Alcibiades - Revision history

Etenne at 22:31, 2 July 2022

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	*[http://www.thefullwiki.org/Alcibiades Alcibiades (The Full Wiki)]		*[http://www.thefullwiki.org/Alcibiades Alcibiades (The Full Wiki)]
	*[http://williamapercy.com/wiki/index.php?title=Alcibiades_the_Schoolboy Alcibiades the Schoolboy (williamapercy.com)]		*[http://williamapercy.com/wiki/index.php?title=Alcibiades_the_Schoolboy Alcibiades the Schoolboy (williamapercy.com)]
			{{Navbox Ancient Greece}}
	[[Category:Ancient Greece]]		[[Category:Ancient Greece]]
	[[Category:Boys]]		[[Category:Boys]]

Etenne at 22:19, 27 June 2022

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	'''Alcibiades''', son of Cleinias, from the deme of Scambonidae (/ˌælsɨˈbaɪ.ədiːz/; Greek: Ἀλκιβιάδης Κλεινίου Σκαμβωνίδης, transliterated Alkibiádēs Kleiníou Skambōnidēs; c. 450 – 404 BC) historically was a Athenian statesman and general. However, he has been best known posthumously as a disciple and especially the beloved boy ([[eromenos]]) of Socrates. This is clearly seen in Plutarch's life of Alcibiades <ref>[http://www.laits.utexas.edu/ancienthomosexuality/readindex.php?view=19 Homosexuality in Greece and Rome]</ref>, and in Plato's better-known ''[[Symposium]]''. He has been, in post-Renaissance times, a coded symbol of [[pederasty]]. <ref>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcibiades_(character) Alcibiades (character) (Wikipedia)]</ref>		'''Alcibiades''', son of Cleinias, from the deme of Scambonidae (/ˌælsɨˈbaɪ.ədiːz/; Greek: Ἀλκιβιάδης Κλεινίου Σκαμβωνίδης, transliterated Alkibiádēs Kleiníou Skambōnidēs; c. 450 – 404 BC) historically was a Athenian statesman and general. However, he has been best known posthumously as a disciple and especially the beloved boy ([[eromenos]]) of Socrates. This is clearly seen in Plutarch's life of Alcibiades <ref>[http://www.laits.utexas.edu/ancienthomosexuality/readindex.php?view=19 Homosexuality in Greece and Rome]</ref>, and in Plato's better-known ''[[Symposium]]''. He has been, in post-Renaissance times, a coded symbol of [[pederasty]]. <ref>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcibiades_(character) Alcibiades (character) (Wikipedia)]</ref>

