident in 1992. Born in Cedar Falls, Iowa he was called '''Sammy''' by his family and friends.

Described as a "sickly child" Sammy relocated to Idaho with his family in 1983 and was reportedly excited about the move even though he had recently broken his leg. His parents purchased property near the town of Bonners Ferry in a remote location called Ruby Ridge, only 40 miles south of the US - Canadian border. Home Schooled by his mother, Sammy helped the family build their cabin on top of the ridge and by the time he was six-years-old his father Randy had taught him gun handling and shooting skills.

Looking forward to visits from his grandparents, Sammy would immerse himself in the books that they brought with them. By age nine he was memorizing encyclopedias and could recite the United States Constitution. He enjoyed adventure stories and fishing for brook trout which he would clean and bring home for meals. He taught his Yellow Labrador, Striker, to pull containers of water on a sled from the spring nearby to the cabin and also to help his grandfather walk up the hills on the property.

==Death==
:''More information is available from the article [[Wikipedia:Ruby Ridge|Ruby Ridge]] on Wikipedia''

On 21 August 1992 a team of US Marshals were conducting reconnaissance near the Weaver property when Deputy Marshal Roderick threw two rocks at the Weaver cabin to test the reaction of the dogs. The dogs became alerted, and Sammy along with Kevin Harris, a friend of the family followed the dogs to investigate. Weaver and Harris were hoping that the dog had noticed a game animal since the cabin was out of meat. Sammy told his father he believed the dogs had sensed either a large animal or a man in the woods. The recon team of Marshals (Roderick, Cooper and Degan) initially retreated through the woods but later took up hidden defensive positions. Sammy and Harris followed the dog Striker on foot through the woods and about a minute later the dog and the boys came out of the woods and a firefight erupted between the Marshals and Sammy and Harris.

Accounts differ at this point as to who first opened fire, but agree that Deputy Marshal Roderick shot and killed Striker and Sammy fired at Roderick. Sammy was shot in the back while retreating, and Deputy Marshal Degan was shot and killed by Harris.

The version of the firefight told by Deputy Marshals Roderick and Cooper was that the dog, followed by Harris then Sammy, came out of the woods. Degan challenged Harris, who turned and shot Degan dead without Degan firing a single shot. Roderick then shot the dog once, Sammy fired at Roderick twice, and Roderick fired once again. Roderick and Cooper heard multiple gunshots from the Weaver party. Cooper fired two three shot bursts at Harris and Cooper saw Harris fall "like a sack of potatoes". An impact caused leaves to fly up in front of Cooper who then sought cover. Cooper saw Sammy run away. Cooper radioed to OP team Dave Hunt that he had wounded or killed Harris.

Harris' version was that, when the dog followed by Sammy then Harris came out of the woods, the dog ran up to Cooper and danced about as he did in playing with the children. The dog then ran to Roderick, who shot the dog in front of Sammy, who cursed Roderick and shot at him. Degan came out of the woods firing his M16 and hit Sammy in the arm. Harris then fired and hit Degan in the chest knocking him down. Cooper fired at Harris who ducked for cover. Cooper fired again and Sammy was hit in the back and fell. Harris fired about 6 feet in front of Cooper and forced him to take cover. Cooper only then announced that they were US Marshals. Harris checked Sammy's body, found him dead, and ran to the cabin.

==Aftermath==

After the Marshals retreated, Randy and Vicki Weaver went to the "Y" and retrieved Sammy's body. Randy, Vicki and Harris placed Sammy in a guest cabin near the main cabin were they washed his body and wrapped it in a sheet. Two days later while the FBI was converging closer to the Weaver cabin they discovered Sammy's body described by them as "A little boy, stripped naked and cleaned and wrapped in a green sheet. Less than 5ft tall, about 70-80 pounds and uncircumcised with bruises on his knees and shins". Agents then removed Sammy's body for a coroners exam. Sammy's remains were cremated several days later.

On 6 September 1995 in testimony before a United States Senate sub-committee, Randy Weaver said this of the incident involving Sammy:

"On 21 August 1992, Federal marshals shot my son Samuel in the back and killed him. He was running home to me. His last words were 'I'm coming Dad.' They shot his little arm almost off, and they killed him by shooting him in the back with a 9-millimeter submachine gun. The gun had a silencer on it. He was not wanted for any crime. He did not commit any crime. The marshals killed his dog right at his feet. He only tried to defend himself and his dog.

Sammy was just 14 years old. He did not yet weigh 80 pounds. He was not yet 5ft tall. The marshals who killed Sammy were grown men. They were in combat gear. They had their faces painted with camouflage. They were carrying machine guns and large caliber semi-automatic pistols. They were trained to kill. Two of them were hiding behind trees and rocks in the woods where they could not be seen. A third was around a bend in the trail in thick forest. They were under direct orders from Washington to do nothing to injure the children. They were to have no contact or confrontation with my family or me. They killed him anyway in violation of their orders."

==Trial testimony==

In testimony about the firefight at the 1993 trial, Larry Cooper admitted "You have all these things compressed into a few seconds.... It's difficult to remember what went on first." The ballistics experts called by the prosecution testified on cross examination by defense that the physical evidence did not contradict either the prosecution or defense theories on the firefight (trial testimony, [[Martin Fackler]] on 8 June 1993 and Lucien "Luke" Haag on 10 June 1993). Fackler testified that Roderick shot and killed the dog, Degan shot Sammy through the right elbow, Harris shot and killed Degan, and Cooper "probably" shot and killed Sammy. The 1993 trial jury accepted the defense theory of the firefight and acquitted Harris on grounds of self-defense. In 1997 Boundary County Sheriff Greg Sprungl conducted an independent search of the "Y" and Lucien Haag confirmed that a bullet found in that search matched Cooper's gun and contained fibers that matched Sammy Weaver's shirt.

==Sources==
*{{cite book|title=Every Knee Shall Bow|last=Walter|first=Jess|year=1995|publisher=Harper Collins|location=New York|isbn=006039174x|oclc=33007659}}
*{{cite book|isbn=0966433408|oclc=39774735|title=The Federal siege at Ruby Ridge : in our own words|last=Weaver|first=Randy|coauthors=Weaver, Sara|publisher=Ruby Ridge, Inc|location=Marion, Montana|year=1998}}
*This article partially includes text from related Wikipedia articles.

[[Category:People]]

Samuel Weaver

2009-06-22T23:20:55Z

Bigham: /* Sources */

'''Samuel Hanson Weaver''' (April 1978 - 21 August 1992) was the son of [[Wikipedia:Randy Weaver|Randy]] and Vicki Weaver who was killed by a [[Wikipedia:United States Marshals Service|US Marshal]] during the [[Wikipedia:Ruby Ridge|Ruby Ridge]] incident in 1992. Born in Cedar Falls, Iowa he was called '''Sammy''' by his family and friends.

Described as a "sickly child" Sammy relocated to Idaho with his family in 1983 and was reportedly excited about the move even though he had recently broken his leg. His parents purchased property near the town of Bonners Ferry in a remote location called Ruby Ridge, only 40 miles south of the US - Canadian border. Home Schooled by his mother, Sammy helped the family build their cabin on top of the ridge and by the time he was six-years-old his father Randy had taught him gun handling and shooting skills.

Looking forward to visits from his grandparents, Sammy would immerse himself in the books that they brought with them. By age nine he was memorizing encyclopedias and could recite the United States Constitution. He enjoyed adventure stories and fishing for brook trout which he would clean and bring home for meals. He taught his Yellow Labrador, Striker, to pull containers of water on a sled from the spring nearby to the cabin and also to help his grandfather walk up the hills on the property.

==Death==
:''More information is available from the article [[Wikipedia:Ruby Ridge|Ruby Ridge]] on Wikipedia''

On 21 August 1992 a team of US Marshals were conducting reconnaissance near the Weaver property when Deputy Marshal Roderick threw two rocks at the Weaver cabin to test the reaction of the dogs. The dogs became alerted, and Sammy along with Kevin Harris, a friend of the family followed the dogs to investigate. Weaver and Harris were hoping that the dog had noticed a game animal since the cabin was out of meat. Sammy told his father he believed the dogs had sensed either a large animal or a man in the woods. The recon team of Marshals (Roderick, Cooper and Degan) initially retreated through the woods but later took up hidden defensive positions. Sammy and Harris followed the dog Striker on foot through the woods and about a minute later the dog and the boys came out of the woods and a firefight erupted between the Marshals and Sammy and Harris.

Accounts differ at this point as to who first opened fire, but agree that Deputy Marshal Roderick shot and killed Striker and Sammy fired at Roderick. Sammy was shot in the back while retreating, and Deputy Marshal Degan was shot and killed by Harris.

The version of the firefight told by Deputy Marshals Roderick and Cooper was that the dog, followed by Harris then Sammy, came out of the woods. Degan challenged Harris, who turned and shot Degan dead without Degan firing a single shot. Roderick then shot the dog once, Sammy fired at Roderick twice, and Roderick fired once again. Roderick and Cooper heard multiple gunshots from the Weaver party. Cooper fired two three shot bursts at Harris and Cooper saw Harris fall "like a sack of potatoes". An impact caused leaves to fly up in front of Cooper who then sought cover. Cooper saw Sammy run away. Cooper radioed to OP team Dave Hunt that he had wounded or killed Harris.

Harris' version was that, when the dog followed by Sammy then Harris came out of the woods, the dog ran up to Cooper and danced about as he did in playing with the children. The dog then ran to Roderick, who shot the dog in front of Sammy, who cursed Roderick and shot at him. Degan came out of the woods firing his M16 and hit Sammy in the arm. Harris then fired and hit Degan in the chest knocking him down. Cooper fired at Harris who ducked for cover. Cooper fired again and Sammy was hit in the back and fell. Harris fired about 6 feet in front of Cooper and forced him to take cover. Cooper only then announced that they were US Marshals. Harris checked Sammy's body, found him dead, and ran to the cabin.

==Aftermath==

After the Marshals retreated, Randy and Vicki Weaver went to the "Y" and retrieved Sammy's body. Randy, Vicki and Harris placed Sammy in a guest cabin near the main cabin were they washed his body and wrapped it in a sheet. Two days later while the FBI was converging closer to the Weaver cabin they discovered Sammy's body described by them as "A little boy, stripped naked and cleaned and wrapped in a green sheet. Less than 5ft tall, about 70-80 pounds and uncircumcised with bruises on his knees and shins". Agents then removed Sammy's body for a coroners exam. Sammy's remains were cremated several days later.

On 6 September 1995 in testimony before a United States Senate sub-committee, Randy Weaver said this of the incident involving Sammy:

"On 21 August 1992, Federal marshals shot my son Samuel in the back and killed him. He was running home to me. His last words were 'I'm coming Dad.' They shot his little arm almost off, and they killed him by shooting him in the back with a 9-millimeter submachine gun. The gun had a silencer on it. He was not wanted for any crime. He did not commit any crime. The marshals killed his dog right at his feet. He only tried to defend himself and his dog.

Sammy was just 14 years old. He did not yet weigh 80 pounds. He was not yet 5ft tall. The marshals who killed Sammy were grown men. They were in combat gear. They had their faces painted with camouflage. They were carrying machine guns and large caliber semi-automatic pistols. They were trained to kill. Two of them were hiding behind trees and rocks in the woods where they could not be seen. A third was around a bend in the trail in thick forest. They were under direct orders from Washington to do nothing to injure the children. They were to have no contact or confrontation with my family or me. They killed him anyway in violation of their orders."

==Aftermath==

In testimony about the firefight at the 1993 trial, Larry Cooper admitted "You have all these things compressed into a few seconds.... It's difficult to remember what went on first." The ballistics experts called by the prosecution testified on cross examination by defense that the physical evidence did not contradict either the prosecution or defense theories on the firefight (trial testimony, [[Martin Fackler]] on 8 June 1993 and Lucien "Luke" Haag on 10 June 1993). Fackler testified that Roderick shot and killed the dog, Degan shot Sammy through the right elbow, Harris shot and killed Degan, and Cooper "probably" shot and killed Sammy. The 1993 trial jury accepted the defense theory of the firefight and acquitted Harris on grounds of self-defense. In 1997 Boundary County Sheriff Greg Sprungl conducted an independent search of the "Y" and Lucien Haag confirmed that a bullet found in that search matched Cooper's gun and contained fibers that matched Sammy Weaver's shirt.<ref>Jess Walter, ''Ruby Ridge'', ReganBooks, HarperCollins 2002, p.390</ref>)

==Sources==
*{{cite book|title=Every Knee Shall Bow|last=Walter|first=Jess|year=1995|publisher=Harper Collins|location=New York|isbn=006039174x|oclc=33007659}}
*{{cite book|isbn=0966433408|oclc=39774735|title=The Federal siege at Ruby Ridge : in our own words|last=Weaver|first=Randy|coauthors=Weaver, Sara|publisher=Ruby Ridge, Inc|location=Marion, Montana|year=1998}}
*This article partially includes text from related Wikipedia articles.

[[Category:People]]

Samuel Weaver

2009-06-22T23:06:11Z

Bigham: /* Death */ add

'''Samuel Hanson Weaver''' (April 1978 - 21 August 1992) was the son of [[Wikipedia:Randy Weaver|Randy]] and Vicki Weaver who was killed by a [[Wikipedia:United States Marshals Service|US Marshal]] during the [[Wikipedia:Ruby Ridge|Ruby Ridge]] incident in 1992. Born in Cedar Falls, Iowa he was called '''Sammy''' by his family and friends.

Described as a "sickly child" Sammy relocated to Idaho with his family in 1983 and was reportedly excited about the move even though he had recently broken his leg. His parents purchased property near the town of Bonners Ferry in a remote location called Ruby Ridge, only 40 miles south of the US - Canadian border. Home Schooled by his mother, Sammy helped the family build their cabin on top of the ridge and by the time he was six-years-old his father Randy had taught him gun handling and shooting skills.

Looking forward to visits from his grandparents, Sammy would immerse himself in the books that they brought with them. By age nine he was memorizing encyclopedias and could recite the United States Constitution. He enjoyed adventure stories and fishing for brook trout which he would clean and bring home for meals. He taught his Yellow Labrador, Striker, to pull containers of water on a sled from the spring nearby to the cabin and also to help his grandfather walk up the hills on the property.

==Death==
:''More information is available from the article [[Wikipedia:Ruby Ridge|Ruby Ridge]] on Wikipedia''

On 21 August 1992 a team of US Marshals were conducting reconnaissance near the Weaver property when Deputy Marshal Roderick threw two rocks at the Weaver cabin to test the reaction of the dogs. The dogs became alerted, and Sammy along with Kevin Harris, a friend of the family followed the dogs to investigate. Weaver and Harris were hoping that the dog had noticed a game animal since the cabin was out of meat. Sammy told his father he believed the dogs had sensed either a large animal or a man in the woods. The recon team of Marshals (Roderick, Cooper and Degan) initially retreated through the woods but later took up hidden defensive positions. Sammy and Harris followed the dog Striker on foot through the woods and about a minute later the dog and the boys came out of the woods and a firefight erupted between the Marshals and Sammy and Harris.

Accounts differ at this point as to who first opened fire, but agree that Deputy Marshal Roderick shot and killed Striker and Sammy fired at Roderick. Sammy was shot in the back while retreating, and Deputy Marshal Degan was shot and killed by Harris.

The version of the firefight told by Deputy Marshals Roderick and Cooper was that the dog, followed by Harris then Sammy, came out of the woods. Degan challenged Harris, who turned and shot Degan dead without Degan firing a single shot. Roderick then shot the dog once, Sammy fired at Roderick twice, and Roderick fired once again. Roderick and Cooper heard multiple gunshots from the Weaver party. Cooper fired two three shot bursts at Harris and Cooper saw Harris fall "like a sack of potatoes". An impact caused leaves to fly up in front of Cooper who then sought cover. Cooper saw Sammy run away. Cooper radioed to OP team Dave Hunt that he had wounded or killed Harris.

