Greek love - Revision history

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	*[[Greek love (dictionary)]]		*[[Greek love (dictionary)]]
	{{Navbox Pederasty\|collapsed}}		{{Navbox Pederasty\|collapsed}}
			{{Navbox Ancient Greece}}
	{{DEFAULTSORT:Greek Love}}		{{DEFAULTSORT:Greek Love}}
	[[Category:Ancient Greece]]		[[Category:Ancient Greece]]

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	[[File:Courtship Scene Between Man and Boy.png\|thumb\|right\|Courtship Scene Between Man and Boy. Attic red-figure cup by Makron, c. 490–480 B.C. Berlin, Antikensammlung, Staatliche Museen, F2291.]]		[[File:Courtship Scene Between Man and Boy.png\|thumb\|right\|Courtship Scene Between Man and Boy. Attic red-figure cup by Makron, c. 490–480 B.C. Berlin, Antikensammlung, Staatliche Museen, F2291.]]

	'''Greek love''' is a relatively modern English term<ref group="nb" name="ex01">The word "Modern" is defined as relative to ancient history. Not to be confused with "Contemporary", which means "in use today".</ref><ref name="Williams">{{cite book \|title = Roman homosexuality \| last=Williams \| first=Craig Arthur \| publisher = Oxford University Press, USA \|year = June 10, 1999\| pages = [http://books.google.com/books?id=Kf4cs5Y0fiIC&pg=PA72&dq=Greek+love+is+a+modern+phrase&lr= 72]\| isbn=9780195113006}}</ref> synonymous with other similar phrases. The ambiguity of an [[ancient Greek]] model of "friendship" can imply a male bonding between equals or a spiritual, educational and/or sexual union of males of varying age.<ref>{{cite book \|title = Lytton Strachey and the search for modern sexual identity \| last=Taddeo\| first=Julie Anne \| publisher = Routledge; 1 edition \|year = July 18, 2002\| pages = [http://books.google.com/books?id=h027XP1CDnYC&pg=PA21&dq=Greek+love+male+bonding&lr= 21]\| isbn=978-1560233596 }}</ref> Quotation marks are generally placed on either or both words, i.e., ''"Greek" love, Greek "love"'' or ''"Greek love"''.		'''Greek love''' is a relatively modern English term<ref group="nb" name="ex01">The word "Modern" is defined as relative to ancient history. Not to be confused with "Contemporary", which means "in use today".</ref><ref name="Williams">{{cite book \|title = Roman homosexuality \| last=Williams \| first=Craig Arthur \| publisher = Oxford University Press, USA \|year = June 10, 1999\| pages = [http://books.google.com/books?id=Kf4cs5Y0fiIC&pg=PA72&dq=Greek+love+is+a+modern+phrase&lr= 72]\| isbn=9780195113006}}</ref> synonymous with other similar phrases. The ambiguity of an [[Ancient Greece\|ancient Greek]] model of "friendship" can imply a male bonding between equals or a spiritual, educational and/or sexual union of males of varying age.<ref>{{cite book \|title = Lytton Strachey and the search for modern sexual identity \| last=Taddeo\| first=Julie Anne \| publisher = Routledge; 1 edition \|year = July 18, 2002\| pages = [http://books.google.com/books?id=h027XP1CDnYC&pg=PA21&dq=Greek+love+male+bonding&lr= 21]\| isbn=978-1560233596 }}</ref> Quotation marks are generally placed on either or both words, i.e., ''"Greek" love, Greek "love"'' or ''"Greek love"''.