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	Even as a young boy, he was very strong-willed. And perhaps as he had no father and mother to restrain his noble boyish inclinations, he was sometimes led by his own tenacity and courage into great danger. We are told that once, when he saw a wagon coming down the street where he and his playmates were playing knucklebones (jacks), he called to the man to stop. The man, who cared nothing for their game, drove on, and the other children quickly sprang aside so as not to be run over. Alcibiades, however, flung himself down across the road, in front of his playthings, and dared the driver to come on. The man was so amused by the little fellow’s pluck, that he actually turned around and drove through another street.<ref>Plato, Alcibiades I p121. </ref> <ref>[http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Plutarch/Lives/Alcibiades*.html The Parallel Lives by Plutarch, The Life of Alcibiades p. 7]</ref> <ref Name="The story of the Greeks" />		Even as a young boy, he was very strong-willed. And perhaps as he had no father and mother to restrain his noble boyish inclinations, he was sometimes led by his own tenacity and courage into great danger. We are told that once, when he saw a wagon coming down the street where he and his playmates were playing knucklebones (jacks), he called to the man to stop. The man, who cared nothing for their game, drove on, and the other children quickly sprang aside so as not to be run over. Alcibiades, however, flung himself down across the road, in front of his playthings, and dared the driver to come on. The man was so amused by the little fellow’s pluck, that he actually turned around and drove through another street.<ref>Plato, Alcibiades I p121. </ref> <ref>[http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Plutarch/Lives/Alcibiades*.html The Parallel Lives by Plutarch, The Life of Alcibiades p. 7]</ref> <ref Name="The story of the Greeks" />
			{{clr}}
			<BR>
			[[File:(USA) 1896 Alcibiades dared the driver to come on (The story of the Greeks p160) 801x499.jpg\|thumb\|upright=1.5\| Alcibiades dared the driver to come on / unknown artist – Engraving <ref Name="The story of the Greeks">''[http://www.gutenberg.org/files/23495/23495-h/23495-h.htm#LXIII_SOCRATES_FAVORITE_PUPIL The story of the Greeks]'' / Hélène Adeline Guerber, p. 160. – 169. </ref>]]
	{\| class="toccolours" style="float: left; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 2em; font-size: 85%; background:#c6dbf7; color:black; width:30em; max-width: 40%;" cellspacing="5"		{\| class="toccolours" style="float: left; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 2em; font-size: 85%; background:#c6dbf7; color:black; width:30em; max-width: 40%;" cellspacing="5"
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	{{~~clr~~}}
	~~<BR>~~		{{History}}
	[[File:(USA) 1896 Alcibiades dared the driver to come on (The story of the Greeks p160) 801x499.jpg\|thumb\|upright=1.5\| Alcibiades dared the driver to come on / unknown artist – Engraving <ref Name="The story of the Greeks">''[http://www.gutenberg.org/files/23495/23495-h/23495-h.htm#LXIII_SOCRATES_FAVORITE_PUPIL The story of the Greeks]'' / Hélène Adeline Guerber, p. 160. – 169. </ref>]]
	==Early life==		==Early life==
	===A boy and his dog===		===A boy and his dog===
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	<ref Name="Plutarch 11 - 13" />}}		<ref Name="Plutarch 11 - 13" />}}
	==Political career until 412 BC==		==Political career until 412 BC==
	~~{{History}}~~
	===Rise to prominence===		===Rise to prominence===
	Alcibiades first rose to prominence when he began advocating aggressive Athenian action after the signing of the Peace of Nicias. That treaty, an uneasy truce between Sparta and Athens signed midway through the Peloponnesian War, came at the end of seven years of fighting during which neither side had gained a decisive advantage. Historians Arnold W. Gomme and Raphael Sealey believe, and Thucydides reports,<ref name="Thucydides 5.43">Thucydides, "The History of the Peloponnesian Wars", 5.43.</ref> that Alcibiades was offended that the Spartans had negotiated that treaty through Nicias and Laches, overlooking him on account of his youth.<ref name="Gomme339">A.W. Gomme, ''A Historical Commentary on Thucydides'', 339.</ref><ref name="Sealey353">R. Sealey, ''A History of the Greek City States'', 353.</ref>		Alcibiades first rose to prominence when he began advocating aggressive Athenian action after the signing of the Peace of Nicias. That treaty, an uneasy truce between Sparta and Athens signed midway through the Peloponnesian War, came at the end of seven years of fighting during which neither side had gained a decisive advantage. Historians Arnold W. Gomme and Raphael Sealey believe, and Thucydides reports,<ref name="Thucydides 5.43">Thucydides, "The History of the Peloponnesian Wars", 5.43.</ref> that Alcibiades was offended that the Spartans had negotiated that treaty through Nicias and Laches, overlooking him on account of his youth.<ref name="Gomme339">A.W. Gomme, ''A Historical Commentary on Thucydides'', 339.</ref><ref name="Sealey353">R. Sealey, ''A History of the Greek City States'', 353.</ref>

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	===In Asia Minor===		===In Asia Minor===