Harris' version was that, when the dog followed by Sammy then Harris came out of the woods, the dog ran up to Cooper and danced about as he did in playing with the children. The dog then ran to Roderick, who shot the dog in front of Sammy, who cursed Roderick and shot at him. Degan came out of the woods firing his M16 and hit Sammy in the arm. Harris then fired and hit Degan in the chest knocking him down. Cooper fired at Harris who ducked for cover. Cooper fired again and Sammy was hit in the back and fell. Harris fired about 6 feet in front of Cooper and forced him to take cover. Cooper only then announced that they were US Marshals. Harris checked Sammy's body, found him dead, and ran to the cabin.

==Aftermath==

After the Marshals retreated, Randy and Vicki Weaver went to the "Y" and retrieved Sammy's body. Randy, Vicki and Harris placed Sammy in a guest cabin near the main cabin were they washed his body and wrapped it in a sheet. Two days later while the FBI was converging closer to the Weaver cabin they discovered Sammy's body described by them as "A little boy, stripped naked and cleaned and wrapped in a green sheet. Less than 5ft tall, about 70-80 pounds and uncircumcised with bruises on his knees and shins". Agents then removed Sammy's body for a coroners exam. Sammy's remains were cremated several days later.

On 6 September 1995 in testimony before a United States Senate sub-committee, Randy Weaver said this of the incident involving Sammy:

"On 21 August 1992, Federal marshals shot my son Samuel in the back and killed him. He was running home to me. His last words were 'I'm coming Dad.' They shot his little arm almost off, and they killed him by shooting him in the back with a 9-millimeter submachine gun. The gun had a silencer on it. He was not wanted for any crime. He did not commit any crime. The marshals killed his dog right at his feet. He only tried to defend himself and his dog.

Sammy was just 14 years old. He did not yet weigh 80 pounds. He was not yet 5ft tall. The marshals who killed Sammy were grown men. They were in combat gear. They had their faces painted with camouflage. They were carrying machine guns and large caliber semi-automatic pistols. They were trained to kill. Two of them were hiding behind trees and rocks in the woods where they could not be seen. A third was around a bend in the trail in thick forest. They were under direct orders from Washington to do nothing to injure the children. They were to have no contact or confrontation with my family or me. They killed him anyway in violation of their orders."

==Aftermath==

In testimony about the firefight at the 1993 trial, Larry Cooper admitted "You have all these things compressed into a few seconds.... It's difficult to remember what went on first." The ballistics experts called by the prosecution testified on cross examination by defense that the physical evidence did not contradict either the prosecution or defense theories on the firefight (trial testimony, [[Martin Fackler]] on 8 June 1993 and Lucien "Luke" Haag on 10 June 1993). Fackler testified that Roderick shot and killed the dog, Degan shot Sammy through the right elbow, Harris shot and killed Degan, and Cooper "probably" shot and killed Sammy. The 1993 trial jury accepted the defense theory of the firefight and acquitted Harris on grounds of self-defense. In 1997 Boundary County Sheriff Greg Sprungl conducted an independent search of the "Y" and Lucien Haag confirmed that a bullet found in that search matched Cooper's gun and contained fibers that matched Sammy Weaver's shirt.<ref>Jess Walter, ''Ruby Ridge'', ReganBooks, HarperCollins 2002, p.390</ref>)

==Sources==
*{{cite book|title=Every Knee Shall Bow|last=Walter|first=Jess|year=1995|publisher=Harper Collins|location=New York|isbn=006039174x|oclc=33007659}}
*{{cite book|isbn=0966433408|oclc=39774735|title=The Federal siege at Ruby Ridge : in our own words|last=Weaver|first=Randy|coauthors=Weaver, Sarah|publisher=Ruby Ridge, Inc|location=Marion, MT|year=1998}}
*This article partially includes text from related Wikipedia articles.

[[Category:People]]

Nifty Archive

2009-06-22T21:30:39Z

Bigham: new

The Nifty Archive is an archive on the internet collecting and publishing a wide range of erotic stories via their website. The site is run by the Nifty Archive Alliance , an official not-for-profit organisation and recognized as a tax-exempt organisation by the US IRS[1].

==History==

The Nifty Archive started as a personal archive of both stories and pictures made available to the public via anonymous FTP at CMU by a student who became later a staff-member. In 1993 the current webmaster David approached the initiator Chris and offered his help and support. In March of that year they started the task of catagorizing and merging of all uploaded stories.

The archive had to end public access to the site in April 1993 because Chris, his postmaster and also his boss received harassing email about the FTP-site. CMU requested the hostmasters to remove the pictures because many of them were copyrighted and there was no age-restriction to the FTP site. The university allowed Chris to re-open the access to the stories section.

Around June 1994 Nifty also enabled GOPHER access and about a year later FTP-access was limited to reduce the heavy CPU load on the system. Later the archive enable WWW access and a HTML welcome-page was created to enable easy access to the archive.

In 1996 Chris left the CMU and David asked help from the internet-community to find a new home for the archive. Only few offers for resources materialized and commitments made by individuals weren't followed up. In that same year the Communications Decency Act was passed which forced the site to use some form of age-verification.

The site had to close down for a short time but after the CDA was ruled unconstitutional and the archive found place on The Gay Cafe using several methods for parental control, Nifty was reborn.

Another hiccup followed in 1997, when The Gay Cafe had a dispute with their ISP and had to shut-down their site and all mirrors. Another appeal from David led to finding some extra high-capacity mirror sites and since then the archive is online.

==The alliance==

In April 2000 the Nifty Archive Alliance was formally incorporated as a not-for-profit organization. In March 2001, the IRS determined that the Nifty Archive Alliance was a tax-exempt charity under IRS Code 501(c)(3) making all donations fully tax deductible to U.S. residents[1].

==The archive==

Originally the archive consisted of gay erotic pictures and stories. The (mainly scanned) pictures were often copyrighted and due to the lack of any age-control, had to be removed from the site.

Currently the site doesn't only contain gay stories but also other erotic stories. All stories are categorized and indexed using several properties. Stories can be searched and sorted on publishing-date, author name or content-type. The main groups used to catagorize are: gay male, lesbian, bi-sexual, transgender / transsexual, bestiality and information.[2]

Most of these main-categories contain several sub-cat's allowing searching stories on specific preferences. A single story can be found in several of these groups. For example, a story about two students having their first experiences in college can be found in both gay/college as gay/beginnings. All categorizing (except the transgender stories) is done by a single person, the previous mentioned David and authors who upload their stories can provide the tags for the available groups.

Currently (May 2009) the archive contains some 15.000 files, totaling nearly 3,5 Gb.[2]

==New stories==

The archive offers authors of stories a platform to publish their own stories. Authors can upload their own stories to the website provided that they accept the organisations publishing rules regarding copyright, distribution etc.[3]. Another source of the stories are several USENET groups containing all sorts of erotic stories except heterosexual stories.

==Protection==

The archive uses several techniques to prevent unwanted access by minors. Currently the archive supports the following parental control systems: Cyber Patrol, NetNanny and CYBERsitter. Nifty adheres the SafeSurf and ICRA Content Rating guidelines[2].

Samuel Weaver

2009-06-16T09:36:17Z

Bigham: clean up

'''Samuel Hanson Weaver''' (April 1978 - 21 August 1992) was the son of [[Wikipedia:Randy Weaver|Randy]] and Vicki Weaver who was killed by a [[Wikipedia:United States Marshals Service|US Marshal]] during the [[Wikipedia:Ruby Ridge|Ruby Ridge]] incident in 1992. Born in Cedar Falls, Iowa he was called '''Sammy''' by his family and friends.

Described as a "sickly child" Sammy relocated to Idaho with his family in 1983 and was reportedly excited about the move even though he had recently broken his leg. His parents purchased property near the town of Bonners Ferry in a remote location called Ruby Ridge, only 40 miles south of the US - Canadian border. Home Schooled by his mother, Sammy helped the family build their cabin on top of the ridge and by the time he was six-years-old his father Randy had taught him gun handling and shooting skills.

Looking forward to visits from his grandparents, Sammy would immerse himself in the books that they brought with them. By age nine he was memorizing encyclopedias and could recite the United States Constitution. He enjoyed adventure stories and fishing for brook trout which he would clean and bring home for meals. He taught his Yellow Labrador, Striker, to pull containers of water on a sled from the spring nearby to the cabin and also to help his grandfather walk up the hills on the property.

==Death==
:''More information is available from the article [[Wikipedia:Ruby Ridge|Ruby Ridge]] on Wikipedia''

On 21 August 1992 a team of US Marshals were conducting reconnaissance near the Weaver property when Deputy Marshal Roderick threw two rocks at the Weaver cabin to test the reaction of the dogs. The dogs became alerted, and Sammy along with Kevin Harris, a friend of the family followed the dogs to investigate. Weaver and Harris were hoping that the dog had noticed a game animal since the cabin was out of meat. Sammy told his father he believed the dogs had sensed either a large animal or a man in the woods. The recon team of Marshals (Roderick, Cooper and Degan) initially retreated through the woods but later took up hidden defensive positions. Sammy and Harris followed the dog Striker on foot through the woods and about a minute later the dog and the boys came out of the woods and a firefight erupted between the Marshals and Sammy and Harris.

Accounts differ at this point as to who first opened fire, but agree that Deputy Marshal Roderick shot and killed Striker and Sammy fired at Roderick. Sammy was shot in the back while retreating, and Deputy Marshal Degan was shot and killed by Harris.

The version of the firefight told by Deputy Marshals Roderick and Cooper was that the dog, followed by Harris then Sammy, came out of the woods. Degan challenged Harris, who turned and shot Degan dead without Degan firing a single shot. Roderick then shot the dog once, Sammy fired at Roderick twice, and Roderick fired once again. Roderick and Cooper heard multiple gunshots from the Weaver party. Cooper fired two three shot bursts at Harris and Cooper saw Harris fall "like a sack of potatoes". An impact caused leaves to fly up in front of Cooper who then sought cover. Cooper saw Sammy run away. Cooper radioed to OP team Dave Hunt that he had wounded or killed Harris.

Harris' version was that, when the dog followed by Sammy then Harris came out of the woods, the dog ran up to Cooper and danced about as he did in playing with the children. The dog then ran to Roderick, who shot the dog in front of Sammy, who cursed Roderick and shot at him. Degan came out of the woods firing his M16 and hit Sammy in the arm. Harris then fired and hit Degan in the chest knocking him down. Cooper fired at Harris who ducked for cover. Cooper fired again and Sammy was hit in the back and fell. Harris fired about 6 feet in front of Cooper and forced him to take cover. Cooper only then announced that they were US Marshals. Harris checked Sammy's body, found him dead, and ran to the cabin.

After the firefight at the "Y", Marshals Hunt and Thomas went from the hillside to a neighbor's house in order to request assistance while Marshals Norris, Cooper and Roderick stayed with Degan's body at the "Y". Randy and Vicki went to the "Y" and retrieved Sammy's body. Randy, Vicki and Harris placed Samuel's body in a guest cabin near the main cabin.

==Aftermath==

In testimony about the firefight at the 1993 trial, Larry Cooper admitted "You have all these things compressed into a few seconds.... It's difficult to remember what went on first." The ballistics experts called by the prosecution testified on cross examination by defense that the physical evidence did not contradict either the prosecution or defense theories on the firefight (trial testimony, [[Martin Fackler]] on 8 June 1993 and Lucien "Luke" Haag on 10 June 1993). Fackler testified that Roderick shot and killed the dog, Degan shot Sammy through the right elbow, Harris shot and killed Degan, and Cooper "probably" shot and killed Sammy. The 1993 trial jury accepted the defense theory of the firefight and acquitted Harris on grounds of self-defense. In 1997 Boundary County Sheriff Greg Sprungl conducted an independent search of the "Y" and Lucien Haag confirmed that a bullet found in that search matched Cooper's gun and contained fibers that matched Sammy Weaver's shirt.<ref>Jess Walter, ''Ruby Ridge'', ReganBooks, HarperCollins 2002, p.390</ref>)

==Sources==
*{{cite book|title=Every Knee Shall Bow|last=Walter|first=Jess|year=1995|publisher=Harper Collins|location=New York|isbn=006039174x|oclc=33007659}}
*{{cite book|isbn=0966433408|oclc=39774735|title=The Federal siege at Ruby Ridge : in our own words|last=Weaver|first=Randy|coauthors=Weaver, Sarah|publisher=Ruby Ridge, Inc|location=Marion, MT|year=1998}}
*This article partially includes text from related Wikipedia articles.

[[Category:People]]

Samuel Weaver

2009-06-14T22:08:45Z

Bigham: add rough data

'''Samuel Hanson Weaver''' (April 1978 - 21 August 1992) was the son of [[Wikipedia:Randy Weaver|Randy]] and Vicki Weaver who was killed by a [[Wikipedia:United States Marshals Service|US Marshal]] during the [[Wikipedia:Ruby Ridge|Ruby Ridge]] incident in 1992. Born in Cedar Falls, Iowa he was called '''Sammy''' by his family and friends.

Described as a "sickly child" Sammy relocated to Idaho with his family in 1983 and was reportedly excited about the move even though he had recently broken his leg. His parents purchased property near the town of Bonners Ferry in a remote location called Ruby Ridge, only 40 miles south of the US - Canadian border. Home Schooled by his mother, Sammy helped the family build their cabin on top of the ridge and by the time he was six-years-old his father Randy had taught him gun handling and shooting skills.

Looking forward to visits from his grandparents, Sammy would immerse himself in the books that they brought with them. By age nine he was memorizing encyclopedias and could recite the United States Constitution. He enjoyed adventure stories and fishing for brook trout which he would clean and bring home for meals. He taught his Yellow Labrador, Striker, to pull containers of water on a sled from the spring nearby to the cabin and also to help his grandfather walk up the hills on the property.

==Death==
At one point, Roderick threw two rocks at the Weaver cabin to test the reaction of the dogs.<ref name="OPRreportRocks">D.O.J. Office of Professional Responsibility Ruby Ridge Task Force Report, [http://www.usdoj.gov/opr/readingroom/rubyreport85_125.pdf Page 121]</ref> The dogs became alerted, and Weaver's friend Kevin Harris, and Weaver's 14 year old son, Samuel, emerged and followed the dogs to investigate.<ref name="suprynowicz" /> Harris and the younger Weaver were hoping that the dog had noticed a game animal since the cabin was out of meat.<ref>[http://www.reason.com/news/show/29386.html Ambush at Ruby Ridge: How government agents set Randy Weaver up and took his family down - Reason Magazine]</ref> Sammy Weaver told his father he believed the dogs had sensed either a large animal or a man in the woods. The recon team marshals (Roderick, Cooper and Degan) initially retreated through the woods in radio contact with the OP team, but later took up hidden defensive positions.