	The term is documented as beginning in German writings between 1750 and 1850 with such terms as "griechische Liebe" (Greek love), "socratische Liebe" (Socratic Love) and "platonische Liebe" (Platonic love), which were designated for male-male attractions.<ref>{{cite book \|title = Men desiring men \| last=Gustafson\| first=Susan E.\| publisher = Wayne State University Press		The term is documented as beginning in German writings between 1750 and 1850 with such terms as "griechische Liebe" (Greek love), "socratische Liebe" (Socratic Love) and "platonische Liebe" (Platonic love), which were designated for male-male attractions.<ref>{{cite book \|title = Men desiring men \| last=Gustafson\| first=Susan E.\| publisher = Wayne State University Press

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	[[File:Courtship Scene Between Man and Boy.png\|thumb\|right\|Courtship Scene Between Man and Boy. Attic red-figure cup by Makron, c. 490–480 B.C. Berlin, Antikensammlung, F2291.]]		[[File:Courtship Scene Between Man and Boy.png\|thumb\|right\|Courtship Scene Between Man and Boy. Attic red-figure cup by Makron, c. 490–480 B.C. Berlin, Antikensammlung, Staatliche Museen, F2291.]]

	'''Greek love''' is a relatively modern English term<ref group="nb" name="ex01">The word "Modern" is defined as relative to ancient history. Not to be confused with "Contemporary", which means "in use today".</ref><ref name="Williams">{{cite book \|title = Roman homosexuality \| last=Williams \| first=Craig Arthur \| publisher = Oxford University Press, USA \|year = June 10, 1999\| pages = [http://books.google.com/books?id=Kf4cs5Y0fiIC&pg=PA72&dq=Greek+love+is+a+modern+phrase&lr= 72]\| isbn=9780195113006}}</ref> synonymous with other similar phrases. The ambiguity of an [[ancient Greek]] model of "friendship" can imply a male bonding between equals or a spiritual, educational and/or sexual union of males of varying age.<ref>{{cite book \|title = Lytton Strachey and the search for modern sexual identity \| last=Taddeo\| first=Julie Anne \| publisher = Routledge; 1 edition \|year = July 18, 2002\| pages = [http://books.google.com/books?id=h027XP1CDnYC&pg=PA21&dq=Greek+love+male+bonding&lr= 21]\| isbn=978-1560233596 }}</ref> Quotation marks are generally placed on either or both words, i.e., ''"Greek" love, Greek "love"'' or ''"Greek love"''.		'''Greek love''' is a relatively modern English term<ref group="nb" name="ex01">The word "Modern" is defined as relative to ancient history. Not to be confused with "Contemporary", which means "in use today".</ref><ref name="Williams">{{cite book \|title = Roman homosexuality \| last=Williams \| first=Craig Arthur \| publisher = Oxford University Press, USA \|year = June 10, 1999\| pages = [http://books.google.com/books?id=Kf4cs5Y0fiIC&pg=PA72&dq=Greek+love+is+a+modern+phrase&lr= 72]\| isbn=9780195113006}}</ref> synonymous with other similar phrases. The ambiguity of an [[ancient Greek]] model of "friendship" can imply a male bonding between equals or a spiritual, educational and/or sexual union of males of varying age.<ref>{{cite book \|title = Lytton Strachey and the search for modern sexual identity \| last=Taddeo\| first=Julie Anne \| publisher = Routledge; 1 edition \|year = July 18, 2002\| pages = [http://books.google.com/books?id=h027XP1CDnYC&pg=PA21&dq=Greek+love+male+bonding&lr= 21]\| isbn=978-1560233596 }}</ref> Quotation marks are generally placed on either or both words, i.e., ''"Greek" love, Greek "love"'' or ''"Greek love"''.

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	== Academic and scholarly contradictions and controversy ==		== Academic and scholarly contradictions and controversy ==
			[[File:Man Offers a Hare as Love Gift to Boy.png\|thumb\|right\|Man Offers a Hare as Love Gift to Boy. Attic red-figure neck-amphora by the Matsch Painter, c. 490 B.C. Rome, Museo Nazionale Etrusco di Villa Giulia, 50462.]]
	In his paper, ''Reconsiderations about Greek Homosexualities'' (2005), Percy takes Dover to task in connection with what he terms ‘the sexual-role dichotomization’. He refers here to the depiction of the erastes/eronemos relationship as defined by sexual roles, active and passive respectively. This dichotomy was connected by Dover to other sexual and social mores which conferred a certain propriety on the role of the male adult Athenian as an active penetrator while denigrating the passive/penetrated role. As a result, ‘penetration’ has become a focal point in the scholarship to the extent that the concept of domination takes precedence over any other aspects of Greek sexuality. The ‘constructionists’, Foucault and Halperin, and their many followers, have extended this analysis, but the ‘Dover dogma’ remains at the heart of the discussion.		In his paper, ''Reconsiderations about Greek Homosexualities'' (2005), Percy takes Dover to task in connection with what he terms ‘the sexual-role dichotomization’. He refers here to the depiction of the erastes/eronemos relationship as defined by sexual roles, active and passive respectively. This dichotomy was connected by Dover to other sexual and social mores which conferred a certain propriety on the role of the male adult Athenian as an active penetrator while denigrating the passive/penetrated role. As a result, ‘penetration’ has become a focal point in the scholarship to the extent that the concept of domination takes precedence over any other aspects of Greek sexuality. The ‘constructionists’, Foucault and Halperin, and their many followers, have extended this analysis, but the ‘Dover dogma’ remains at the heart of the discussion.