	On his arrival in the local Persian court, Alcibiades won the trust of the powerful satrap and made several policy suggestions which were well received. According to Thucydides, Alcibiades immediately began to do all he could with Tissaphernes to injure the Peloponnesian cause. At his urging, the satrap reduced the payments he was making to the Peloponnesian fleet and began delivering them irregularly.<ref name="Th8.45" /> Alcibiades next advised Tissaphernes to bribe the Generals of the cities to gain valuable intelligence on their activities. Lastly, and most importantly, he told the satrap to be in no hurry to bring the Persian fleet into the conflict, as the longer the war dragged out the more exhausted the combatants would become. This would allow the Persians to more easily conquer the region in the aftermath of the fighting. Alcibiades tried to convince the satrap that it was in Persia's interest to wear both Athens and Sparta out at first, "and after docking the Athenian power as much as he could, forthwith to rid the country of the Peloponnesians".<ref name="Th8.46">Thucydides, [[s:History of the Peloponnesian War/Book 8#8:46\|8.46]]</ref> Although Alcibiades's advice benefited the Persians, it was merely a means to an end; Thucydides tells us that his real motive was to use his alleged influence with the Persians to effect his restoration to Athens.<ref name="Th8.47">Thucydides, [[s:History of the Peloponnesian War/Book 8#8:47\|8.47]]</ref>		On his arrival in the local Persian court, Alcibiades won the trust of the powerful satrap and made several policy suggestions which were well received. According to Thucydides, Alcibiades immediately began to do all he could with Tissaphernes to injure the Peloponnesian cause. At his urging, the satrap reduced the payments he was making to the Peloponnesian fleet and began delivering them irregularly.<ref name="Th8.45" /> Alcibiades next advised Tissaphernes to bribe the Generals of the cities to gain valuable intelligence on their activities. Lastly, and most importantly, he told the satrap to be in no hurry to bring the Persian fleet into the conflict, as the longer the war dragged out the more exhausted the combatants would become. This would allow the Persians to more easily conquer the region in the aftermath of the fighting. Alcibiades tried to convince the satrap that it was in [[Persian Empire\|Persia]]'s interest to wear both Athens and Sparta out at first, "and after docking the Athenian power as much as he could, forthwith to rid the country of the Peloponnesians".<ref name="Th8.46">Thucydides, [[s:History of the Peloponnesian War/Book 8#8:46\|8.46]]</ref> Although Alcibiades's advice benefited the Persians, it was merely a means to an end; Thucydides tells us that his real motive was to use his alleged influence with the Persians to effect his restoration to Athens.<ref name="Th8.47">Thucydides, [[s:History of the Peloponnesian War/Book 8#8:47\|8.47]]</ref>

	==Recall to Athens==		==Recall to Athens==

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	Alcibiades first rose to prominence when he began advocating aggressive Athenian action after the signing of the Peace of Nicias. That treaty, an uneasy truce between Sparta and Athens signed midway through the Peloponnesian War, came at the end of seven years of fighting during which neither side had gained a decisive advantage. Historians Arnold W. Gomme and Raphael Sealey believe, and Thucydides reports,<ref name="Thucydides 5.43">Thucydides, "The History of the Peloponnesian Wars", 5.43.</ref> that Alcibiades was offended that the Spartans had negotiated that treaty through Nicias and Laches, overlooking him on account of his youth.<ref name="Gomme339">A.W. Gomme, ''A Historical Commentary on Thucydides'', 339.</ref><ref name="Sealey353">R. Sealey, ''A History of the Greek City States'', 353.</ref>		Alcibiades first rose to prominence when he began advocating aggressive Athenian action after the signing of the Peace of Nicias. That treaty, an uneasy truce between Sparta and Athens signed midway through the Peloponnesian War, came at the end of seven years of fighting during which neither side had gained a decisive advantage. Historians Arnold W. Gomme and Raphael Sealey believe, and Thucydides reports,<ref name="Thucydides 5.43">Thucydides, "The History of the Peloponnesian Wars", 5.43.</ref> that Alcibiades was offended that the Spartans had negotiated that treaty through Nicias and Laches, overlooking him on account of his youth.<ref name="Gomme339">A.W. Gomme, ''A Historical Commentary on Thucydides'', 339.</ref><ref name="Sealey353">R. Sealey, ''A History of the Greek City States'', 353.</ref>