Sammy and Harris followed the dog Striker on foot through the woods while Randy also on foot took a separate logging trail. Vicki and the girls Sara, Rachel and baby Elisheba, remained at the cabin, at first appearing anxious to the OP team, but later appearing relaxed. Randy encountered the marshals at the "Y", Roderick recalled yelling "Back Off! US Marshal!" and Cooper recalled yelling "Stop! US Marshal!" Later statements by Roderick, Cooper and Randy agreed that Randy responded by cursing and running away. About a minute later the dog and the boys came out of the woods and a firefight erupted between the marshals and Sammy and Harris.<ref>Ruby Ridge: Report of the Subcommittee on Terrorism, Technology and Government Information, 1995, Section B. United States Marshal Service, 5. August 21, 1992 Firefight, p.38-49</ref><ref>Jess Walter, ''Ruby Ridge'', ReganBooks, HarperCollins 2002, Chapter Eleven, p.163-180.</ref>

Accounts differ at this point as to who first opened fire,<ref>[http://www.crimelibrary.com/gangsters_outlaws/cops_others/randy_weaver/ All about Randy Weaver and Ruby Ridge, by David Lohr - Crime Library on truTV.com]</ref> but agree that DUSM Roderick shot and killed Weaver's dog and Samuel Weaver fired at Roderick. Samuel Weaver was shot in the back while retreating,<ref name="suprynowicz_back">{{cite book |author=Suprynowicz, Vin |chapter=The Courtesan Press, Eager Lapdogs to Tyranny (Chapter 6) |title=Send in the Waco Killers -- Essays on the Freedom Movement, 1993-1998 |page= 291 |publisher=Mountain Media |year=1999}}</ref> and DUSM Degan was shot and killed by Harris.<ref>http://www.cato.org/pub_display.php?pub_id=3574, Remember Ruby Ridge, Timothy Lynch</ref>

The version of the firefight told by DUSMs Roderick and Cooper was that the dog, followed by Harris then Sammy, came out of the woods. DUSM Degan challenged Harris, who turned and shot Degan dead without Degan firing a single shot. Roderick then shot the dog once, Sammy fired at Roderick twice, and Roderick fired once again. Roderick and Cooper heard multiple gunshots from the Weaver party. Cooper fired two three shot bursts at Harris and Cooper saw Harris fall "like a sack of potatoes". An impact caused leaves to fly up in front of Cooper who then sought cover. Cooper saw Sammy run away. Cooper radioed to OP team Dave Hunt that he had wounded or killed Harris.<ref>Department of Justice, Office of Professional Responsibility, Ruby Ridge Task Force Report, Section IV. Specific Issues Investigated, D. Marshals Service Activities Between August 17 and August 21, 1992.</ref>

Harris' version was that, when the dog followed by Sammy then Harris came out of the woods, the dog ran up to Cooper and danced about as he did in playing with the children. The dog then ran to Roderick, who shot the dog in front of Sammy, who cursed Roderick and shot at him. Degan came out of the woods firing his M16 and hit Sammy in the arm. Harris then fired and hit Degan in the chest knocking him down. Cooper fired at Harris who ducked for cover. Cooper fired again and Sammy was hit in the back and fell. Harris fired about 6 feet in front of Cooper and forced him to take cover. Cooper announced that he was a US Marshal. Harris checked Sammy's body, found him dead, and ran to the cabin.<ref>Randy and Sara Weaver, ''Federal Siege at Ruby Ridge: In Our Own Words'', Ruby Ridge Inc. 1998)</ref>

In testimony about the firefight at the 1993 trial, Larry Cooper admitted "You have all these things compressed into a few seconds.... It's difficult to remember what went on first." The ballistics experts called by the prosecution testified on cross examination by defense that the physical evidence did not contradict either the prosecution or defense theories on the firefight (trial testimony, [[Martin Fackler]] on 8 June 1993 and Lucien "Luke" Haag on 10 June 1993). Fackler testified that Roderick shot and killed the dog, Degan shot Sammy through the right elbow, Harris shot and killed Degan, and Cooper "probably" shot and killed Sammy. The 1993 trial jury accepted the defense theory of the firefight and acquitted Harris on grounds of self-defense. In 1997 Boundary County Sheriff Greg Sprungl conducted an independent search of the "Y" and Lucien Haag confirmed that a bullet found in that search matched Cooper's gun and contained fibers that matched Sammy Weaver's shirt.<ref>Jess Walter, ''Ruby Ridge'', ReganBooks, HarperCollins 2002, p.390</ref>)

After the firefight at the "Y", marshals Hunt and Thomas went from the hillside to a neighbor's house in order to request assistance from the USMS Crisis Center while marshals Norris, Cooper and Roderick stayed with Degan's body at the "Y". Randy and Vicki went to the "Y" and retrieved Sammy's body. Randy, Vicki and Harris placed Samuel's body in a guest cabin near the main cabin.

==Sources==
*{{cite book|title=Every Knee Shall Bow|last=Walter|first=Jess|year=1995|publisher=Harper Collins|location=New York|isbn=006039174x|oclc=33007659}}
*{{cite book|isbn=0966433408|oclc=39774735|title=The Federal siege at Ruby Ridge : in our own words|last=Weaver|first=Randy|coauthors=Weaver, Sarah|publisher=Ruby Ridge, Inc|location=Marion, MT|year=1998}}
*This article partially includes text from related Wikipedia articles.

[[Category:People]]

Samuel Weaver

2009-06-14T19:21:14Z

Bigham: refs / cleanup

MediaWiki:Sidebar

2009-06-01T20:04:32Z

Bigham: minor

Template:Did you know

2009-05-31T23:29:59Z

Bigham: minor

==== Did you know? ====
''From BoyWiki's [[Special:Newpages|newest articles]]'':
<div style="font-size:small">
…That 14yo [[Samuel Weaver]] was killed by a US Marshal? 
…That [[Boy Queen]]s are shallow [[boylover]]s? 
…That [[Mike Echols]] was a [[sadvocate]]?
</div>

Samuel Weaver

2009-05-31T15:49:57Z

Bigham: add

'''Samuel Weaver''' (April 1978 - 21 August 1992) was the son of [[Wikipedia:Randy Weaver|Randy]] and Vicki Weaver who was killed by a [[Wikipedia:United States Marshals Service|US Marshall]] during the [[Wikipedia:Ruby Ridge|Ruby Ridge]] incident in 1992. Born in Cedar Falls, Iowa he was called '''Sammy''' by his family and friends.

Described as a "sickly child" Sammy relocated to Idaho with his family in 1983 and was reportedly excited about the move even though he had recently broken his leg. His parents purchased property near the town of Bonners Ferry in a remote location called Ruby Ridge, only 40 miles south of the US - Canadian border. Home Schooled by his mother, Sammy helped the family build their cabin on top of the ridge and the family lived without electricity or running water. By the time he was six-years-old his father Randy had taught him gun handling and shooting skills.

Looking forward to visits from his grandparents, Sammy would immerse himself in the books that they brought with them. By age nine he was memorizing encyclopedias and enjoyed adventure stories and fishing for brook trout which he would clean and bring home for meals.

==Sources==
*{{cite book|title=Every Knee Shall Bow|last=Walter|first=Jess|year=1995|publisher=Harper Collins|location=New York|isbn=006039174x|oclc=33007659}}
*This article partially includes text from related Wikipedia articles.

[[Category:People]]

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Samuel Weaver

2009-05-30T19:16:06Z

Bigham: add

'''Samuel Weaver''' (April 1978 - 21 August 1992) was the son of [[Wikipedia:Randy Weaver|Randy]] and Vicki Weaver who was shot to death by a [[Wikipedia:United States Marshals Service|US Marshall]] during the [[Wikipedia:Ruby Ridge|Ruby Ridge]] incident in 1992. Born in Cedar Falls, Iowa he was called '''Sammy''' by his family and friends.

Described as a "sickly child" Sammy relocated to Idaho with his family in 1983 and was reportedly excited about the move even though he had recently broken his leg. His parents purchased property near the town of Bonners Ferry in a remote location called Ruby Ridge, only 40 miles south of the US - Canadian border.

Home Schooled by his mother Sammy helped the family build their cabin on top of the ridge and the family lived without electricity or running water.

==Sources==
*{{cite book|title=Every Knee Shall Bow|last=Walter|first=Jess|year=1995|publisher=Harper Collins|location=New York|isbn=006039174x|oclc=33007659}}
*This article partially includes text from related Wikipedia articles.

[[Category:People]]

Template:Did you know

2009-05-30T18:45:15Z

Bigham: update

==== Did you know? ====
''From BoyWiki's [[Special:Newpages|newest articles]]'':
<div style="font-size:small">
…That 14yo [[Samuel Weaver]] was killed by a US Marshall? 
…That [[Boy Queen]]s are shallow [[boylover]]s? 
… That [[Mike Echols]] was a [[sadvocate]]?
</div>

Samuel Weaver

2009-05-30T16:07:56Z

Bigham: /* Sources */ oclc

'''Samuel Weaver''' (1978 - 21 August 1992) was the son of [[Wikipedia:Randy Weaver|Randy]] and Vicki Weaver who was shot to death by a [[Wikipedia:United States Marshals Service|US Marshall]] during the [[Wikipedia:Ruby Ridge|Ruby Ridge]] incident in 1992.

==Sources==
*{{cite book|title=Every Knee Shall Bow|last=Walter|first=Jess|year=1995|publisher=Harper Collins|location=New York|isbn=006039174x|oclc=33007659}}
*This article partially includes text from related Wikipedia articles.

[[Category:People]]

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Samuel Weaver

2009-05-29T22:35:34Z

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'''Samuel Weaver''' (1978 - 21 August 1992) was the son of [[Wikipedia:Randy Weaver|Randy]] and Vicki Weaver who was shot to death by a [[Wikipedia:United States Marshals Service|US Marshall]] during the [[Wikipedia:Ruby Ridge|Ruby Ridge]] incident in 1992.

==Sources==
*{{cite book|title=Every Knee Shall Bow|last=Walter|first=Jess|year=1995|publisher=Harper Collins|location=New York|isbn=006039174x}}
*This article partially includes text from related Wikipedia articles.

[[Category:People]]

Mike Echols

2009-05-28T20:51:46Z

Bigham: /* Obsession with BoyChat */ pic

[[Image:Echols smoking pipe.jpg|right|thumb|300px|Echols smokes a pipe]]

'''Mike Echols''' (1 April 1944 - 10 January 2003) was an American who regularly posted taunts and threats on boylove boards, most notably [[BoyChat]], earning him status as the archetypical [[sadvocate]] on those boards. He was born Walter Harlan Echols, II in Carthage, Texas and died in jail in Monterey, California. He died while in custody after having been convicted of issuing terrorist threats against a bus driver in the California community where he lived. He used "Mike" as his first name throughout his life.

Echols could be best described as a thug who presented the [[sex abuse industry]] at its worst. Using the notoriety of his books [[I Know My First Name Is Steven]] and [[Brother Tony's Boys]], he styled himself as a savior of children out to rid the [[Internet]] of "Child Sexual Predators." Echols was very clever at convincing people they should overlook his criminal past as a con-artist, petty thief and convicted felon, and used this charm as well as the emotive attraction of the anti-pedophile hysteria to gather a motley crew of followers to his cause. In almost all cases he brushed off his criminal past by claiming "a conspiracy" against him for revealing the supposed truth about others.

== Obsession with BoyChat ==

Echols first arrived on BoyChat in 1996 and proceeded to harass and attempt to gather information on many of the posters. Much, but not all, of the information he collected was inaccurate. He published the information on his website, [[Better a Millstone]]. He primarily attempted to link BoyChat nicks with [[real life]] identities, addresses and telephone numbers.

[[Image:BAM.jpg|right|thumb|300px|The Better A Millstone website banner]]

Some of his information was widely off the mark. For example, he identified one Canadian poster as a resident of the Netherlands. In other cases, he inaccurately linked BoyChat nicks with prominent members of [[NAMBLA]], in others still he inaccurately identified BoyChat posters as being people who had been reported by news media as having been involved in cases of [[child molestation]].

Despite his false accusations and constructed information, Echols was at times very damaging to participants of BoyChat if they were too lax with information they posted about their lives. In two known cases, individual participants of BoyChat, [[Dr. Denny]] and [[Mentor]], sided with Echols and became operatives gathering information for him to use. These events are mostly responsible for the high awareness of security on BoyChat as compared to other [[message board]]s.

===Jimf3===

Echols was able to obtain the [[real life]] identity of BoyChat's then-webmaster, [[Jimf3]], from Internet registration documents for BoyChat and [[Free Spirits]] and then began a systematic campaign of harrassment against him. He would telephone Jim's residence at all hours of the night and scream random profanities at him. Echols often gave the impression of being highly intoxicated during these phone calls.

===Tygyr===

Echols lodged false accusations of child pornography against the BC poster known as [[Tygyr]] while Tygyr was attempting to emigrate to Canada. While crossing the border from the United States to Canada during that process, Tygyr was apprehended and briefly jailed by U.S. authorities on the strength of Echol's accusation. After a nearly two-year long investigation that involved confiscation of computer equipment and magnetic media, the charges against Tygyr were ordered to be dismissed with prejudice by a U.S. magistrate. The magistrate found that there was no evidence to support the charges and ruled that they could not be brought again. However, even given the absolute lack of any evidence after a thorough investigation, Tygyr was and remains barred from entering the United States. It is ironic to note that later on, Echols would in turn be denied entry to Canada himself (see [[#Canadian border incident]]).

===Disruptive tactics===

Besides his personal attacks on individual posters, Echols often attempted to disrupt BoyChat by posting identical messages in reply to dozens of messages, apparently selected at random, within very short periods of time. As an alternative, he would sometimes post his messages at the top of the board, reposting constantly until nothing remained on the main index except for his posts. These attacks significantly changed the philosophy of BC management which theretofore had been almost completely "hands off" with respect to editing the index or preventing any given individual from posting messages. While a few random posters, mostly anonymous purveyors of commercial messages had been banned from posting before Echols appeared, the prevailing management practice was to allow anyone posting about boylove issues to have his say, whether postive or negative, supportive or condemning. See '''[[Alexis principle]]'''

After it became clear that Echols was not going to stop his disruptive practices, a great debate ensued among BC posters as to the wisdom of possibly banning him from participating on BoyChat. After some weeks of discussion, Jimf3 announced BC's first long-term ban. Echols was the first identifiable person who was told that he was not welcome on BoyChat. The ban was quite difficult to enforce as Echols continued to post using a series of proxy servers and public terminals. At one point Tygyr was able to track him to a specific computer at a community college in northern California and was able to provide the text of death threats he was making against BC posters and proof that they came from the terminal in question. The college informed the [[FSC]] that they had banned Echols from entering the facility in the future in light of his harrassment.

Another tactic of Echols was to frequently send notices with grossly false information to the [[ISP]]s and [[upstream provider]]s of BoyChat in attempts to have the hosting accounts terminated. In several cases he was successful and several of his protests contributed to the [[Great Outage]] in 2001.

==NAMBLA==
*In 1985, Echols makes a trip to New York where, posing as a boylover, he meets with officers of NAMBLA and gains a copy of the membership list.
*In January 1992, Echols, along with a reporter from KRON-TV San Francisco, attended a NAMBLA meeting with a hidden camera and audio wire at the Potrero Hill Public Library. The resulting video and news of this meeting led to wide-spread hysteria and exposure but did not point out the legality of such a meeting.
*In 1998, Echols publishes the NAMBLA membership list on his Better a Millstone website.

== Dubious past ==
It's important to note that Echols' brushes with the law were numerous, and in some cases required years to resolve based on his constant pattern of evasion and manipulation with the courts.

===New Mexico boys' school===
In 1982, Echols abruptly left his employment with the New Mexico Boys School in Springer, NM after making unsubstantiated accusations of emotional, legal, physical, and sexual abuse of the boys in residence by some of the school's staff members. He claims to have had his life threatened by those involved. These accusations resulted in an expensive investigation, but no prosecutions. Echols settled in Colorado.

=== The circus ===
In 1998, Echols was hired by the Carson and Barnes circus as an "investigative journalist" whose job was to intimidate animal rights protesters. During one demonstration by Animal Emancipation Inc., Echols reportedly approached the protesters taking pictures and screaming "homophobic and sexist slurs". The police were called but found no crime in progress and requested the protesters to call again if anything happened. Not long after the police left, Echols again approached the group and grabbed and assaulted one of the protesters before witnesses. The police were called and Echols was arrested. The Carson and Barnes circus terminated their contract with Echols shortly afterwards. A trial resulted in a hung jury, which Animal Emancipation Inc. claimed was due to Echols imtimidating several jurors during the lunch break. A few days later Echols sent threatening emails and phone calls to several animal rights activists.