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	\|year = June 2002\| pages = [http://books.google.com/books?id=IV5JqX7VhnQC&pg=PA24&dq=Greek+Love,+Platonic+love,+Socratic+love+refer+to&lr=&ei=ZoxBSr_SCo6QkAT92_D1Dg=24]\| isbn=978-0814330296 }}</ref>		\|year = June 2002\| pages = [http://books.google.com/books?id=IV5JqX7VhnQC&pg=PA24&dq=Greek+Love,+Platonic+love,+Socratic+love+refer+to&lr=&ei=ZoxBSr_SCo6QkAT92_D1Dg=24]\| isbn=978-0814330296 }}</ref>

	Apart from its perceived historical connotation, no such term is found in any surviving text from any ancient source. While there are terms, such as Mos Graeciae (Greek custom) and Mos Graecorum (the Greek Way), they were never deployed in reference to [[Pederasty in ancient Greece\|pederasty]], but for a variety of Greek practices.<ref name="Williams" />		Apart from its perceived historical connotation, no such term is found in any surviving text from any ancient source. While there are terms, such as ''Mos Graeciae'' (Greek custom) and ''Mos Graecorum'' (the Greek Way), they were never deployed in reference to [[Pederasty in ancient Greece\|pederasty]], but for a variety of Greek practices.<ref name="Williams" />

	{{History}}		{{History}}

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	Several revivals throughout documented history attempted to bring back ancient Roman and Greek philosophies as well as other classic traditions. Interests in history, archeology, art, literature, astronomy, medicine and social sciences of the ancient Greeks survive today due in great part to these revivals of interest, beginning with the Carolingian Renaissance, Renaissance of the 12th century, the [[Renaissance]] of the 14th–17th centuries. During these times interest in the teachings and philosophies of Socrates, Plato and Xenophon emerged again.		Several revivals throughout documented history attempted to bring back ancient Roman and Greek philosophies as well as other classic traditions. Interests in history, archeology, art, literature, astronomy, medicine and social sciences of the ancient Greeks survive today due in great part to these revivals of interest, beginning with the Carolingian Renaissance, Renaissance of the 12th century, the [[Renaissance]] of the 14th–17th centuries. During these times interest in the teachings and philosophies of Socrates, Plato and Xenophon emerged again.