	Disputes over the interpretation of the treaty led the Spartans to dispatch ambassadors to Athens with full powers to arrange all unsettled matters. The Athenians initially received these ambassadors well, but Alcibiades met with them in secret before they were to speak to the ecclesia (the Athenian Assembly) and told them that the Assembly was haughty and had great ambitions.<ref name="Alcibiades14">Plutarch, ''Alcibiades'', [http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0182;query=chapter%3D%2314;layout=;loc=Alc.%2013.1 14].</ref> He urged them to renounce their diplomatic authority to represent Sparta, and instead allow him to assist them through his influence in Athenian politics.<ref>Thucydides, V, [http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?lookup=Thuc.+5.45.1 45].</ref> The representatives agreed and, impressed with Alcibiades, they alienated themselves from Nicias, who genuinely wanted to reach an agreement with the Spartans.<ref name="Alcibiades14" /> The next day, during the Assembly, Alcibiades asked them what powers Sparta had granted them to negotiate and they replied, as agreed, that they had not come with full and independent powers. This was in direct contradiction to what they had said the day before, and Alcibiades seized on this opportunity to denounce their character, cast suspicion on their aims, and destroy their credibility. This ploy increased Alcibiades's standing while embarrassing Nicias, and Alcibiades was subsequently appointed General. He took advantage of his increasing power to orchestrate the creation of an alliance between Argos, Mantinea, Elis, and other states in the Peloponnese, threatening Sparta's dominance in the region. According to Gomme, "it was a grandiose scheme for an Athenian general at the head of a mainly Peloponnesian army to march through the Peloponnese cocking a snook at Sparta when her reputation was at its lowest".<ref name="Gomme30">A.W. Gomme, ''A Historical Commentary on Thucydides'', 70.</ref> This alliance, however, would ultimately be defeated at the Battle of Mantinea.<ref name="Alcibiades15">Plutarch, ''Alcibiades'', [http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0182;query=chapter%3D%2315;layout=;loc=Alc.%2014.1 15].</ref>		Disputes over the interpretation of the treaty led the Spartans to dispatch ambassadors to Athens with full powers to arrange all unsettled matters. The Athenians initially received these ambassadors well, but Alcibiades met with them in [[secret]] before they were to speak to the ecclesia (the Athenian Assembly) and told them that the Assembly was haughty and had great ambitions.<ref name="Alcibiades14">Plutarch, ''Alcibiades'', [http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0182;query=chapter%3D%2314;layout=;loc=Alc.%2013.1 14].</ref> He urged them to renounce their diplomatic authority to represent Sparta, and instead allow him to assist them through his influence in Athenian politics.<ref>Thucydides, V, [http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?lookup=Thuc.+5.45.1 45].</ref> The representatives agreed and, impressed with Alcibiades, they alienated themselves from Nicias, who genuinely wanted to reach an agreement with the Spartans.<ref name="Alcibiades14" /> The next day, during the Assembly, Alcibiades asked them what powers Sparta had granted them to negotiate and they replied, as agreed, that they had not come with full and independent powers. This was in direct contradiction to what they had said the day before, and Alcibiades seized on this opportunity to denounce their character, cast suspicion on their aims, and destroy their credibility. This ploy increased Alcibiades's standing while embarrassing Nicias, and Alcibiades was subsequently appointed General. He took advantage of his increasing power to orchestrate the creation of an alliance between Argos, Mantinea, Elis, and other states in the Peloponnese, threatening Sparta's dominance in the region. According to Gomme, "it was a grandiose scheme for an Athenian general at the head of a mainly Peloponnesian army to march through the Peloponnese cocking a snook at Sparta when her reputation was at its lowest".<ref name="Gomme30">A.W. Gomme, ''A Historical Commentary on Thucydides'', 70.</ref> This alliance, however, would ultimately be defeated at the Battle of Mantinea.<ref name="Alcibiades15">Plutarch, ''Alcibiades'', [http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0182;query=chapter%3D%2315;layout=;loc=Alc.%2014.1 15].</ref>

	Somewhere in the years 416–415 BC, a complex struggle took place between Hyperbolos on one side and Nicias and Alcibiades on the other. Hyperbolos tried to bring about the ostracism of one of this pair, but Nicias and Alcibiades combined their influence to induce the people to expel Hyperbolos instead.<ref name="Alcibiades13">Plutarch, ''Alcibiades'', [http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0182;query=chapter%3D%2313;layout=;loc=Alc.%2012.1 13].</ref> This incident reveals that Nicias and Alcibiades each commanded a personal following, whose votes were determined by the wishes of the leaders.<ref name="Sealey353" />		Somewhere in the years 416–415 BC, a complex struggle took place between Hyperbolos on one side and Nicias and Alcibiades on the other. Hyperbolos tried to bring about the ostracism of one of this pair, but Nicias and Alcibiades combined their influence to induce the people to expel Hyperbolos instead.<ref name="Alcibiades13">Plutarch, ''Alcibiades'', [http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0182;query=chapter%3D%2313;layout=;loc=Alc.%2012.1 13].</ref> This incident reveals that Nicias and Alcibiades each commanded a personal following, whose votes were determined by the wishes of the leaders.<ref name="Sealey353" />