===Canadian border incident ===

On 24 February 1999, Echols attempted to cross the border into Canada to attend a demonstration organized by [[Alan Walker]] against the British Columbia Supreme Court ruling ([[Robin Sharpe|R vs Sharpe]]) on [[child pornography]]. He was refused entry to Canada on the grounds that he is "not of good character". Canadian Customs officers also seized 53 "computer disks" (type of media not specified) and two printed magazines containing photos of young boys in various states of nudity. Echols claims these are "examples" of child pornography that he had come to show during the rally.

On 15 June 1999, Echols received a [[Text of Canadian Immigration rejection to Mike Echols|reply]] to a complaint he filed with Citizenship and Immigration Canada on 1 April 1999 in which the CIC gave factual reasons for not allowing Echols entry into Canada.

== Sources ==
* [http://www.safet.net/echols/tubome.html Unauthorized Biography of Mike Echols] by [[Dave Riegel]]
* [http://web.archive.org/web/20001202203500/www.fpc.net/pages/tygyr/echols/echolspage.html The Echols File] from [[Tygyr]]'s web site (as archived by the [https://www.archive.org Internet Wayback machine])

[[Category:People|Echols, Mike]]
[[Category:BoyChat history|Echols, Mike]]

Mike Echols

2009-05-28T20:42:49Z

Bigham: pics

[[Image:Echols smoking pipe.jpg|right|thumb|300px|Echols smokes a pipe]]

'''Mike Echols''' (1 April 1944 - 10 January 2003) was an American who regularly posted taunts and threats on boylove boards, most notably [[BoyChat]], earning him status as the archetypical [[sadvocate]] on those boards. He was born Walter Harlan Echols, II in Carthage, Texas and died in jail in Monterey, California. He died while in custody after having been convicted of issuing terrorist threats against a bus driver in the California community where he lived. He used "Mike" as his first name throughout his life.

Echols could be best described as a thug who presented the [[sex abuse industry]] at its worst. Using the notoriety of his books [[I Know My First Name Is Steven]] and [[Brother Tony's Boys]], he styled himself as a savior of children out to rid the [[Internet]] of "Child Sexual Predators." Echols was very clever at convincing people they should overlook his criminal past as a con-artist, petty thief and convicted felon, and used this charm as well as the emotive attraction of the anti-pedophile hysteria to gather a motley crew of followers to his cause. In almost all cases he brushed off his criminal past by claiming "a conspiracy" against him for revealing the supposed truth about others.

== Obsession with BoyChat ==

Echols first arrived on BoyChat in 1996 and proceeded to harass and attempt to gather information on many of the posters. Much, but not all, of the information he collected was inaccurate. He published the information on his website, [[Better a Millstone]]. He primarily attempted to link BoyChat nicks with [[real life]] identities, addresses and telephone numbers.

Some of his information was widely off the mark. For example, he identified one Canadian poster as a resident of the Netherlands. In other cases, he inaccurately linked BoyChat nicks with prominent members of [[NAMBLA]], in others still he inaccurately identified BoyChat posters as being people who had been reported by news media as having been involved in cases of [[child molestation]].

Despite his false accusations and constructed information, Echols was at times very damaging to participants of BoyChat if they were too lax with information they posted about their lives. In two known cases, individual participants of BoyChat, [[Dr. Denny]] and [[Mentor]], sided with Echols and became operatives gathering information for him to use. These events are mostly responsible for the high awareness of security on BoyChat as compared to other [[message board]]s.

===Jimf3===

Echols was able to obtain the [[real life]] identity of BoyChat's then-webmaster, [[Jimf3]], from Internet registration documents for BoyChat and [[Free Spirits]] and then began a systematic campaign of harrassment against him. He would telephone Jim's residence at all hours of the night and scream random profanities at him. Echols often gave the impression of being highly intoxicated during these phone calls.

===Tygyr===

Echols lodged false accusations of child pornography against the BC poster known as [[Tygyr]] while Tygyr was attempting to emigrate to Canada. While crossing the border from the United States to Canada during that process, Tygyr was apprehended and briefly jailed by U.S. authorities on the strength of Echol's accusation. After a nearly two-year long investigation that involved confiscation of computer equipment and magnetic media, the charges against Tygyr were ordered to be dismissed with prejudice by a U.S. magistrate. The magistrate found that there was no evidence to support the charges and ruled that they could not be brought again. However, even given the absolute lack of any evidence after a thorough investigation, Tygyr was and remains barred from entering the United States. It is ironic to note that later on, Echols would in turn be denied entry to Canada himself (see [[#Canadian border incident]]).

===Disruptive tactics===

Besides his personal attacks on individual posters, Echols often attempted to disrupt BoyChat by posting identical messages in reply to dozens of messages, apparently selected at random, within very short periods of time. As an alternative, he would sometimes post his messages at the top of the board, reposting constantly until nothing remained on the main index except for his posts. These attacks significantly changed the philosophy of BC management which theretofore had been almost completely "hands off" with respect to editing the index or preventing any given individual from posting messages. While a few random posters, mostly anonymous purveyors of commercial messages had been banned from posting before Echols appeared, the prevailing management practice was to allow anyone posting about boylove issues to have his say, whether postive or negative, supportive or condemning. See '''[[Alexis principle]]'''

After it became clear that Echols was not going to stop his disruptive practices, a great debate ensued among BC posters as to the wisdom of possibly banning him from participating on BoyChat. After some weeks of discussion, Jimf3 announced BC's first long-term ban. Echols was the first identifiable person who was told that he was not welcome on BoyChat. The ban was quite difficult to enforce as Echols continued to post using a series of proxy servers and public terminals. At one point Tygyr was able to track him to a specific computer at a community college in northern California and was able to provide the text of death threats he was making against BC posters and proof that they came from the terminal in question. The college informed the [[FSC]] that they had banned Echols from entering the facility in the future in light of his harrassment.

Another tactic of Echols was to frequently send notices with grossly false information to the [[ISP]]s and [[upstream provider]]s of BoyChat in attempts to have the hosting accounts terminated. In several cases he was successful and several of his protests contributed to the [[Great Outage]] in 2001.

==NAMBLA==
*In 1985, Echols makes a trip to New York where, posing as a boylover, he meets with officers of NAMBLA and gains a copy of the membership list.
*In January 1992, Echols, along with a reporter from KRON-TV San Francisco, attended a NAMBLA meeting with a hidden camera and audio wire at the Potrero Hill Public Library. The resulting video and news of this meeting led to wide-spread hysteria and exposure but did not point out the legality of such a meeting.
*In 1998, Echols publishes the NAMBLA membership list on his Better a Millstone website.

== Dubious past ==
It's important to note that Echols' brushes with the law were numerous, and in some cases required years to resolve based on his constant pattern of evasion and manipulation with the courts.

===New Mexico boys' school===
In 1982, Echols abruptly left his employment with the New Mexico Boys School in Springer, NM after making unsubstantiated accusations of emotional, legal, physical, and sexual abuse of the boys in residence by some of the school's staff members. He claims to have had his life threatened by those involved. These accusations resulted in an expensive investigation, but no prosecutions. Echols settled in Colorado.

=== The circus ===
In 1998, Echols was hired by the Carson and Barnes circus as an "investigative journalist" whose job was to intimidate animal rights protesters. During one demonstration by Animal Emancipation Inc., Echols reportedly approached the protesters taking pictures and screaming "homophobic and sexist slurs". The police were called but found no crime in progress and requested the protesters to call again if anything happened. Not long after the police left, Echols again approached the group and grabbed and assaulted one of the protesters before witnesses. The police were called and Echols was arrested. The Carson and Barnes circus terminated their contract with Echols shortly afterwards. A trial resulted in a hung jury, which Animal Emancipation Inc. claimed was due to Echols imtimidating several jurors during the lunch break. A few days later Echols sent threatening emails and phone calls to several animal rights activists.

===Canadian border incident ===

On 24 February 1999, Echols attempted to cross the border into Canada to attend a demonstration organized by [[Alan Walker]] against the British Columbia Supreme Court ruling ([[Robin Sharpe|R vs Sharpe]]) on [[child pornography]]. He was refused entry to Canada on the grounds that he is "not of good character". Canadian Customs officers also seized 53 "computer disks" (type of media not specified) and two printed magazines containing photos of young boys in various states of nudity. Echols claims these are "examples" of child pornography that he had come to show during the rally.

On 15 June 1999, Echols received a [[Text of Canadian Immigration rejection to Mike Echols|reply]] to a complaint he filed with Citizenship and Immigration Canada on 1 April 1999 in which the CIC gave factual reasons for not allowing Echols entry into Canada.

== Sources ==
* [http://www.safet.net/echols/tubome.html Unauthorized Biography of Mike Echols] by [[Dave Riegel]]
* [http://web.archive.org/web/20001202203500/www.fpc.net/pages/tygyr/echols/echolspage.html The Echols File] from [[Tygyr]]'s web site (as archived by the [https://www.archive.org Internet Wayback machine])

[[Category:People|Echols, Mike]]
[[Category:BoyChat history|Echols, Mike]]

Template:Citation

2009-05-27T23:29:34Z

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}}}}<noinclude>
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{{documentation}}
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Template:Citation/doc

2009-05-27T23:29:05Z

Bigham: Protected "Template:Citation/doc" [edit=sysop:move=sysop]

<noinclude>{{documentation subpage}}</noinclude>

The '''Citation''' template is a versatile template for citing books, periodicals, contributions in collective works, patents, and web-sites. Its goal is to be an all-purpose citation template. It also has functionality to aid the use of the [[Harvard referencing]] style. The template allows author-date "(Harvard)" citations in the main body of text to link to a full citation (generated by this template) in a "References" section at the end of the article via the [[:Template:Harvard citation]] template. This template creates an [[HTML]] anchor, linked by <nowiki>#CITEREF</nowiki> followed by up to 4 author/editor last names and the date, to which the [[:Template:Harvard citation|Harvard citation]] and related templates can link.

The template knows whether you are citing a book, periodical, or a chapter in a compilation, depending on which combination of parameters you use. For use with author-date systems such as the [[:Template:Harvard citation|Harvard citation]] template, use of '''last''' and '''date''' parameters should be considered compulsory, where possible.

This template produces equivalent output to the "Cite" templates. You can use it as a synonym for {{tl|cite journal}}, {{tl|cite book}}, {{tl|cite paper}}, and the same output as {{tl|cite news}}, {{tl|cite web}}, {{tl|cite encyclopedia}}, and {{tl|cite mailing list}} can be obtained using different parameter names. You may wish to change the format of punctuation marks using the {{para|separator}} parameter.

All field names '''must''' be [[lowercase]].

==Citing books==
===Parameters (all are optional)===
{| border="1"
|-
|<pre>{{citation
|last=
|first=
|authorlink=
|coauthors=
|firstn=,lastn=
|editor=
|editorn=
|editorn-last
|editorn-first
|editor-link
|editorn-link
|others=
|title=
|url=
|archiveurl=
|archivedate=
|format=
|accessdate=
|edition=
|series=
|volume=
|date=
|origyear=
|year=
|month=
|publisher=
|location=
|language=
|isbn=
|oclc=
|doi=
|doi_brokendate=
|bibcode=
|id=
|page=
|pages=
|nopp=
|chapter=
|chapterurl=
|quote=
|ref=
|laysummary=
|laydate=
|separator=
|postscript=
|lastauthoramp=
}}
</pre>
|
* '''last''' (or '''last1'''): The author's surname or last name.
* '''first''' (or '''first1'''): The author's first or given name(s).
* '''author-link''' (or '''author1-link'''): Title of an existing Wikipedia article about the first author.
* '''last2''', '''last3''', '''last4''': The second, third, and fourth authors' surname or last name, if applicable.
* '''first2''', '''first3''', '''first4''': The second, third, and fourth authors' first or given name(s), if applicable.
* '''author2-link''', '''author3-link''', '''author4-link''': Title of an existing Wikipedia article about the second, third, and fourth author, if applicable.
* '''publication-date''' (or '''date'''): Date of publication.
* '''date''': Date of authorship, if different from date of publication. If only ''date'' is used, it will be treated as the date of publication.
* '''year''': Year of authorship or publication. (Mandatory for use with links from [[:Template:Harvard citation]]. In some situations, the template may be able to derive a year from the full ''date''.)
* '''origyear''': Year of first publication, if different.
* '''title''': Title of the book. If the title includes [square brackets], these must be encoded: [ → <code>&#91;</code> ; ] → <code>&#93;</code>
* '''edition''': Number or name of the edition, if not the first; for example: ''edition''=2nd.
* '''volume''': The volume number of a multi-volume book.
* '''series''': The book series of which this book is a part.
* '''publication-place''' (or '''place'''): The city of publication. If more than one town/city is listed on the title page, give the first one or the location of the publisher's head office. If the city is not well-known, you may add a county, region, or state. States in the U.S. are denoted by a two-letter code; for example: <code>place=Paris, TX</code> (no period at the end). Where the publisher is a university and the place or location is included in the name of the university, do not use this parameter.
* '''place''': City in which the work was made, if different from the city of publication. If only ''place'' is used, it will be treated as the city of publication.
* '''publisher''': The name of the publisher. Omit terms such as ''Publishers'', ''Co.'', ''Inc.'', ''Ltd.'', etc., but retain the words ''Books'' or ''Press''.
* '''pages''': For use when multiple pages are cited. Adds "pp." before the page numbers. Do not use with '''page'''.
* '''page''': For use when one page is cited. Adds "p." before the page number. Do not use with '''pages'''.
* '''id''': Identifier such as ''<nowiki>ISBN 1–111–22222–9</nowiki>''
* '''isbn''': Use this parameter if the book has an ISBN.
* '''doi''': A [[digital object identifier]] such as ''<nowiki>10.1016/j.coi.2004.08.001</nowiki>''.
** '''doi_brokendate''': If the DOI is not functioning, specify the date in ISO format.
* '''oclc''': [[Online Computer Library Center]] ID number, such as ''3185581'' (superfluous when ISBN is given).
* '''url''': An [[url]] of an online location where the book can be found.
* '''archiveurl''': An [[url]] of an archived copy of the source url (for example via [[archive.org]] or [[WebCite]]). Use with archivedate.
* '''archivedate''': Date of retrieval by the archiving service. Use with archiveurl.
* '''accessdate''': Date when the url was accessed. Do not link.
* '''separator''': specifies the punctuation mark used to separate certain fields. This defaults to a comma; the 'Cite xxx' family of templates uses a period.
* '''laysummary''': URL of a lay summary, which could be in a popular science magazine or newspaper.
* '''laydate''': The date of publication or, where this is not available, date of retrieval of the lay summary.
* '''postscript''': Set terminal punctuation. Leave blank to remove the trailing full stop. Punctuation specified by this parameter will appear within the cite span, and consequently before any icons added by metadata-using software (e.g. library browser plugins). Hence this parameter should be used instead of manually appending data to the citation.
* '''lastauthoramp''': Places an ampersand (&) before the last name of final author, if more than one author is supplied.
|}

===Examples===
{| border="1"
|-
|One author
|<pre>
{{ Citation
| last=Turner
| first=O.
| title=History of the Pioneer
Settlement of Phelps and Gorham's
Purchase, and Morris' Reserve
| publisher=William Alling
| place=Rochester, New York
| year=1851
| url = http://olivercowdery.com/texts/1851Trn1.htm#turn1851
| accessdate = 2008-01-28
}}
</pre>
|{{ Citation
| last=Turner
| first=O.
| title=History of the Pioneer Settlement of Phelps and Gorham's Purchase, and Morris' Reserve
| publisher=William Alling
| place=Rochester, New York
| year=1851
| url = http://olivercowdery.com/texts/1851Trn1.htm#turn1851
| accessdate = 2008-01-28
}}
|-
|Three authors, a volume, and an edition. Ampersand (&) forced before final author's name.
|<pre>
{{ Citation
| last1=Lincoln
| first1=A.
| last2=Washington
| first2=G.
| last3=Adams
| first3=J.
| lastauthoramp=yes
| title=All the Presidents' Names
| publisher=The Pentagon
| place=Home Base, New York
| volume=XII
| edition=2nd
| year=2007
}}
</pre>
|{{ Citation
| last1=Lincoln
| first1=A.
| last2=Washington
| first2=G.
| last3=Adams
| first3=J.
| lastauthoramp=yes
| title=All the Presidents' Names
| publisher=The Pentagon
| place=Home Base, New York
| volume=XII
| edition=2nd
| year=2007
}}
|}