	===Linguistic history===		===Linguistic history===

	The term "''Greek love''" has come to signify the original English use of "''Platonic love''", that of a male-male sexual attraction made respectable by refering to antiquity. Greece became a reference point by homosexual men of a specific class and education.<ref>{{cite book \|title = Translation, translation\| last=Petrilli\| first= Susan\| publisher = Rodopi\|year = November 14, 2003\| pages = [http://books.google.com/books?id=pnSi5kW7YcUC&pg=PA623&dq=The+term+%22Greek+love%22+itself+is+derived+from+%22Platonic+love%22.&lr== 623]\| isbn=978-9042009479 }}</ref> The first use of that phrase dates back to 1636 with "''Platonic Lovers''" by Sir William Davenant.<ref>{{cite book \|title = The Encyclopaedia Britannica Eleventh edition \| last=The Encyclopaedia Britannica\| publisher = Encyclopaedia Britannica\|year = 1911\| pages = [http://books.google.com/books?id=5raSJrxvMS4C&pg=PA825&dq=Sir+William+Davenant+socratic+love&lr== 825]\| isbn=978-1593392925 }}</ref> The latter phrase was derived from the writings of Marsilio Ficino who coined the terms amor Socraticus. There is no linguistic link to the Greek language.		The term "''Greek love''" has come to signify the original English use of "''Platonic love''", that of a male-male sexual attraction made respectable by refering to antiquity. Greece became a reference point by homosexual men of a specific class and education.<ref>{{cite book \|title = Translation, translation\| last=Petrilli\| first= Susan\| publisher = Rodopi\|year = November 14, 2003\| pages = [http://books.google.com/books?id=pnSi5kW7YcUC&pg=PA623&dq=The+term+%22Greek+love%22+itself+is+derived+from+%22Platonic+love%22.&lr== 623]\| isbn=978-9042009479 }}</ref> The first use of that phrase dates back to 1636 with "''Platonic Lovers''" by Sir William Davenant.<ref>{{cite book \|title = The Encyclopaedia Britannica Eleventh edition \| last=The Encyclopaedia Britannica\| publisher = Encyclopaedia Britannica\|year = 1911\| pages = [http://books.google.com/books?id=5raSJrxvMS4C&pg=PA825&dq=Sir+William+Davenant+socratic+love&lr== 825]\| isbn=978-1593392925 }}</ref> The latter phrase was derived from the writings of Marsilio Ficino who coined the terms amor Socraticus. There is no linguistic link to the Greek language.

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	== Romanticism ==		== Romanticism ==
	===Romantic Hellenism===		===Romantic Hellenism===


	As far back as the [[:Category:Ancient Rome\|Roman]] Republic and Empire, Greek literature assumed a central place in classical education. The classics of Greek poetry, theatre and [[:Category: mythology\|mythology]] permeated the civilizations that followed in great revivals of the arts and sciences. This was particularly characteristic of [[Renaissance]] Italy in the 14th century. The writings of the Roman Empire, which both preserved their own traditions and those of ancient Greece were rediscovered at the end of the Byzantine Empire. 400 years later, influential figures such as Byron, Shelley, Goethe and Winckelmann of early 18th century Britain and Germany, paid homage to the perceived sexuality of Greek life and culture.		As far back as the [[:Category:Ancient Rome\|Roman]] Republic and Empire, Greek literature assumed a central place in classical education. The classics of Greek poetry, theatre and [[:Category: mythology\|mythology]] permeated the civilizations that followed in great revivals of the arts and sciences. This was particularly characteristic of [[Renaissance]] Italy in the 14th century. The writings of the Roman Empire, which both preserved their own traditions and those of ancient Greece were rediscovered at the end of the Byzantine Empire. 400 years later, influential figures such as Byron, Shelley, Goethe and Winckelmann of early 18th century Britain and Germany, paid homage to the perceived sexuality of Greek life and culture.
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	== Influence in art ==		== Influence in art ==


	The Romans were inspired enough by Greek art to copy many of their great works. The subject of Eros, and the traditions of male contact were repeated in many of the Roman sculptures described by Johann Winckelmann in a three volume set of books.<ref>{{cite book \|title = Same-Sex Desire and Love in Greco-Roman Antiquity and in the Classical Tradition of the West\| last=Verstraete, Provencal\| first= Beert C., Vernon\| publisher = Routledge; 1 edition\|year = February 13, 2006\| pages = [http://books.google.com/books?id=ejPZu3Ktu5cC&pg=PA15&dq=18th+century+greek+love+art&lr== 15] \| isbn=978-1560236047 }}</ref>		The Romans were inspired enough by Greek art to copy many of their great works. The subject of Eros, and the traditions of male contact were repeated in many of the Roman sculptures described by Johann Winckelmann in a three volume set of books.<ref>{{cite book \|title = Same-Sex Desire and Love in Greco-Roman Antiquity and in the Classical Tradition of the West\| last=Verstraete, Provencal\| first= Beert C., Vernon\| publisher = Routledge; 1 edition\|year = February 13, 2006\| pages = [http://books.google.com/books?id=ejPZu3Ktu5cC&pg=PA15&dq=18th+century+greek+love+art&lr== 15] \| isbn=978-1560236047 }}</ref>
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	== Academic sources ==		== Academic sources ==