Etenne at 17:18, 26 November 2015

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	'''Alcibiades''', son of Cleinias, from the deme of Scambonidae (/ˌælsɨˈbaɪ.ədiːz/; Greek: Ἀλκιβιάδης Κλεινίου Σκαμβωνίδης, transliterated Alkibiádēs Kleiníou Skambōnidēs; c. 450 – 404 BC) historically was a ~~Greek~~ statesman and general. However, he has been best known posthumously as a disciple and especially the beloved boy ([[eromenos]]) of Socrates. This is clearly seen in Plutarch's life of Alcibiades <ref>[http://www.laits.utexas.edu/ancienthomosexuality/readindex.php?view=19 Homosexuality in Greece and Rome]</ref>, and in Plato's better-known ''[[Symposium]]''. He has been, in post-Renaissance times, a coded symbol of [[pederasty]]. <ref>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcibiades_(character) Alcibiades (character) (Wikipedia)]</ref>		'''Alcibiades''', son of Cleinias, from the deme of Scambonidae (/ˌælsɨˈbaɪ.ədiːz/; Greek: Ἀλκιβιάδης Κλεινίου Σκαμβωνίδης, transliterated Alkibiádēs Kleiníou Skambōnidēs; c. 450 – 404 BC) historically was a Athenian statesman and general. However, he has been best known posthumously as a disciple and especially the beloved boy ([[eromenos]]) of Socrates. This is clearly seen in Plutarch's life of Alcibiades <ref>[http://www.laits.utexas.edu/ancienthomosexuality/readindex.php?view=19 Homosexuality in Greece and Rome]</ref>, and in Plato's better-known ''[[Symposium]]''. He has been, in post-Renaissance times, a coded symbol of [[pederasty]]. <ref>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcibiades_(character) Alcibiades (character) (Wikipedia)]</ref>

	Alcibiades was orphaned at a young age leaving him with a large inheritance and he was brought up by Pericles and Ariphron, the sons of Xanthippus, who were his distant cousins. Plutarch says of Antiphon that he "admits that he hated Alcibiades, and abused him accordingly".<ref>[http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Plutarch/Lives/Alcibiades*.html The Parallel Lives by Plutarch, The Life of Alcibiades p. 1 - 10]</ref>		Alcibiades was orphaned at a young age leaving him with a large inheritance and he was brought up by Pericles and Ariphron, the sons of Xanthippus, who were his distant cousins. Plutarch says of Antiphon that he "admits that he hated Alcibiades, and abused him accordingly".<ref>[http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Plutarch/Lives/Alcibiades*.html The Parallel Lives by Plutarch, The Life of Alcibiades p. 1 - 10]</ref>

Etenne: /* Political career until 412 BC */

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Political career until 412 BC

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	<ref Name="Plutarch 11 - 13" />}}		<ref Name="Plutarch 11 - 13" />}}
	==Political career until 412 BC==		==Political career until 412 BC==
			{{History}}
	===Rise to prominence===		===Rise to prominence===
	Alcibiades first rose to prominence when he began advocating aggressive Athenian action after the signing of the Peace of Nicias. That treaty, an uneasy truce between Sparta and Athens signed midway through the Peloponnesian War, came at the end of seven years of fighting during which neither side had gained a decisive advantage. Historians Arnold W. Gomme and Raphael Sealey believe, and Thucydides reports,<ref name="Thucydides 5.43">Thucydides, "The History of the Peloponnesian Wars", 5.43.</ref> that Alcibiades was offended that the Spartans had negotiated that treaty through Nicias and Laches, overlooking him on account of his youth.<ref name="Gomme339">A.W. Gomme, ''A Historical Commentary on Thucydides'', 339.</ref><ref name="Sealey353">R. Sealey, ''A History of the Greek City States'', 353.</ref>		Alcibiades first rose to prominence when he began advocating aggressive Athenian action after the signing of the Peace of Nicias. That treaty, an uneasy truce between Sparta and Athens signed midway through the Peloponnesian War, came at the end of seven years of fighting during which neither side had gained a decisive advantage. Historians Arnold W. Gomme and Raphael Sealey believe, and Thucydides reports,<ref name="Thucydides 5.43">Thucydides, "The History of the Peloponnesian Wars", 5.43.</ref> that Alcibiades was offended that the Spartans had negotiated that treaty through Nicias and Laches, overlooking him on account of his youth.<ref name="Gomme339">A.W. Gomme, ''A Historical Commentary on Thucydides'', 339.</ref><ref name="Sealey353">R. Sealey, ''A History of the Greek City States'', 353.</ref>