==Citing journals, newspapers, magazines, or other periodicals==
===Parameters===
{| border="1"
|-
|<pre>
{{Citation
| last =
| first =
| author-link =
| publication-date =
| date =
| year =
| title =
| periodical =
| series =
| publication-place =
| place =
| publisher =
| volume =
| issue =
| pages =
| url =
| archiveurl =
| archivedate =
| issn =
| pmid =
| pmc =
| doi =
| oclc =
| accessdate =
}}
</pre>
|
* '''last''' (or '''last1'''): The author's surname or last name.
* '''first''' (or '''first1'''): The author's first or given name(s).
* '''author-link''' (or '''author1-link'''): Title of an existing Wikipedia article about the first author.
* '''last2''', '''last3''', '''last4''', ..., '''last9''': Additional (up to nine) authors' surname or last name, if applicable.
* '''first2''', '''first3''', '''first4''', ..., '''first9''': Additional (up to nine) authors' first or given name(s), if applicable.
* '''author2-link''', '''author3-link''', '''author4-link''', ..., '''author9-link''': Title of an existing Wikipedia article about additional (up to nine) authors, if applicable.
* '''publication-date''' (or '''date'''): Date of publication.
* '''date''': Date of authorship, if different from date of publication. This is most useful in older newspapers where days or weeks could pass between authorship and publication. If only ''date'' is used, it will be treated as the date of publication.
* '''year''': Year of authorship or publication. (Mandatory for use with links from [[:Template:Harvard citation]]. In some situations, the template may be able to derive a year from the full date.)
* '''title''': Title of the article in the periodical. If the title includes [square brackets], these must be encoded: [ → <code>&#91;</code> ; ] → <code>&#93;</code>
* '''periodical''' (or '''journal''', '''newspaper''', '''magazine'''): Name of the periodical.
* '''series''': Series of which this periodical is a part.
* '''publication-place''': The city of the periodical's publication. This is not recommended for established and widely-distributed periodicals (''[[Vanity Fair]]''), or periodicals in which the title contains the place of publication (''[[New York Times]]''). If more than one town/city is listed on the title page, give the first one or the location of the publisher's head office. If the city is not well-known, you may add a county, region, or state. States in the U.S. are denoted by a two-letter code; for example: <code>place=Paris, TX</code> (no period at the end). Where the publisher is a university and the place or location is included in the name of the university, do not use this parameter.
* '''place''': City from which the article was written. Generally, this is used to denote the dateline city of a newspaper article.
* '''publisher''': The name of the periodical's publisher. Use of this parameter is not recommended for most periodicals, unless it would help the reader in locating a copy. Omit terms such as ''Publishers'', ''Co.'', ''Inc.'', ''Ltd.'', etc., but retain the words ''Books'' or ''Press''.
* '''volume''': The volume number of the journal.
* '''issue''' (or '''number'''): The issue number of the journal.
* '''pages''' (''optional''): The pages in the issue where the article may be found.
* '''url''': An [[url]] of an online location where the article can be found.
* '''archiveurl''': An [[url]] of an archived copy of the source url (for example via [[archive.org]] or [[WebCite]]). Use with archivedate.
* '''archivedate''': Date of retrieval by the archiving service. Use with archiveurl.
* '''issn''': The eight-digit [[International Standard Serial Number]] (ISSN) identifying the journal. Only use if a [[digital object identifier|DOI]] is unavailable.
* '''pmid''': The document's [[PMID|PubMed Unique Identifier]], such as ''15128012''
* '''pmc''': The document's [[PubMed Central]] article number for full-text free repository of an article, such as ''246835''
* '''doi''': A [[digital object identifier]] such as ''<nowiki>10.1016/j.coi.2004.08.001</nowiki>''.
* '''oclc''': [[Online Computer Library Center]] ID number, such as ''3185581'' (superfluous when ISBN is given).
* '''accessdate''': Date when the url was accessed. Unlinked [[ISO 8601]] format is preferred.
|}

===Examples===
{| border="1"
|-
|Journal article
|<pre>
{{Citation
| last=Hill
| first=Marvin S.
| title=Joseph Smith and the 1826
Trial: New Evidence and New
Difficulties
| journal=BYU Studies
| volume=12
| issue=2
| year=1976
| pages=1–8
| url=https://byustudies.byu.edu/
shop/PDFSRC/12.2Hill.pdf
}}
</pre>
|{{Citation
| last=Hill
| first=Marvin S.
| title=Joseph Smith and the 1826 Trial: New Evidence and New Difficulties
| journal=BYU Studies
| volume=12
| issue=2
| year=1976
| pages=1–8
| url=https://byustudies.byu.edu/shop/PDFSRC/12.2Hill.pdf
}}
|-
|Newspaper article
|<pre>
{{Citation
| last=Smith
| first=Joseph III
| author-link=Joseph Smith III
| title=Last Testimony of Sister Emma
| newspaper=The Saints' Herald
| publication-place=Plano, IL
| volume=26
| issue=19
| date=October 1, 1879
| year=1879
| month=October
| page=289
| url=http://www.sidneyrigdon.com/
dbroadhu/IL/sain1872.htm#100179
}}
</pre>
|{{Citation
| last=Smith
| first=Joseph III
| author-link=Joseph Smith III
| title=Last Testimony of Sister Emma
| newspaper=The Saints' Herald
| publication-place=Plano, IL
| volume=26
| issue=19
| date=October 1, 1879
| year=1879
| month=October
| page=289
| url=http://www.sidneyrigdon.com/dbroadhu/IL/sain1872.htm#100179
}}
|}

==Citing edited books, or parts of edited books, including encyclopedias and encyclopedia articles==
===Parameters===
{| border="1"
|-
|<pre>
{{Citation
| last =
| first =
| author-link =
| last2 =
| first2 =
| author2-link =
| year =
| date =
| publication-date =
| contribution =
| contribution-url =
| editor-last =
| editor-first =
| editor-link =
| editor2-last =
| editor2-first =
| editor2-link =
| title =
| edition =
| series =
| place =
| publication-place =
| publisher =
| volume =
| pages =
| id =
| isbn =
| doi =
| oclc =
| url =
}}
</pre>
|
* '''last''' (or '''last1'''): The first author's surname or last name.
* '''first''' (or '''first1'''): The first author's first or given name(s).
* '''author-link''' (or '''author1-link'''): Title of an existing Wikipedia article about the first author.
* '''last2''', '''last3''', '''last4''': The second, third, and fourth authors' surname or last name, if applicable.
* '''first2''', '''first3''', '''first4''': The second, third, and fourth authors' first or given name(s), if applicable.
* '''author2-link''', '''author3-link''', '''author4-link''': Title of an existing Wikipedia article about the second, third, and fourth author, if applicable.
* '''year''': Year of authorship or publication. (Mandatory for use with links from [[:Template:Harvard citation]]. In some situations, the template may be able to derive a year from the full date.)
* '''date''': Date of authorship or publication.
* '''publication-date''': Date of publication (if different than ''date'').
* '''contribution''' (or '''chapter'''): Title of the contribution or chapter.
* '''contribution-url''' (or '''chapter-url'''): URL of the contribution or chapter.
* '''editor-last''' (or '''editor1-last'''): The first editor's surname or last name.
* '''editor-first''' (or '''editor1-first'''): The first editor's first or given name(s).
* '''editor-link''' (or '''editor1-link'''): Title of an existing Wikipedia article about the first editor.
* '''editor2-last''', '''editor3-last''', '''editor4-last''': The second, third, and fourth editor' surname or last name, if applicable.
* '''editor2-first''', '''editor3-first''', '''editor4-first''': The second, third, and fourth editors' first or given name(s), if applicable.
* '''editor2-link''', '''editor3-link''', '''editor4-link''': Title of an existing Wikipedia article about the second, third, and fourth editor, if applicable.
* '''title''': Title of the book or compilation. If the title includes [square brackets], these must be encoded: [ → <code>&#91;</code> ; ] → <code>&#93;</code>
* '''edition''': Number or name of the edition, if not the first; for example: ''edition''=2nd.
* '''series''': Series of which this periodical is a part.
* '''volume''': The volume number of a multi-volume book or compilation.
* '''place''' (or '''location'''): The place where the article, encyclopedia entry, or other included item was created. Usually, this is collective work's city of publication; if not, then use the separate ''publication-place'' parameter. If more than one town/city is listed on the title page, give the first one or the location of the publisher's head office. If the city is not well-known, you may add a county, region, or state. States in the U.S. are denoted by a two-letter code; for example: <code>place=Paris, TX</code> (no period at the end). Where the publisher is a university and the place or location is included in the name of the university, do not use this parameter.
* '''publication-place'''. The place where the collective work was published (if different from ''place'' or ''location'').
* '''publisher''': The name of the publisher. Omit terms such as ''Publishers'', ''Co.'', ''Inc.'', ''Ltd.'', etc., but retain the words ''Books'' or ''Press''.
* '''id''': Identifier such as ''<nowiki>ISBN 1–111–22222–9</nowiki>''
* '''isbn''': Use this parameter if the book or compilation has an ISBN.
* '''doi''': A [[digital object identifier]] such as ''<nowiki>10.1016/j.coi.2004.08.001</nowiki>''.
* '''oclc''': [[Online Computer Library Center]] ID number, such as ''3185581'' (superfluous when ISBN is given).
* '''url''': An [[url]] of an online location where the book or compilationcan be found.
* '''accessdate''': Date when the url was accessed. Unlinked [[ISO 8601]] format is preferred. The access date is only shown if "{{para|url}}" is used. The "{{para|accessdate}}" has no effect if "{{para|contribution-url}}" is used.
|}

===Examples===
{| border="1"
|-
|Manuscript published in an edited compilation
|<pre>
{{Citation
| last=Bidamon
| first=Emma Smith
| author-link=Emma Hale Smith
| chapter=Letter to Emma S. Pilgrim
| date=March 27, 1876
| year=1876
| editor-last=Vogel
| editor-first=Dan
| title=Early Mormon Documents
| volume=1
| publisher=Signature Books
| publication-date=1996
| isbn=1–56085–072–8
}}
</pre>
|{{Citation
| last=Bidamon
| first=Emma Smith
| author-link=Emma Hale Smith
| chapter=Letter to Emma S. Pilgrim
| date=March 27, 1876
| year=1876
| editor-last=Vogel
| editor-first=Dan
| title=Early Mormon Documents
| volume=1
| publisher=Signature Books
| publication-date=1996
| isbn=1–56085–072–8
}}
|-
|Work with an editor but no author
|<pre>
{{Citation
| editor-last=Vogel
| editor-first=Dan
| title=Early Mormon Documents
| volume=1
| publisher=Signature Books
| publication-date=1996
| isbn=1–56085–072–8
}}
</pre>
|{{Citation
| editor-last=Vogel
| editor-first=Dan
| title=Early Mormon Documents
| volume=1
| publisher=Signature Books
| publication-date=1996
| isbn=1–56085–072–8
}}
|-
|Encyclopedia article by a named author
|<pre>
{{Citation
| last = Kramer
| first = Martin
| author-link = Martin Kramer
| contribution = Bernard Lewis
| editor-last = Boyd
| editor-first = Kelley
| title = Encyclopedia of Historians
and Historical Writing
| volume = 1
| pages = 719–720
| publisher = Fitzroy Dearborn
| place = London
| publication-date = 1999
| contribution-url = http://
www.geocities.com/martinkramerorg/
BernardLewis.htm
}}
</pre>
|{{Citation
| last = Kramer
| first = Martin
| author-link = Martin Kramer
| contribution = Bernard Lewis
| editor-last = Boyd
| editor-first = Kelley
| title = Encyclopedia of Historians and Historical Writing
| volume = 1
| pages = 719–720
| publisher = Fitzroy Dearborn
| place = London
| publication-date = 1999
| contribution-url = http://www.geocities.com/martinkramerorg/BernardLewis.htm
}}
|-
|Encyclopedia article with no named author
|<pre>
{{Citation
| contribution = Bernard Lewis
| editor-last = Boyd
| editor-first = Kelley
| title = Encyclopedia of Historians
and Historical Writing
| volume = 1
| pages = 719–720
| publisher = Fitzroy Dearborn
| place = London
| year = 1999
| contribution-url = http://
www.geocities.com/martinkramerorg/
BernardLewis.htm
}}
</pre>
|{{Citation
| contribution = Bernard Lewis
| editor-last = Boyd
| editor-first = Kelley
| title = Encyclopedia of Historians and Historical Writing
| volume = 1
| pages = 719–720
| publisher = Fitzroy Dearborn
| place = London
| year = 1999
| contribution-url = http://www.geocities.com/martinkramerorg/BernardLewis.htm
}}
|}

==Citing contributions, republications, or edited quotations in a periodical article==
===Parameters===
{| border="1"
|-
|<pre>
{{Citation
| last =
| first =
| author-link =
| last2 =
| first2 =
| author2-link =
| year =
| date =
| publication-date =
| contribution =
| contribution-url =
| editor-last =
| editor-first =
| editor-link =
| editor2-last =
| editor2-first =
| editor2-link =
| title =
| periodical =
| series =
| volume =
| issue =
| pages =
| place =
| publication-place =
| publisher =
| id =
| issn =
| doi =
| oclc =
| url =
| accessdate =
}}
</pre>
|
* '''last''' (or '''last1'''): The first author's surname or last name.
* '''first''' (or '''first1'''): The first author's first or given name(s).
* '''author-link''' (or '''author1-link'''): Title of an existing Wikipedia article about the first author.
* '''last2''', '''last3''', '''last4''': The second, third, and fourth authors' surname or last name, if applicable.
* '''first2''', '''first3''', '''first4''': The second, third, and fourth authors' first or given name(s), if applicable.
* '''author2-link''', '''author3-link''', '''author4-link''': Title of an existing Wikipedia article about the second, third, and fourth author, if applicable.
* '''year''': Year of authorship or publication. (Mandatory for use with links from [[:Template:Harvard citation]]. In some situations, the template may be able to derive a year from the full date.)
* '''date''': Date of authorship or publication.
* '''publication-date''': Date of publication (if different than ''date'').
* '''contribution''' (or '''chapter'''): Title of the contribution or chapter.
* '''contribution-url''' (or '''chapter-url'''): URL of the contribution or chapter.
* '''editor-last''' (or '''editor1-last'''): The first editor's surname or last name.
* '''editor-first''' (or '''editor2-first'''): The first editor's first or given name(s).
* '''editor-link''' (or '''editor1-link'''): Title of an existing Wikipedia article about the first editor.
* '''editor2-last''', '''editor3-last''', '''editor4-last''': The second, third, and fourth editor' surname or last name, if applicable.
* '''editor2-first''', '''editor3-first''', '''editor4-first''': The second, third, and fourth editors' first or given name(s), if applicable.
* '''editor2-link''', '''editor3-link''', '''editor4-link''': Title of an existing Wikipedia article about the second, third, and fourth editor, if applicable.
* '''title''': Title of the book or compilation. If the title includes [square brackets], these must be encoded: [ → <code>&#91;</code> ; ] → <code>&#93;</code>
* '''periodical''' (or '''journal''', '''newspaper''', '''magazine'''): Name of the periodical.
* '''series''': Series of which this periodical is a part.
* '''volume''': The volume number of the journal.
* '''issue''' (or '''number'''): The issue number of the journal.
* '''pages''' (''optional''): The pages in the issue where the article may be found.
* '''place''' (or '''location'''): The place where the article, encyclopedia entry, or other included item was created. Usually, this is collective work's city of publication; if not, then use the separate ''publication-place'' parameter. If more than one town/city is listed on the title page, give the first one or the location of the publisher's head office. If the city is not well-known, you may add a county, region, or state. States in the U.S. are denoted by a two-letter code; for example: <code>place=Paris, TX</code> (no period at the end). Where the publisher is a university and the place or location is included in the name of the university, do not use this parameter.
* '''publication-place'''. The place where the collective work was published (if different from ''place'' or ''location'').
* '''id''': Identifier such as ''<nowiki>ISBN 1–111–22222–9</nowiki>''
* '''issn''': The eight-digit [[International Standard Serial Number]] (ISSN) identifying the journal.
* '''doi''': A [[digital object identifier]] such as ''<nowiki>10.1016/j.coi.2004.08.001</nowiki>''.
* '''oclc''': [[Online Computer Library Center]] ID number, such as ''3185581'' (superfluous when ISBN is given).
* '''url''': An [[url]] of an online location where the book or compilation can be found.
* '''accessdate''': Date when the url was accessed. Unlinked [[ISO 8601]] format is preferred.
|}