	'''Dr James Davidson''', M.A. (Oxford), M.A., M.Phil. (Columbia) D.Phil. (Oxford)<ref>[http://www2.warwick.ac.uk/fac/arts/classics/staff/jamesdavidson/]</ref>		'''Dr James Davidson''', M.A. (Oxford), M.A., M.Phil. (Columbia) D.Phil. (Oxford)<ref>[http://www2.warwick.ac.uk/fac/arts/classics/staff/jamesdavidson/]</ref>

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	[[Homosexual]] activity in ancient civilizations is common. Many civilizations offer few sexual options in a rigid class system. Greek men stayed within their own class, if not within their own gender. Marriage was expected but offered little more than relations to produce offspring, as the two genders were separated in public and traditionally did not even take meals together. Women were secluded in Ancient Greece. The natural step was to turn to who was available and accepting.<ref>{{cite book \|title = Sex and reason\| last=Posner \| first=Richard A.\| publisher = Harvard University Press \|year = January 1, 1992 \| pages =[http://books.google.com/books?id=AgLmubyQqKoC&pg=PA146&dq=explaining+Greek+love&ei=W_w7So_gCoqwkAS36MW6BQ= 146-149]\| isbn=978-0674802803 }}</ref> Ancient sexuality was not approached as a gender specific attraction. Homosexuality, is also a modern term. It has only been in use for just 130 years.<ref>{{cite book \|title = History Of Homosexuality In Europe, 1919-1939 \| last=Tamagne\| first=Florence \| publisher = Algora Publishing \|year = August 2004\| pages = [http://books.google.com/books?id=Ne6ZRjhMrvQC&pg=PA6&dq=Origins+of+the+term+homosexual= 6]\| isbn=978-0875863566 }}</ref> The concept of strict sexual separation of the genders is also a relatively new idea. Not until strict church doctrine taught this ideology did it become a moral issue. Up until that time there simply was little to no standard against it.		[[Homosexual]] activity in ancient civilizations is common. Many civilizations offer few sexual options in a rigid class system. Greek men stayed within their own class, if not within their own gender. Marriage was expected but offered little more than relations to produce offspring, as the two genders were separated in public and traditionally did not even take meals together. Women were secluded in Ancient Greece. The natural step was to turn to who was available and accepting.<ref>{{cite book \|title = Sex and reason\| last=Posner \| first=Richard A.\| publisher = Harvard University Press \|year = January 1, 1992 \| pages =[http://books.google.com/books?id=AgLmubyQqKoC&pg=PA146&dq=explaining+Greek+love&ei=W_w7So_gCoqwkAS36MW6BQ= 146-149]\| isbn=978-0674802803 }}</ref> Ancient sexuality was not approached as a gender specific attraction. Homosexuality, is also a modern term. It has only been in use for just 130 years.<ref>{{cite book \|title = History Of Homosexuality In Europe, 1919-1939 \| last=Tamagne\| first=Florence \| publisher = Algora Publishing \|year = August 2004\| pages = [http://books.google.com/books?id=Ne6ZRjhMrvQC&pg=PA6&dq=Origins+of+the+term+homosexual= 6]\| isbn=978-0875863566 }}</ref> The concept of strict sexual separation of the genders is also a relatively new idea. Not until strict church doctrine taught this ideology did it become a moral issue. Up until that time there simply was little to no standard against it.