Etenne at 14:40, 12 April 2015

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	'''Alcibiades''', son of Cleinias, from the deme of Scambonidae (/ˌælsɨˈbaɪ.ədiːz/; Greek: Ἀλκιβιάδης Κλεινίου Σκαμβωνίδης, transliterated Alkibiádēs Kleiníou Skambōnidēs; c. 450 – 404 BC) historically was a Greek statesman and general. However, he has been best known posthumously as a disciple and especially the beloved boy ([[eromenos]]) of Socrates. This is clearly seen in Plutarch's life of Alcibiades <ref>[http://www.laits.utexas.edu/ancienthomosexuality/readindex.php?view=19 Homosexuality in Greece and Rome]</ref>, and in Plato's better-known ''Symposium''. He has been, in post-Renaissance times, a coded symbol of [[pederasty]]. <ref>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcibiades_(character) Alcibiades (character) (Wikipedia)]</ref>		'''Alcibiades''', son of Cleinias, from the deme of Scambonidae (/ˌælsɨˈbaɪ.ədiːz/; Greek: Ἀλκιβιάδης Κλεινίου Σκαμβωνίδης, transliterated Alkibiádēs Kleiníou Skambōnidēs; c. 450 – 404 BC) historically was a Greek statesman and general. However, he has been best known posthumously as a disciple and especially the beloved boy ([[eromenos]]) of Socrates. This is clearly seen in Plutarch's life of Alcibiades <ref>[http://www.laits.utexas.edu/ancienthomosexuality/readindex.php?view=19 Homosexuality in Greece and Rome]</ref>, and in Plato's better-known ''[[Symposium]]''. He has been, in post-Renaissance times, a coded symbol of [[pederasty]]. <ref>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcibiades_(character) Alcibiades (character) (Wikipedia)]</ref>

	Alcibiades was orphaned at a young age leaving him with a large inheritance and he was brought up by Pericles and Ariphron, the sons of Xanthippus, who were his distant cousins. Plutarch says of Antiphon that he "admits that he hated Alcibiades, and abused him accordingly".<ref>[http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Plutarch/Lives/Alcibiades*.html The Parallel Lives by Plutarch, The Life of Alcibiades p. 1 - 10]</ref>		Alcibiades was orphaned at a young age leaving him with a large inheritance and he was brought up by Pericles and Ariphron, the sons of Xanthippus, who were his distant cousins. Plutarch says of Antiphon that he "admits that he hated Alcibiades, and abused him accordingly".<ref>[http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Plutarch/Lives/Alcibiades*.html The Parallel Lives by Plutarch, The Life of Alcibiades p. 1 - 10]</ref>

Etenne: /* Death */

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Death

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	After the Battle of Aegospotami, Alcibiades crossed the Hellespont and took refuge in Phrygia, with the object of securing the aid of Artaxerxes I of Persia against Sparta.		After the Battle of Aegospotami, Alcibiades crossed the Hellespont and took refuge in Phrygia, with the object of securing the aid of Artaxerxes I of Persia against Sparta.