===Examples===

{| border="1"
|-
|Manuscript edited and published in a journal
|<pre>
{{Citation
| last=Knight
| first=Joseph, Sr.
| year=1833
| editor-last=Jessee
| editor-first=Dean
| title=Joseph Knight's Recollection
of Early Mormon History
| journal=BYU Studies
| volume=17
| issue=1
| publication-date=1976
| pages=35
| url=https://byustudies.byu.edu/
shop/PDFSRC/17.1Jessee.pdf
}}</pre>
|{{Citation
| last=Knight
| first=Joseph, Sr.
| year=1833
| editor-last=Jessee
| editor-first=Dean
| title=Joseph Knight's Recollection of Early Mormon History
| journal=BYU Studies
| volume=17
| issue=1
| publication-date=1976
| pages=35
| url=https://byustudies.byu.edu/shop/PDFSRC/17.1Jessee.pdf
}}
|-
|Manuscript written at one date and place, then published in a periodical at a different date and place with commentary by the editor.
|<pre>
{{Citation
| last=Klingensmith
| first=Philip
| contribution=Affidavit
| year=1872
| date=September 5, 1872
| place=Lincoln County, Nevada
| title=Mountain Meadows Massacre
| editor-last=Toohy
| editor-first=Dennis J.
| journal=Corinne Daily Reporter
| publication-date=September 24, 1872
| publication-place=Corinne, Utah
| volume=5
| issue=252
| pages=1
| contribution-url=http://
udn.lib.utah.edu/u?/corinne,5359
}}
</pre>
|{{Citation
| last=Klingensmith
| first=Philip
| contribution=Affidavit
| year=1872
| date=September 5, 1872
| place=Lincoln County, Nevada
| title=Mountain Meadows Massacre
| editor-last=Toohy
| editor-first=Dennis J.
| journal=Corinne Daily Reporter
| publication-date=September 24, 1872
| publication-place=Corinne, Utah
| volume=5
| issue=252
| pages=1
| contribution-url=http://udn.lib.utah.edu/u?/corinne,5359
}}
|}
==Citing patents==
===Parameters (all are optional)===
{| border="1"
|-
|<pre>{{Citation
| inventor-last =
| inventor-first =
| inventorlink =
| inventor2-last =
| inventor2-first =
| inventorlink2 =
| publication-date =
| issue-date =
| title =
| country-code =
| description =
| patent-number =
}}</pre>
|
* '''inventor-last''' (or '''inventor1-last'''): The inventor's surname or last name.
* '''inventor-first''' (or '''inventor1-first'''): The inventor's first or given name(s).
* '''inventorlink''' (or '''inventorlink1'''): Title of an existing Wikipedia article about the first inventor.
* '''inventor2-last''', '''inventor3-last''', '''inventor4-last''': The second, third, and fourth authors' surname or last name, if applicable.
* '''inventor2-first''', '''inventor3-first''', '''inventor4-first''': The second, third, and fourth inventors' first or given name(s), if applicable.
* '''inventorlink2''', '''inventorlink3''', '''inventorlink4''': Title of an existing Wikipedia article about the second, third, and fourth inventor, if applicable.
* '''publication-date''': Date of publication or filing.
* '''issue-date''' (or '''date'''): Date patent was issued by patent agency.
* '''title''': Title of the patent. If the title includes [square brackets], these must be encoded: [ → <code>&#91;</code> ; ] → <code>&#93;</code>
* '''country-code''': [[ISO 3166-1 alpha-2|Two-letter abbreviation]] of the country issuing the patent.
* '''description''': Type of patent; shown between country code and number.
* '''patent-number''': The number of the patent.
|}

===Examples===
{| border="1"
|United States patent with multiple inventors
|<pre>
{{citation
| inventor1-last = Degermark
| inventor1-first = Mikael
| inventor2-last = Brodnik
| inventor2-first = Andrej
| inventor3-last = Carlsson
| inventor3-first = Svante
| inventor4-last = Pink
| inventor4-first = Stephen
| title = Fast routing lookup system
using complete prefix tree, bit vector,
and pointers in a routing table for
determining where to route IP datagrams
| issue-date = 2001
| patent-number = 6266706
| country-code = US}}
</pre>
|{{citation
| inventor1-first = Mikael | inventor1-last = Degermark
| inventor2-first = Andrej | inventor2-last = Brodnik
| inventor3-first = Svante | inventor3-last = Carlsson
| inventor4-first = Stephen | inventor4-last = Pink
| title = Fast routing lookup system using complete prefix tree, bit vector, and pointers in a routing table for determining where to route IP datagrams
| issue-date = 2001
| patent-number = 6266706
| country-code = US}}
|}

==Dates==

The [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style (dates and numbers)|Manual of Style]] states that linking of dates purely for the purpose of auto-formatting is now deprecated, so the '''date''' and '''publication-date''' parameters should use one of the following formats
*''date=February 14, 1990'' (comma required)
*''date=14 February 1990''
*''date=February 1990''
*''date=1990''
Ideally the format of all dates in the references of an article should uses a consistent style.

For the '''accessdate''' parameter, unlinked [[ISO 8601]] format ''2008-07-25'' is preferred.

==Tools==

See [[Wikipedia:Citing sources#Tools]] for a list of tools which can help create a reference in the 'citation' format.

==COinS==
{{UF-COinS}}

<includeonly>

[[Category:Citation templates|{{PAGENAME}}]]

Template:Citation/doc

2009-05-27T23:28:40Z

Bigham: new

Template:Citation

2009-05-27T23:27:09Z

Bigham: new

Template:Citation/core

2009-05-27T23:24:20Z

Bigham: Protected "Template:Citation/core" [edit=sysop:move=sysop]

<cite style="font-style:normal" class="{{{Citation class|}}}"
{{
#if:{{{Ref|}}}
|{{#ifeq:{{{Ref|}}}|none||id="{{anchorencode:{{{Ref|}}}}}"}}
|{{#if:{{{Surname1|}}}{{{EditorSurname1|}}}
|id="CITEREF{{anchorencode:{{#if:{{{Surname1|}}}
|{{{Surname1}}}{{{Surname2|}}}{{{Surname3|}}}{{{Surname4|}}}
|{{{EditorSurname1|}}}{{{EditorSurname2|}}}{{{EditorSurname3|}}}{{{EditorSurname4|}}}
}}{{{Year|{{{Date|}}}}}}}}"
}}
}}>{{

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|{{
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|[[{{{Authorlink1}}} |{{{Surname1}}}{{
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|{{{Surname1}}}{{
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|, {{{Given1}}}
}}
}}{{
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|{{
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|, {{{Given2}}}
}}]]
|{{{Surname2}}}{{
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|, {{{Given2}}}
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|[[{{{Authorlink3}}} |{{{Surname3}}}{{
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|, {{{Given3}}}
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|{{{Surname3}}}{{
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|, {{{Given3}}}
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|[[{{{Authorlink4}}} |{{{Surname4}}}{{
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|, {{{Given4}}}
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|{{{Surname4}}}{{
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|, {{{Given4}}}
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}}{{
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|{{
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|{{#if:{{{amp|}}}| & |<nowiki>; </nowiki>}}
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|[[{{{Authorlink5}}} |{{{Surname5}}}{{
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|, {{{Given5}}}
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|{{{Surname5}}}{{
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|, {{{Given5}}}
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|{{
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}}{{
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|[[{{{Authorlink6}}} |{{{Surname6}}}{{
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|, {{{Given6}}}
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|{{{Surname6}}}{{
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|, {{{Given6}}}
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|{{
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}}{{
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|[[{{{Authorlink7}}} |{{{Surname7}}}{{
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|, {{{Given7}}}
}}]]
|{{{Surname7}}}{{
#if: {{{Given7|}}}
|, {{{Given7}}}
}}
}}{{
#if:{{{Surname8|}}}
|{{
#if: {{{Surname9|}}}
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}}{{
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}}
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}}
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|
|{{
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|{{{Sep|,}}} {{{At}}}
}}
}}{{

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|{{{Sep|,}}} [[Digital object identifier|doi]]:{{#if: {{{DoiBroken|}}}
| {{#tag:nowiki|{{{DOI}}}}} (inactive {{{DoiBroken|}}}) {{#ifeq: {{NAMESPACE}} | {{ns:0}} | [[Category:Pages with DOIs broken since {{#time: Y | {{{DoiBroken|}}} }}]] }}
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|{{{Sep|,}}} {{{ID}}}
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}}{{

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|{{{Sep|,}}} [[Online Computer Library Center|OCLC]] [http://worldcat.org/oclc/{{urlencode:{{{OCLC}}}}} {{{OCLC}}}]
}}{{

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|{{{Sep|,}}} PMID {{{PMID}}}
}}{{

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|{{#if: {{{URL|}}}
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}}
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}}
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}}{{#if:{{{laydate|}}}
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}}{{{PS|}}}</cite><span
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}}&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:{{FULLPAGENAMEE}}"> <noinclude>{{documentation}}</noinclude>

Template:Citation/core/doc

2009-05-27T23:23:53Z

Bigham: Protected "Template:Citation/core/doc" [edit=sysop:move=sysop]

<noinclude>{{documentation subpage}}</noinclude>

<includeonly>{{esoteric}}</includeonly>
==About this template==
[[Template:Citation/core]] can be thought of as an engine producing consistent output for Wikipedia's citations. Templates such as {{tl|citation}} provide this core template with a list of parameters, which it uses to produce a formatted text (HTML) output, which contains embedded [[COinS]] metadata. This metadata allows many readers to find cited references more easily, or to extract their details to a [[reference manager]].

The presence of a central template makes individual citation templates simpler to code and amend, and produces a consistent look throughout the encyclopaedia.

==Templates using this 'engine'==
Changes to this central template can affect the output of several 'upstream' templates. A list of templates using citation/core is provided below for testing purposes.

*[[Template:Citation]]
*[[Template:Cite book]]
*[[Template:Cite journal]]
*[[Template:Cite web]]
*[[Template:Cite encyclopedia]]
*[[Template:Cite mailing list]]
*[[Template:Cite news]]
*[[Template:Cite arXiv]]
*[[Template:Cite video]]

==Parameter details==

Note that the examples below are common uses of each parameter, intended to help editors understand the functioning of this template. In the most part, there is nothing wrong with passing different data to any of the parameters below if it produces the output that is desired. The exception is in parameters which are associated with a [[COinS]] field.

*{{para|AccessDate}} date when the {{para|URL}} was accessed.
*{{para|Archive}} depreciated in favour of OriginalURL & ArchiveDate. <code>Archive</code> should contain details of an archived copy of the source; the calling template will pass on a string such as ''"archived from [http://example.com the original] on 02-02-2002"''. The URL passed as {{para|IncludedWorkURL}} may therefore end up being the URL of the source, or the URL of the archive copy, as determined by the calling template.
*{{para|ArchiveDate}} Date of the archived URL
*{{para|OriginalURL}} If an archived URL is provided elsewhere, the original URL should be specified here.
*{{para|At}} page reference within the source.
*{{para|Authorlink1}} title of an existing Wikipedia article about the first author.
*{{para|Authorlink2}}, {{para|Authorlink3}}, ..., {{para|Authorlink8}} title of an existing Wikipedia article about up to seven additional authors.
*{{para|Bibcode}} A [[Bibcode]] id
*{{para|DOI}} [[Digital object identifier]].
*{{para|Date}} date of the authorship, if different from date of publication.
*{{para|DoiBroken}} Date the DOI is broken
*{{para|Edition}} number or name of the edition, if not the first; for example: {{para|Edition|2nd.}}
*{{para|EditorGiven1}} first editor's first or given name(s).
*{{para|EditorGiven2}}, {{para|EditorGiven3}}, second and third editors’ first or given name(s).
*{{para|EditorSurname1}} first editor's surname or last name.
*{{para|EditorSurname2}}, {{para|EditorSurname3}}, {{para|EditorSurname4}} second, third, and fourth editors’ surname or last name. The fourth is not actually used, but causes ''et al.'' to be generated.
*{{para|Editorlink1}} title of an existing Wikipedia article about the first editor.
*{{para|Editorlink2}}, {{para|Editorlink3}} title of existing Wikipedia articles about the second and third editors.
*{{para|format}} file format of the source, if not the common format. Or; "Free full text", "abstract", or similar descriptor
*{{para|Given1}} first author's first or given name(s).
*{{para|Given2}}, {{para|Given3}}, ..., {{para|Given8}} up to seven additional authors' first or given name(s).
*{{para|ID}} miscellaneous identifier, other than {{para|DOI}}, {{para|ISBN}}, {{para|ISSN}}, {{para|OCLC}}, {{para|PMID}}, or {{para|PMC}}.
*{{para|ISBN}} [[International Standard Book Number]].
*{{para|ISSN}} [[International Standard Serial Number]] identifying the periodical.
*{{para|IncludedWorkTitle}} Specific title, to be displayed in quotation marks. Contrast with {{para|Title}}, which is displayed in italics. In some cases (e.g. [[Template:Cite web]]) it may be desirable to use IncludedWorkTitle for the title, and not use the Title parameter at all.
*{{para|IncludedWorkURL}} [[Uniform Resource Locator|URL]] of the contribution or chapter, or other included work.
*{{para|Issue}} issue number of the periodical.
*{{para|language}} specifies the language in which the source is written, if not English.
*{{para|laydate}} Date of a lay summary
*{{para|laysummary}} Summary of the source in a [[layman]]-friendly journal - for instance a BBC news article about a paper in [[Nature (journal)|Nature]].
*{{para|OCLC}}[[Online Computer Library Center]] ID number.
*{{para|Other}} Other details to be inserted in a particular place
*{{para|PMC}} [[PubMed Central]] article number for full-text free repository of an article.
*{{para|PMID}} [[PMID|PubMed Unique Identifier]].
*{{para|Periodical}} name of the periodical, journal, or magazine. This parameter controls whether or not the template will generate a citation in the style appropriate to a periodical, journal, magazine, or other serial publication.
*{{para|Place}} place where the item was created (outputs "written at <var>location</var>"; this parameter should not be used for location of publication; see {{para|PublicationPlace}}, below.
*{{para|PublicationDate}} date of publication.
*{{para|PublicationPlace}} city of publication.
*{{para|Publisher}} name of the publisher.
*{{para|quote}} text to be quoted from the source.
*{{para|Ref}} A reference name - if the citation is referred to using the Havard referencing suite of templates '''''(LINK!)'''''
*{{para|Sep}} specifies the punctuation mark used to separate fields. This usually defaults to a period, but may occasionally be a comma. For technical reasons, the template will malfunction if a semicolon is passed as a separator. To circumvent this, the calling template should encode semicolons: <pre>
|Sep = {{#ifeq:{{{separator}}}|;|;|{{{separator|!}}}}}</pre> (Replace the exclamation mark with a default separator, if one different to a period is desired.)
*{{para|Series}} series of which this periodical is a part.
*{{para|Surname1}} first author's surname or last name.
*{{para|Surname2}}, {{para|Surname3}}, ..., {{para|Surname9}} up to eight additional authors’ surnames or last names. The ninth is not actually used, but causes ''et al.'' to be generated.
*{{para|Title}} Title, to be displayed in italics after {{para|IncludedWorkTitle}}. Used, for example, when citing the title of a book; the chapter title would be passed to IncludedWorkTitle
*{{para|URL}} [[Uniform Resource Locator]] of an online location where the article can be found.
*{{para|Volume}} volume number of a multi-volume book or compilation.
*{{para|YearNote}} Note to accompany the year. Example: First published 1886
*{{para|Year}} year of authorship or publication.