			A true homosexual subculture did not exist in ancient Greece.<ref>{{cite book \|title = The AIDS epidemic \| last=Rushing \| first=William A.\| publisher = Westview Press \|year = June 27, 1995\| pages = [http://books.google.com/books?id=w6XeOcFpcE0C&pg=PA19&dq=homosexual+subculture+did+not+exist+in+ancient+Greece.&lr== 19-20]\| isbn=978-0813320458 }}</ref> Homosexuality is an attraction to the same anatomical sex.<ref>{{cite book \|title = Lesbian, gay, and bisexual identities and youth\| last= D'Augelli, Patterson\| first=Anthony R., Charlotte\| publisher = Oxford University Press, USA \|year = May 3, 2001\| pages = [http://books.google.com/books?id=zOXwENojFHYC&pg=PA27&dq=Homosexuality+is+defined+as+the+complete+attraction+to+the+same+gender&lr== 27]\| isbn=978-0195119534 }}</ref> While there were individuals of both sexes that were only attracted to their own gender they would have no reason not to marry for the same benefits afforded every adult of Greece. The marriage was not to become something else or to hide the males attractions, but because that is what men did at a specific time in their lives. They would have no reason to hide their desires or their affairs as the ancient society saw it as natural and even honorable.

	[[File:Boy About to Hurl a Javelin Is Offered a Pouch by Youth.png\|thumb\|257px\|left\|Boy About to Hurl a Javelin Is Offered a Pouch by Youth. Attic red-figure cup by the Painter of the Paris Gigantomachy, c. 490–470 BCE. Tarquinia, Museo Nazionale Tarquiniense, 698.]]		[[File:Boy About to Hurl a Javelin Is Offered a Pouch by Youth.png\|thumb\|257px\|left\|Boy About to Hurl a Javelin Is Offered a Pouch by Youth. Attic red-figure cup by the Painter of the Paris Gigantomachy, c. 490–470 BCE. Tarquinia, Museo Nazionale Tarquiniense, 698.]]

	A true homosexual subculture did not exist in ancient Greece.<ref>{{cite book \|title = The AIDS epidemic \| last=Rushing \| first=William A.\| publisher = Westview Press \|year = June 27, 1995\| pages = [http://books.google.com/books?id=w6XeOcFpcE0C&pg=PA19&dq=homosexual+subculture+did+not+exist+in+ancient+Greece.&lr== 19-20]\| isbn=978-0813320458 }}</ref> Homosexuality is an attraction to the same anatomical sex.<ref>{{cite book \|title = Lesbian, gay, and bisexual identities and youth\| last= D'Augelli, Patterson\| first=Anthony R., Charlotte\| publisher = Oxford University Press, USA \|year = May 3, 2001\| pages = [http://books.google.com/books?id=zOXwENojFHYC&pg=PA27&dq=Homosexuality+is+defined+as+the+complete+attraction+to+the+same+gender&lr== 27]\| isbn=978-0195119534 }}</ref> While there were individuals of both sexes that were only attracted to their own gender they would have no reason not to marry for the same benefits afforded every adult of Greece. The marriage was not to become something else or to hide the males attractions, but because that is what men did at a specific time in their lives. They would have no reason to hide their desires or their affairs as the ancient society saw it as natural and even honorable.

	It appears to have been a great honor to be "mock" abducted in a nearly theatrical way, and spirited off to the residence of the Erastus by his friends where the Eromenos is treated with food, wine and seduction while held "captive". The stylised faux "kidnapping" may last for several days as gifts and song are bestowed on the youth, who is returned safely home. It is clear that the goal is the acceptance from the youth, who may turn away the advances. Generally the young man or adolescent boy will be sought after by many who, become attracted by the physical perfection of the athlete during competition in the Greek games. There is overwhelming evidence to illustrate the social phenomenon. Literary work such as the Socratic dialogues of [[Plato]], for example, hundreds of Greek vases displaying a range of emotive and expressive guises, and the words of the actual love struck Greek's themselves carved into the many stadium tunnels, where the athletes would wait for their events as well as on the wall's columns and even natural rock of the country. Most of the Ancient Greek love poems are attributed to the traditions of Kalos.		It appears to have been a great honor to be "mock" abducted in a nearly theatrical way, and spirited off to the residence of the Erastus by his friends where the Eromenos is treated with food, wine and seduction while held "captive". The stylised faux "kidnapping" may last for several days as gifts and song are bestowed on the youth, who is returned safely home. It is clear that the goal is the acceptance from the youth, who may turn away the advances. Generally the young man or adolescent boy will be sought after by many who, become attracted by the physical perfection of the athlete during competition in the Greek games. There is overwhelming evidence to illustrate the social phenomenon. Literary work such as the Socratic dialogues of [[Plato]], for example, hundreds of Greek vases displaying a range of emotive and expressive guises, and the words of the actual love struck Greek's themselves carved into the many stadium tunnels, where the athletes would wait for their events as well as on the wall's columns and even natural rock of the country. Most of the Ancient Greek love poems are attributed to the traditions of Kalos.