	Much about Alcibiades's death is now uncertain, as there are conflicting accounts. According to the oldest of these, the Spartans and specifically Lysander were responsible.<ref name="Isocrates 16.40">Isocrates, ''Concerning the Team of Horses, [http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0144&layout=&loc=16.40 16.40]</ref> Though many of his details cannot be independently corroborated, Plutarch's version is this: Lysander sent an envoy to Pharnabazus (5th century BC) who then dispatched his brother to Phrygia where Alcibiades was living with his mistress, Timandra.~~{{Cref\|h}}~~ In 404 BC, as he was about to set out for the Persian court, his residence was surrounded and set on fire. Seeing no chance of escape he rushed out on his assassins, dagger in hand, and was killed by a shower of arrows.<ref name="Alcibiades39">Plutarch, ''Alcibiades'', [http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0182&query=chapter%3D%2339&layout=&loc=Alc.%2038.1 39].</ref> According to Aristotle, the site of Alcibiades's death was Elaphus, a mountain in Phrygia.<ref name="Aristotle 578">Aristotle, ''History of Animals'', [http://www.tcnj.edu/~chai2/literature/piece/151_History-of-Animals--Book-6,-Part-3.htm 578b27]; cf. John & William Langhorne, ''Plutarch's Lives'' (1819), vol. 2, p. [http://books.google.com/books?id=90FZb4WVFMUC&pg=RA1-PA172&dq=elaphus+Phrygia 172, n. 99].</ref>		Much about Alcibiades's death is now uncertain, as there are conflicting accounts. According to the oldest of these, the Spartans and specifically Lysander were responsible.<ref name="Isocrates 16.40">Isocrates, ''Concerning the Team of Horses, [http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0144&layout=&loc=16.40 16.40]</ref> Though many of his details cannot be independently corroborated, Plutarch's version is this: Lysander sent an envoy to Pharnabazus (5th century BC) who then dispatched his brother to Phrygia where Alcibiades was living with his mistress, Timandra. In 404 BC, as he was about to set out for the Persian court, his residence was surrounded and set on fire. Seeing no chance of escape he rushed out on his assassins, dagger in hand, and was killed by a shower of arrows.<ref name="Alcibiades39">Plutarch, ''Alcibiades'', [http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0182&query=chapter%3D%2339&layout=&loc=Alc.%2038.1 39].</ref> According to Aristotle, the site of Alcibiades's death was Elaphus, a mountain in Phrygia.<ref name="Aristotle 578">Aristotle, ''History of Animals'', [http://www.tcnj.edu/~chai2/literature/piece/151_History-of-Animals--Book-6,-Part-3.htm 578b27]; cf. John & William Langhorne, ''Plutarch's Lives'' (1819), vol. 2, p. [http://books.google.com/books?id=90FZb4WVFMUC&pg=RA1-PA172&dq=elaphus+Phrygia 172, n. 99].</ref>

	==Assessments==		==Assessments==

Etenne: /* Death */

2015-04-08T20:13:00Z

Death

← Older revision		Revision as of 20:13, 8 April 2015
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	===Death===		===Death===

	With one exception, Alcibiades's role in the war ended with his command. Prior to the Battle of Aegospotami, in the last attested fact of his career,<ref name="Perrin25-37">B. Perrin, ''The Death of Alcibiades '', 25–37.</ref> Alcibiades recognized that the Athenians were anchored in a tactically disadvantageous spot and advised them to move to Sestus where they could benefit from a harbor and a city.<ref name="Hellenica2.1.25">Xenophon, ''Hellenica'', 2.1.[http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus:text:1999.01.0206&query=section%3D%23217 25].</ref> Diodorus, however, does not mention this advice, arguing instead that Alcibiades offered the Generals Thracian aid in exchange for a share in the command.~~{{Cref\|g}}~~ In any case, the Generals of the Athenians, "considering that in case of defeat the blame would attach to them and that in case of success all men would attribute it to Alcibiades", asked him to leave and not come near the camp ever again.<ref name="Hellenica2.1.25" /><ref name="Diodorus105">Diodorus, ''Library'', xiii, [http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0084&query=chapter%3D%23357&layout=&loc=13.104.1 105].</ref> Days later the fleet would be annihilated by Lysander.		With one exception, Alcibiades's role in the war ended with his command. Prior to the Battle of Aegospotami, in the last attested fact of his career,<ref name="Perrin25-37">B. Perrin, ''The Death of Alcibiades '', 25–37.</ref> Alcibiades recognized that the Athenians were anchored in a tactically disadvantageous spot and advised them to move to Sestus where they could benefit from a harbor and a city.<ref name="Hellenica2.1.25">Xenophon, ''Hellenica'', 2.1.[http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus:text:1999.01.0206&query=section%3D%23217 25].</ref> Diodorus, however, does not mention this advice, arguing instead that Alcibiades offered the Generals Thracian aid in exchange for a share in the command. In any case, the Generals of the Athenians, "considering that in case of defeat the blame would attach to them and that in case of success all men would attribute it to Alcibiades", asked him to leave and not come near the camp ever again.<ref name="Hellenica2.1.25" /><ref name="Diodorus105">Diodorus, ''Library'', xiii, [http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0084&query=chapter%3D%23357&layout=&loc=13.104.1 105].</ref> Days later the fleet would be annihilated by Lysander.