<includeonly>

[[Category:Citation templates|{{PAGENAME}}]]

Template:Citation/core/doc

2009-05-27T23:23:26Z

Bigham: new

Template:Citation/core

2009-05-27T23:21:59Z

Bigham: new

Talk:Epifora outage of 2006

2009-05-24T17:47:06Z

Bigham: minor

Is there a more commonly-used name for this incident, like The Great Outage in 2000? I was on a hiatus from the BL community at the time, so I don't know of any.
— Asch talk to me 15:27, 3 June 2007 (GMT)

:Unlike The Great Outage, the problems of last fall apparently never picked up a nick name anywhere. I've tried to think of a title myself but can never think of a good one. The problems that the Irish Republican Army have had for decades was referred to as The Troubles but that sort of relates to the BL community as an ongoing thing.. sometimes hot and sometimes cold and not to this particular incident. BL's will always be fighting for the right to have a legal internet presence and MCI last October was just another battle in the overall war. --Fleetwood 05:46, 4 June 2007 (GMT)

Talk:Epifora outage of 2006

2009-05-24T17:46:26Z

Bigham: new

Is there a more commonly-used name for this incident, like The Great Outage in 2000? I was on a hiatus from the BL community at the time, so I don't know of any.
— Asch talk to me 15:27, 3 June 2007 (GMT)

Unlike The Great Outage, the problems of last fall apparently never picked up a nick name anywhere. I've tried to think of a title myself but can never think of a good one. The problems that the Irish Republican Army have had for decades was referred to as The Troubles but that sort of relates to the BL community as an ongoing thing.. sometimes hot and sometimes cold and not to this particular incident. BL's will aways be fighting for the right to have a legal internet presence and MCI last October was just another battle in the overall war. --Fleetwood 05:46, 4 June 2007 (GMT)

Epifora outage of 2006

2009-05-24T17:45:45Z

Bigham: new

In October 2006, [[Epifora]]'s Internet connectivity was terminated by the provider, MCI Canada, after its parent company Verizon had been subject to a campaign of complaints from the anti-pedophile vigilante organization [[Perverted Justice]]. On November 3 2006 the outage started, and for varying periods many of the websites of Epifora's clients were down until Epifora regained stable connectivity outside of Canada.

MCI Canada had provided the upstream connectivity for Epifora, meaning that they gave Epifora access to the global [[Internet]]. With MCI being the only provider in the Montreal area, Epifora could not provide any hosting or e-mail services during the outage and was reduced from a vital node in [[online boylover community]] to a heap of useless servers.

Verizon's termination was examined and criticized by parties such as the [[Electronic Frontier Foundation]], whose staff attorney Lee Tien told Guide magazine "I think this is very, very dangerous to speech on the internet, and why you need some kind of legal framework to govern [backbone access]."

==See also==
*[[Digiweb hosting crisis]]
*[[The Great Outage]]

==References==
*[http://www.guidemag.com/magcontent/invokemagcontent.cfm?ID=A2E247F1-CB55-4215-9F96211CDCD52F41 The Big Chill] by Bill Andriette, Guide magazine, November 2006. Accessed 23 May 2009.

[[Category: Free Spirits]]

Template:Cite book/doc

2009-05-22T01:25:09Z

Bigham: new

<noinclude>{{documentation subpage}}</noinclude>
{{important|1=Please ensure that you [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Cite_book/doc&action=edit update the documentation] when adding functionality to or removing functionality from this template.}}
This template is used to [[WP:CITE|cite sources]] in Wikipedia. It is specifically for books. This template replaces the deprecated {{tl|book reference}}. __NOTOC__

==Usage==
All field names '''must''' be [[lowercase]].

Copy a blank version to use. Remember to use the "|" (pipe) character between each field. Please delete any unused fields to avoid clutter in the edit window.

No templates or magic words are necessary when using an [[ISBN]], [[OCLC]] number, or [[Digital object identifier|DOI]] as an identifier. Instead of using the <code>id</code> field in these instances, simply use the appropriate field. For instance, type <code>isbn=</code> followed by the number instead of <code>id=ISBN</code>. Templates are available for other identification number types to be used in the ID field ({{tl|ISSN}}, {{tl|LCCN}}, {{tl|LCC}}, etc.) if these aren't available. See also the complete [[#Description of fields|description of fields]].

{| class="wikitable"
! colspan="3" | Full version (copy and paste text below and delete parameters you don't need)
|- width="50%" valign="top" style="vertical-align:top;"
| colspan="3" |
:<tt><nowiki>{{cite book |last1= |first1= |authorlink1= |last2= |first2= |editor1-first= |editor1-last= |editor1-link= |others= |title= |url= |format= |accessdate= |edition= |series= |volume= |date= |year= |month= |origyear= |publisher= |location= |language= |isbn= |oclc= |doi= |id= |page= |pages= |chapter= |chapterurl= |quote= |ref= |bibcode= |laysummary= |laydate= |separator= |postscript= |lastauthoramp=}}</nowiki></tt>
|- width="50%" valign="top" style="vertical-align:top;"
! colspan="3" | Most commonly used fields (use this and you won't have to delete as much)
|- width="50%" valign="top" style="vertical-align:top;"
| colspan="3" |
:<tt><nowiki>{{cite book |title= |last= |first= |authorlink= |coauthors= |year= |publisher= |location= |isbn= |page= |pages= |url= |accessdate= }}</nowiki></tt>
|- width="50%" valign="top" style="vertical-align:top;"
! Example 1
| style="vertical-align: top;" |
<tt><nowiki>{{cite book |last= Cordell |first= Bruce R. |coauthors= Jeff Grubb, David Yu |title= [[Manual of the Planes]] |publisher= [[Wizards of the Coast]] |year= 2001 |month= September |isbn= 0-7869-1850-8 }}</nowiki></tt>
| style="vertical-align: top;" |
{{cite book |last= Cordell |first= Bruce R. |coauthors= Jeff Grubb, David Yu |title= [[Manual of the Planes]] |publisher= [[Wizards of the Coast]] |year= 2001 |month= September |isbn= 0-7869-1850-8 }}
|- width="50%" valign="top" style="vertical-align:top;"
! Example 2
| style="vertical-align: top;" |<pre>
{{cite book
| last = Mumford
| first = David
| authorlink = David Mumford
| title = The Red Book of Varieties and Schemes
| publisher = [[Springer-Verlag]]
| series = Lecture notes in mathematics 1358
| year = 1999
| doi = 10.1007/b62130
| isbn = 354063293X }}</pre>
| style="vertical-align: top;" |
{{cite book
| last = Mumford
| first = David
| authorlink = David Mumford
| title = The Red Book of Varieties and Schemes
| publisher = [[Springer-Verlag]]
| series = Lecture notes in mathematics 1358
| year = 1999
| doi = 10.1007/b62130
| isbn = 354063293X }}
|}

{| class="wikitable"
|- width="50%" valign="top" style="vertical-align:top;"
! Vertical list !! Prerequisites * !! Brief instructions
|- width="50%" valign="top" style="vertical-align:top;"
| style="vertical-align:top;padding:1ex;" |<pre>
{{cite book
|last=
|first=
|authorlink=
|coauthors=
|firstn=,lastn=
|authorn-link
|editor=
|editorn=
|editorn-last
|editorn-first
|editor-link
|editorn-link
|others=
|title=
|url=
|format=
|accessdate=
|edition=
|series=
|volume=
|date=
|origyear=
|year=
|month=
|publisher=
|location=
|language=
|isbn=
|oclc=
|doi=
|bibcode=
|id=
|page=
|pages=
|nopp=
|chapter=
|chapterurl=
|quote=
|ref=
|laysummary=
|laydate=
|separator=
|postscript=
|lastauthoramp=
}}</pre>
| style="vertical-align:top;padding:1ex;" |<pre>
 
 
last
last
last
 
lastn
 
 
 
editorn-last
editor or editor-last
editorn or editorn-last
 
 
 
url
url
 
 
 
 
year or date
 
year
 
publisher
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
page or pages
 
chapter
 
 
 
laysummary
 
 
coauthors or >1 lastn
 </pre>
| style="vertical-align:top;padding:1ex;" |<pre>
 
(no wikilink)
(no wikilink)
 
alternative to first2, last2...first9, last9
(no wikilink). n=1 through 9
n=1 through 9
 
n=1 through 4
n=1 through 4
n=1 through 4
n=1 through 4
n=1 through 4
 
 
insert url of online version of the book or an extract, if available
 
 
 
 
 
†preferred (no wikilink)
 
 alternative to date
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
hides automatic 'p' or 'pp'.
&Dagger;(no wikilink). Synonymous with "contribution".
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 </pre>

|}

† This is the preferred field with its alternates listed below.

&Dagger; If '''chapterurl''' is provided then '''chapter''' can not have wikilinks.

==Fields==
===Wikilinks===
Except where specifically prohibited in the field descriptions below, most fields can be wikilinked (e.g. <code>title = <nowiki>[[book article|book title]]</nowiki></code>), but should generally only be linked to an existing Wikipedia article. Any wikilinked field '''must not''' contain any brackets apart from normal round brackets <code>()</code> — don't use <code><nowiki><>[]{}</nowiki></code>.

===Description of fields===
====Syntax (for the technical-minded)====
Nested fields rely on their parent fields:
*''parent''
*OR: ''parent2'' — may be used '''instead''' of ''parent''
**''child'' — may be used '''with''' ''parent'' (and is ignored if ''parent'' is not used)
**OR: ''child2'' — may be used '''instead''' of ''child'' (and is ignored if ''parent2'' is not used)

====Description====
*'''last''': Surname of author. Don't wikilink (use ''authorlink'' instead).
**'''first''': First name(s) of author, including title(s) (e.g. ''Firstname Middlename'' or ''Firstname M.'' or ''Dr. Firstname M., Snr.''). Don't wikilink (use ''authorlink'' instead).
***The `last' and `first' fields are poorly named for the case of an author whose surname is usually written first (e.g. as in Chinese). They also have the problem of only communicating which is the surname, not communicating where the surname is usually written. Consider deprecating first,last fields, and reinstating author field, using the notation "Smith, John" or "Hu Ke Jie" as appropriate (i.e. always writing surname first, and using comma or not depending on whether the name is usually written surname last or first).
**'''authorlink''': Title of Wikipedia article about author (not the author's personal website). Article should already exist. Must not be wikilinked itself. Do not use this on its own, but along with ''author'' or ''first'' and ''last''.
**'''coauthors''': Full name of additional author or authors, separated by ", " (e.g. ''Joe Bloggs, John F. Kennedy, H. R. Dent'').
***Whether the surname of the co-authors goes first or last is dependent on the citation style (see the [[#Citation_styles|citation style]] section below) preferred.
*OR: '''author''': Full name of author, preferably surname first. (deprecated) Don't wikilink (use ''authorlink'' instead).
*OR: for multiple authors, use the fields '''first1''', '''last1''', ...,first''n'', last''n'' to 'correctly' record all the information about the book (the first nine authors are printed, then ''et al.'' is appended if even more authors were specified). Don't wikilink as there are corresponding '''authorlink1''', ..., '''authorlink9''' fields as well. This usage is preferred to the use of '''coauthors'''.
*'''editor''': Name of editor/editors. Do not Wikilink any values in the editor field but use ''editor-link'' instead. The template automatically adds "ed." after the editor's name unless the ''chapter'' parameter is used in which case the template adds "in" before the editor's name which appears after the chapter and before the title. This implies that the author is responsible only for part of the book (including the cited chapter) and the editor responsible for the whole book. If, however, the author(s) and editor(s) are responsible for the whole book, then the ''editor'' field or its alternates described below should not be used if the ''chapter'' field is being used. Instead, the editor(s) should be included in an ''author'' field with possibly "(ed.)" after the surname(s). Alternatively, the ''editor'' field may be used if the chapter detail is included in the ''title'' field instead of using the ''chapter'' field.
*OR: alternatively '''editor-first''' and '''editor-last''' can be used in the same way as ''first'' and ''last''.
*OR: for multiple editors up to four in number, use the fields '''editor1-first''', '''editor1-last''', ...,editor''n''-first, editor''n''-last to 'correctly' record all the information about the book in the same way as ''first''n and ''last''n.
**'''editor-link''' or '''editor1-link'''...editor''n''-link is used in the same way as ''authorlink'' or ''authorlink''n.
*'''others''': To record other contributors to the work, such as "illustrated by Smith" or "trans. Smith".
*'''title''': Title of book. '''''This is the only required parameter.''''' Can be wikilinked but '''only''' to an existing Wikipedia article. Do not use italics.
*'''url''': URL of an online location '''where text of the book can be found'''. Cannot be used if you wikilinked ''title''. If applicable, should point to the specific page(s) referenced. Do not use this field to link to any commercial booksellers (such as Amazon.com). The [[Wikipedia:ISBN|ISBN link]] is a much better alternative which allows readers access to the books in their own countries or through their own choice of source, including Amazon, Google Books, thousands of libraries, and more.
**'''format''': Format, e.g. PDF. HTML implied if not specified.
**'''accessdate''': Full date when url was accessed. '''Required when ''url'' field is used.''' Must not be wikilinked.
*'''edition''': When the book has more than one edition. ''e.g.:'' "2nd.", "Revised" etc.. Note that the template automatically displays " ed." after this field, so <code>edition=2nd</code> produces "2nd ed.".
*'''series''': When the book is part of a series of publications
*'''volume''': For one book published in several volumes. However, this template displays the text in this field in bold type after the ''title''and ''series'' parameters. An alternative is to include the volume information in the ''title'' field after the main title (see example below). (NB: there is a separate {{tl|Cite encyclopedia}} template).
*'''date''': Full date of publication edition being referenced, in the same format as the main text of the article. Must not be wikilinked.
*OR: '''year''': Year of publication edition being referenced
**'''month''': Name of the month of publication. If you also have the day, use ''date'' instead. Must not be wikilinked.
**'''origyear''': Original publication year, for display alongside the date or year. For clarity, please specify as much information as possible, for instance <code>origyear=First published 1859</code> or <code>origyear=Composed 1904</code>. This parameter only displays if a there is a value for ''year'' or ''date''.
*'''publisher''': Publisher should not include corporate designation such as "Ltd" or "Inc".
**'''location''': Geographical place of publication.
*'''language''': The language the book is written in, if it is not English. The template automatically puts parentheses around the text and adds "in" before the language name.
*'''isbn''': [[International Standard Book Number]] such as ''1-111-22222-9''. Note that <code>|isbn=</code>, like all field names, must be in lowercase. The field must not be wikilinked as the template automatically creates a link. The template is insensitive to formatting so an ISBN number without dashes ("-") may be used (e.g.<code>isbn=1111222229</code>). More information about this feature is available [[Wikipedia:ISBN|here]].
*'''oclc''': [[Online Computer Library Center]] ID number, such as ''3185581''. The field must not be wikilinked as the template automatically creates a link.
*'''doi''': A [[digital object identifier]] such as ''<nowiki>10.1016/j.coi.2004.08.001</nowiki>''. The field must not be wikilinked as the template automatically creates a link.
*'''bibcode''': A nineteen character [[Bibcode]] identifier. The field must not be wikilinked as the template automatically creates a link.
*'''id''': A [[unique identifier]], used if none of the above are applicable. In this case, you need to specify the kind of identifier you are using, preferably with a template like {{tl|ASIN}} or {{tl|ISSN}}. (Use one of the more specialized parameters if possible; they are linked automatically. In other words, don't use <code>id = ISBN 1-111-22222-9</code>'' anymore. Use <code>isbn = 1-111-22222-9</code>.)
*'''pages''' or '''page''': "<code>|pages= 5–7</code>" produces "pp. 5–7", while "<code>|page= 5</code>" produces "p. 5". The "pp." notation indicating multiple pages, and "p." notation indicating a single page, ''are placed automatically'' when you choose between the plural (''pages'') or singular (''page'') form of the parameter. These parameters are for listing the pages relevant to the citation, ''not'' the total number of pages in the book.
**'''nopp''': using "page" or "pages", automatically places the p. or pp. notations. If this is inappropriate—for instance, if <code>page=Front cover</code>, placing any value after <code>nopp</code> (e.g. <code>nopp=y</code> will hide the p. or pp. notation.
*'''chapter''' (= '''contribution'''): The chapter of the book, written in full. Punctuation other than quotes should be included in the value passed to the parameter, e.g. ''chapter = Meet Dick and Jane.'' produces "Meet Dick and Jane." ahead of ''title''.
**'''chapterurl''': URL of an individual chapter of online book. Should be at the same site as ''url'', if any.
*'''quote''': Relevant quote from the book.
*'''ref''': use this parameter to make the reference linkable. The template places the field variable after a # to create a hyperlink (the [[fragment identifier]]) to the citation. Such a linkable reference can be made the target of [[Wikipedia:Citing sources/Further considerations#Wikilinks to full_references|wikilinks to full references]], especially useful in short citations like [[Wikipedia:Citing sources#Shortened footnotes|shortened notes]] and [[Wikipedia:Author-date referencing|author-date referencing]]. See "Wikilinks to full references" in [[#Examples|Examples]] below for using the ''ref'' field in citation templates in conjunction with short <nowiki><ref>...</ref></nowiki> citations.
*'''laysummary''': Link to a non-technical summary (or review) of the book
**'''laydate''': Date of summary
*'''separator''': The separator to use in lists of authors, editors, ''etc''. Defaults to ".", but "," may be useful also.
*'''postscript''': The closing punctuation for the citation. Defaults to ".", but "" may be useful also.
*'''lastauthoramp''': The separator to use between the last two names in lists of authors. Defaults to "", but "&" may be useful as well.