	Male same-sex relationships of the kind portrayed by the "Greek love" ideal were increasingly disallowed within the Judaeo-Christian traditions of Western society, though there was more tolerance within Asian cultures until recent times.<ref>Crompton, Louis: Homosexuality and Civilization, First Harvard University Press paperback edition, 2006 pp.([213], 411 & ''passim'')ISBN 978-0674022331</ref> The earliest reference to the modern ideology is from that of [[Marsilio Ficino]] after the fall of the Byzantine Empire. In his comments of Plato's work in 1469, Ficino describes "amor socraticus", however it must be said that Ficino, influenced by the church doctrine attempted to water down its meaning and concept and concluded that the male love was allegorical.<ref>{{cite book \|title =The Columbia anthology of gay literature \| last=Fone \| first=Byrne R. S. \| publisher =Columbia University Press \|year =May 15, 1998\| pages =[http://books.google.com/books?id=HTFZTX3V7D8C&pg=PA131&dq=Amore+socraticus&lr=&ei=1JZBSpScKY7UlQS9yqn7Dg= 131]\| isbn=978-0231096706 }}</ref> In his commentary to the ''Symposium'', Ficino carefully separates the act of sodomy, which he condemned, and lauded Socratic love as the highest form of friendship. He believed that men could use each other's beauty and friendship to discover the greatest good, that is, God. Ficino christianised the theory of love presented by Socrates.<ref>{{cite book \|title = The seduction of the Mediterranean \| last=Aldrich\| first=Robert\| publisher = Routledge; 1 edition \|year = November 15, 1993\| pages = [http://books.google.com/books?id=87FRuLsynTMC&pg=PA38&dq=Greek+love,+Platonic+love,+socratic+love+Michelangelo+Art&lr== 38]\| isbn=978-0415093125 }}</ref>		Male same-sex relationships of the kind portrayed by the "Greek love" ideal were increasingly disallowed within the Judaeo-Christian traditions of Western society, though there was more tolerance within Asian cultures until recent times.<ref>Crompton, Louis: Homosexuality and Civilization, First Harvard University Press paperback edition, 2006 pp.([213], 411 & ''passim'')ISBN 978-0674022331</ref> The earliest reference to the modern ideology is from that of [[Marsilio Ficino]] after the fall of the Byzantine Empire. In his comments of Plato's work in 1469, Ficino describes "amor socraticus", however it must be said that Ficino, influenced by the church doctrine attempted to water down its meaning and concept and concluded that the male love was allegorical.<ref>{{cite book \|title =The Columbia anthology of gay literature \| last=Fone \| first=Byrne R. S. \| publisher =Columbia University Press \|year =May 15, 1998\| pages =[http://books.google.com/books?id=HTFZTX3V7D8C&pg=PA131&dq=Amore+socraticus&lr=&ei=1JZBSpScKY7UlQS9yqn7Dg= 131]\| isbn=978-0231096706 }}</ref> In his commentary to the ''Symposium'', Ficino carefully separates the act of sodomy, which he condemned, and lauded Socratic love as the highest form of friendship. He believed that men could use each other's beauty and friendship to discover the greatest good, that is, God. Ficino christianised the theory of love presented by Socrates.<ref>{{cite book \|title = The seduction of the Mediterranean \| last=Aldrich\| first=Robert\| publisher = Routledge; 1 edition \|year = November 15, 1993\| pages = [http://books.google.com/books?id=87FRuLsynTMC&pg=PA38&dq=Greek+love,+Platonic+love,+socratic+love+Michelangelo+Art&lr== 38]\| isbn=978-0415093125 }}</ref>
			{{clr}}
	== Romanticism ==		== Romanticism ==
	===Romantic Hellenism===		===Romantic Hellenism===

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	[[File:Courtship Scene Between Man and Boy.png\|thumb\|right\|Courtship Scene Between Man and Boy. Attic red-figure cup by Makron, c. 490–480 B.C. Berlin, Antikensammlung, Staatliche Museen, F2291.]]		[[File:Courtship Scene Between Man and Boy.png\|thumb\|right\|Courtship Scene Between Man and Boy. Attic red-figure cup by Makron, c. 490–480 B.C. Berlin, Antikensammlung, Staatliche Museen, F2291.]]