	After the Battle of Aegospotami, Alcibiades crossed the Hellespont and took refuge in Phrygia, with the object of securing the aid of Artaxerxes I of Persia against Sparta.		After the Battle of Aegospotami, Alcibiades crossed the Hellespont and took refuge in Phrygia, with the object of securing the aid of Artaxerxes I of Persia against Sparta.

Etenne at 20:04, 8 April 2015

2015-04-08T20:04:04Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 20:04, 8 April 2015
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	Even as a young boy, he was very strong-willed. And perhaps as he had no father and mother to restrain his noble boyish inclinations, he was sometimes led by his own tenacity and courage into great danger. We are told that once, when he saw a wagon coming down the street where he and his playmates were playing knucklebones (jacks), he called to the man to stop. The man, who cared nothing for their game, drove on, and the other children quickly sprang aside so as not to be run over. Alcibiades, however, flung himself down across the road, in front of his playthings, and dared the driver to come on. The man was so amused by the little fellow’s pluck, that he actually turned around and drove through another street.<ref>Plato, Alcibiades I p121. </ref> <ref>[http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Plutarch/Lives/Alcibiades*.html The Parallel Lives by Plutarch, The Life of Alcibiades p. 7]</ref> <ref Name="The story of the Greeks" />		Even as a young boy, he was very strong-willed. And perhaps as he had no father and mother to restrain his noble boyish inclinations, he was sometimes led by his own tenacity and courage into great danger. We are told that once, when he saw a wagon coming down the street where he and his playmates were playing knucklebones (jacks), he called to the man to stop. The man, who cared nothing for their game, drove on, and the other children quickly sprang aside so as not to be run over. Alcibiades, however, flung himself down across the road, in front of his playthings, and dared the driver to come on. The man was so amused by the little fellow’s pluck, that he actually turned around and drove through another street.<ref>Plato, Alcibiades I p121. </ref> <ref>[http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Plutarch/Lives/Alcibiades*.html The Parallel Lives by Plutarch, The Life of Alcibiades p. 7]</ref> <ref Name="The story of the Greeks" />

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			\| style="text-align: left;" \|

	~~[[File:(USA) 1896 Alcibiades dared the driver to come on (The story of the Greeks p160) 801x499.jpg\|thumb~~\|~~upright~~=~~1.5\| Alcibiades dared the driver to come on / unknown artist – Engraving <ref Name~~="~~The story of the Greeks">''[http~~:~~//www.gutenberg.org/files/23495/23495~~-~~h/23495~~-~~h.htm~~#~~LXIII_SOCRATES_FAVORITE_PUPIL The story of the Greeks]'' / Hélène Adeline Guerber, p. 160. – 169. </ref>]]~~
	The historic Alcibiades was (at least):		The historic Alcibiades was (at least):
	:— an orphan, always looking for love;		:— an orphan, always looking for love;
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	:— Socrates's pupil and [[young friend]];		:— Socrates's pupil and [[young friend]];
	:— later, an important character of Plato's ''Symposium'' and other dialogs;		:— later, an important character of Plato's ''Symposium'' and other dialogs;
			\|}

			{{clr}}
			<BR>
			[[File:(USA) 1896 Alcibiades dared the driver to come on (The story of the Greeks p160) 801x499.jpg\|thumb\|upright=1.5\| Alcibiades dared the driver to come on / unknown artist – Engraving <ref Name="The story of the Greeks">''[http://www.gutenberg.org/files/23495/23495-h/23495-h.htm#LXIII_SOCRATES_FAVORITE_PUPIL The story of the Greeks]'' / Hélène Adeline Guerber, p. 160. – 169. </ref>]]
	==Early life==		==Early life==
	===A boy and his dog===		===A boy and his dog===