==Examples==
;Just a title:
:<code><nowiki>* {{cite book | title=Mysterious book }}</nowiki></code>

:*{{cite book | title = Mysterious book }}

;Year and title:
:<code><nowiki>* {{cite book | title=Mysterious book | year=1901 }}</nowiki></code>

:*{{cite book | title = Mysterious book | year = 1901 }}

;Basic usage:
:<code><nowiki>* {{cite book | first=Joe | last=Bloggs | authorlink=Joe Bloggs | year=1974 | title=Book of Bloggs }}</nowiki></code>

:*{{cite book | first=Joe | last=Bloggs | authorlink=Joe Bloggs | year=1974 | title=Book of Bloggs }}

;Basic usage with url:
:<code><nowiki>* {{cite book | last=Bloggs | first=Joe | authorlink=Joe Bloggs | year=1974 | title=Book of Bloggs | edition=1st | url=http://en.wikipedia.org/ | accessdate=2006-02-17 }}</nowiki></code>

:*{{cite book | last=Bloggs | first=Joe | authorlink=Joe Bloggs | year=1974 | title=Book of Bloggs | edition=1st | url=http://en.wikipedia.org/ | accessdate=2006-02-17 }}

; Citing a chapter in a book with different authors for different chapters and an editor
:<code><nowiki>* {{cite book |last=Bloggs | first=Fred |editor-first=John| editor-last=Doe |title=Big Compilation Book With Many Chapters and distinct chapter authors |publisher=Book Publishers |date=2001-01-01 |pages=100-110 |chapter=Chapter 2: The History Of The Bloggs Family |isbn=1234567890}}</nowiki></code>

:*{{cite book |last=Bloggs | first=Fred |editor-first=John| editor-last=Doe |title=Big Book With Many Chapters and distinct chapter authors|publisher=Book Publishers |date=2001-01-01 |pages=100-110 |chapter=Chapter 2: The History Of The Bloggs Family |isbn=1234567890}}

; Citing a chapter in a book with two joint authors and an editor
:<code><nowiki>* {{cite book |last1=Bloggs | first1=Joe| last2=Egg| first2=Fred| first3=John (ed.)| last3=Doe |title=Big Book With Many Chapters and two co-authors |publisher=Book Publishers |date=2001-01-01 ||origyear=1st. Pub. 1986|pages=100-110 |chapter=Chapter 6: Getting There| chapterurl=http://en.wikipedia.org/ |isbn=1234567890| lastauthoramp=y}}</nowiki></code>

:*{{cite book |last1=Bloggs | first1=Joe| last2=Egg| first2=Fred| first3=John (ed.)| last3=Doe |title=Big Book With Many Chapters and two co-authors |publisher=Book Publishers |date=2001-01-01 |origyear=1st. Pub. 1986| pages=100-110 |chapter=Chapter 6: Getting There | chapterurl=http://en.wikipedia.org/| isbn=1234567890| lastauthoramp=y}}

;Three authors, title with a piped wikilink, edition
:<code><nowiki>* {{cite book | last1=Bloggs | first1=Joe | authorlink=Joe Bloggs | first2=John | last2=Smith | first3=Jim | last3=Smythe | title=[[A Thousand Acres|1000 Acres]] | edition=2nd }}</nowiki></code>

:*{{cite book | last1=Bloggs | first1=Joe | authorlink1=Joe Bloggs | first2=John | last2=Smith | first3=Jim | last3=Smythe | title=[[A Thousand Acres|1000 Acres]] | edition=2nd}}

;Complex usage showing effect of using volume parameter and lastauthoramp parameter
:Without volume and lastauthoramp parameters:
:<code><nowiki>*{{cite book|first1=Major-General I.S.O.| last1=Playfair| authorlink1=Ian Stanley Ord Playfair| first2=Commander G.M.S| last2=Stitt| first3=Brigadier C.J.C.| last3=Molony| first4=Air Vice-Marshall S.E.| last4=Toomer| editor-first=J.R.M| editor-last=Butler| series=History of the Second World War, United Kingdom Military Series| title=Mediterranean and Middle East. Volume I: The Early Successes Against Italy (to May 1941)| publisher=Naval & Military Press |location=Uckfield, UK|year=2007| origyear=1st. pub. [[HMSO]]:1954| isbn=1-845740-65-3}}</nowiki></code>
:*{{cite book|first1=Major-General I.S.O.| last1=Playfair| authorlink1=Ian Stanley Ord Playfair| first2=Commander G.M.S| last2=Stitt| first3=Brigadier C.J.C.| last3=Molony| first4=Air Vice-Marshall S.E.| last4=Toomer| editor-first=J.R.M| editor-last=Butler| series=History of the Second World War, United Kingdom Military Series| title=Mediterranean and Middle East. Volume I: The Early Successes Against Italy (to May 1941)| publisher=Naval & Military Press |location=Uckfield, UK|year=2007| origyear=1st. pub. [[HMSO]]:1954| isbn=1-845740-65-3}}

:With volume and last authoramp parameters:
:<code><nowiki>*{{cite book|first1=Major-General I.S.O.| last1=Playfair| authorlink1=Ian Stanley Ord Playfair| first2=Commander G.M.S| last2=Stitt| first3=Brigadier C.J.C.| last3=Molony| first4=Air Vice-Marshall S.E.| last4=Toomer| editor-first=J.R.M| editor-last=Butler| series=History of the Second World War, United Kingdom Military Series| title=Mediterranean and Middle East|volume=Volume I: The Early Successes Against Italy (to May 1941)| publisher=Naval & Military Press |location=Uckfield, UK|year=2007| origyear=1st. pub. [[HMSO]]:1954| isbn=1-845740-65-3|lastauthoramp=y}}</nowiki></code>
:*{{cite book|first1=Major-General I.S.O.| last1=Playfair| authorlink1=Ian Stanley Ord Playfair| first2=Commander G.M.S| last2=Stitt| first3=Brigadier C.J.C.| last3=Molony| first4=Air Vice-Marshall S.E.| last4=Toomer| editor-first=J.R.M| editor-last=Butler| series=History of the Second World War, United Kingdom Military Series| title=Mediterranean and Middle East|volume=Volume I: The Early Successes Against Italy (to May 1941)| publisher=Naval & Military Press |location=Uckfield, UK|year=2007| origyear=1st. pub. [[HMSO]]:1954| isbn=1-845740-65-3|lastauthoramp=y}}

;Date without day, wikilinked title and publisher, id, pages, location
:<code><nowiki>* {{cite book | last=Cordell | first=Bruce R. | coauthors=Jeff Grubb, David Noonan | year=2001 | month=September | title=[[Manual of the Planes]] | publisher=[[Wizards of the Coast]] | location=Timbuktu | isbn=0-7869-1850-8 | pages= 134-137 }}</nowiki></code>

:*{{cite book | last=Cordell | first=Bruce R. | coauthors=Jeff Grubb, David Noonan | year=2001 | month=September | title=[[Manual of the Planes]] | publisher=[[Wizards of the Coast]] | location=Timbuktu | isbn=0-7869-1850-8 | pages= 134-137}}

;Other language
:<code><nowiki>* {{cite book | last=Bloggs | first=Joe | year=1974 | title=Book of Bloggs | edition=1st | language=German | url=http://en.wikipedia.org/ | accessdate=2006-02-17 }}</nowiki></code>

:*{{cite book | last=Bloggs | first=Joe | year=1974 | title=Book of Bloggs | edition=1st | language=German | url=http://en.wikipedia.org/ | accessdate=2006-02-17 }}

;Using a [[Digital object identifier|DOI]]
:<code><nowiki>*{{cite book
|last=Mumford
|first=David
|authorlink=David Mumford
|year=1999
|title=The Red Book of Varieties and Schemes: Includes the Michigan Lectures (1974) on Curves and Their Jacobians
|edition=2nd
|publisher=[[Springer-Verlag]]
|doi=10.1007/b62130
|isbn=354063293X
}}</nowiki></code>

:*{{cite book
|last=Mumford
|first=David
|authorlink=David Mumford
|year=1999
|title=The Red Book of Varieties and Schemes: Includes the Michigan Lectures (1974) on Curves and Their Jacobians
|edition=2nd
|publisher=[[Springer-Verlag]]
|doi=10.1007/b62130
|isbn=354063293X
}}

;[[Wikipedia:Citing sources/Further_considerations#Wikilinks_to_full_references|Wikilinks to full references]]:
:As mentioned, the bibliographical data of the cited source can be “tagged” by an identifier: this enables the system to “find” the target of the wikilinks. This “tagging” with an identifier can be done by enclosing between <nowiki><cite id=…>…</cite></nowiki> tags, but this tool can be superfluous if the bibliographical data are provided with a citation template: the <tt>ref</tt> field of the chosen citation template must be set to the same name.

:Wikilink example edit:
<blockquote style="border:1px solid DarkSeaGreen; padding:1em; color:#999; background:white">
<tt>
Shamans may fulfill multiple functions, including healing, curing infertile women, and securing the success of hunts.<ref>'''<nowiki>[</nowiki>[#Mer85|'''Merkur 1985''']]''': 4</ref>
 
 
== Notes ==
 
 
<nowiki>{{reflist|2}}</nowiki>
 
 
== References ==
 
 
<nowiki>* {{cite book |last=Merkur |first=Daniel |year=1985 |title=Becoming Half Hidden: Shamanism and Initiation among the Inuit |publisher=Almqvist & Wiksell |location=Stockholm |isbn=91-22-00752-0</nowiki> '''|ref=Mer85'''<nowiki>}}</nowiki>
</tt>
</blockquote>

:Example rendered result:
<blockquote style="border:1px solid #999; padding:1em; background:white">
Shamans may fulfill multiple functions, including healing, curing infertile women, and securing the success of hunts.[[#Mer85_4|[1]]]
 
 


Notes


----
<div class="references-small" style="-moz-column-count:2; -webkit-column-count:2; column-count:2;">
<ol class="references">
<li id="Mer85_4">

[[#shaman_function|^]]

[[#Mer85|Merkur 1985]]: 4
</li>
</ol>
</div>
 
References
----
* {{cite book |last=Merkur |first=Daniel |year=1985 |title=Becoming Half Hidden: Shamanism and Initiation among the Inuit |publisher=Almqvist & Wiksell |location=Stockholm |isbn=91-22-00752-0 |ref=Mer85}}
</blockquote>

:Attention must be paid: not all other citation templates support this. In such cases, the service can be achieved also by enclosing the concerned bibliographical item inside <tt><nowiki><cite id=…>…</cite></nowiki></tt> tags: also this way, it can feature as a target of [[Wikipedia:Citing sources/Further considerations#Wikilinks to full_references|Wikilinks to full references]]. The <tt>id</tt> attribute of the tag must be set to the same name what we would give to the (lacking) <tt>ref</tt> field of the citation template.

==Testing==
See [[Template:cite book/regression tests]].

==Note==
Note the extra full-stop when the last author ends with an initial, and there is no date:
*{{cite book | last = Invisible | first = M. | title = Mysterious book }}
We don't know of a practical solution to this — unless there is a way to test the characters of a field?

==Citation styles==
Established citation styles for coauthors:

*[http://www.english.uiuc.edu/cws/wworkshop/writer_resources/citation_styles/mla/mla.htm MLA style]: Last, First and First Last. "If there are more than three authors, you may list only the first author followed by the phrase ''et al''."
*[http://www.english.uiuc.edu/cws/wworkshop/writer_resources/citation_styles/apa/apa.htm APA style]: Last, F. & Last, F.
*[http://www.liunet.edu/cwis/cwp/library/workshop/citchi.htm Chicago Manual of Style]: Last, First, and First Last.
*[http://www.liunet.edu/cwis/cwp/library/workshop/cittur.htm Turabian]: same as Chicago Reference List, above.
*[http://www.library.uq.edu.au/training/citation/harvard.html Harvard]: Last, F., Last, F. & Last, F.

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<div class="notice metadata" id="spoiler">'''[[BoyWiki:Spoiler warning|Spoiler warning]]: ''Plot and/or ending details follow.'''''</div>

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{| class="messagebox sitenotice" style="margin-top: 4px; margin-bottom:0px"
|- style="text-align: center"
|[[Image:Notice.png|45px]]
|'''It has been proposed below that [[{{PAGENAME}}]] be renamed and moved to [[{{{1}}}]].'''

If a clear consensus for the page move has been reached, a Curator or a Scribe will move it.
|}
[[Category:Requested moves|{{PAGENAME}}]]

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==Inclusion problem==
When this template is included, for example at [[not (boylover)]], template text is run into article text. Do the Curators have any idea what is causing this? I copied the template more-or-less verbatim from [[Wikipedia:Template:Lowercase]]. — [[User:Asch|Asch]] [[User talk:Asch|talk to me]] 23:54, 26 December 2005 (EST)

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:''The correct title of this article is '''{{{1}}}'''. The initial letter is capitalized due to [[boywiki:technical restrictions#Case-sensitivity_of_the_first_character|technical restrictions]].''<includeonly>[[Category:Articles whose titles are initialed a lowercase letter|{{PAGENAME}}]]</includeonly>

[[Category:Template]]