	'''Greek love''' is a relatively modern English term<ref group="nb" name="ex01">The word "Modern" is defined as relative to ancient history. Not to be confused with "Contemporary", which means "in use today".</ref><ref name="Williams">{{cite book \|title = Roman homosexuality \| last=Williams \| first=Craig Arthur \| publisher = Oxford University Press, USA \|year = June 10, 1999\| pages = [http://books.google.com/books?id=Kf4cs5Y0fiIC&pg=PA72&dq=Greek+love+is+a+modern+phrase&lr= 72]\| isbn=9780195113006}}</ref> synonymous with other similar phrases. The ambiguity of an [[ancient Greek]] model of "friendship" can imply a male bonding between equals or a spiritual, educational and/or sexual union of males of varying age.<ref>{{cite book \|title = Lytton Strachey and the search for modern sexual identity \| last=Taddeo\| first=Julie Anne \| publisher = Routledge; 1 edition \|year = July 18, 2002\| pages = [http://books.google.com/books?id=h027XP1CDnYC&pg=PA21&dq=Greek+love+male+bonding&lr= 21]\| isbn=978-1560233596 }}</ref> Quotation marks are generally placed on either or both words, i.e., ''"Greek" love, Greek "love"'' or ''"Greek love"''.		'''Greek love''' is a relatively modern English term<ref group="nb" name="ex01">The word "Modern" is defined as relative to ancient history. Not to be confused with "Contemporary", which means "in use today".</ref><ref name="Williams">{{cite book \|title = Roman homosexuality \| last=Williams \| first=Craig Arthur \| publisher = Oxford University Press, USA \|year = June 10, 1999\| pages = [http://books.google.com/books?id=Kf4cs5Y0fiIC&pg=PA72&dq=Greek+love+is+a+modern+phrase&lr= 72]\| isbn=9780195113006}}</ref> synonymous with other similar phrases. The ambiguity of an [[Ancient Greece\|ancient Greek]] model of "friendship" can imply a male bonding between equals or a spiritual, educational and/or sexual union of males of varying age.<ref>{{cite book \|title = Lytton Strachey and the search for modern sexual identity \| last=Taddeo\| first=Julie Anne \| publisher = Routledge; 1 edition \|year = July 18, 2002\| pages = [http://books.google.com/books?id=h027XP1CDnYC&pg=PA21&dq=Greek+love+male+bonding&lr= 21]\| isbn=978-1560233596 }}</ref> Quotation marks are generally placed on either or both words, i.e., ''"Greek" love, Greek "love"'' or ''"Greek love"''.

	The term is documented as beginning in German writings between 1750 and 1850 with such terms as "griechische Liebe" (Greek love), "socratische Liebe" (Socratic Love) and "platonische Liebe" (Platonic love), which were designated for male-male attractions.<ref>{{cite book \|title = Men desiring men \| last=Gustafson\| first=Susan E.\| publisher = Wayne State University Press		The term is documented as beginning in German writings between 1750 and 1850 with such terms as "griechische Liebe" (Greek love), "socratische Liebe" (Socratic Love) and "platonische Liebe" (Platonic love), which were designated for male-male attractions.<ref>{{cite book \|title = Men desiring men \| last=Gustafson\| first=Susan E.\| publisher = Wayne State University Press

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	*[[Eros]]		*[[Eros]]
	*[[Greek love (dictionary)]]		*[[Greek love (dictionary)]]
			*[[Greek Love Through the Ages (website)\|Greek Love Through the Ages]]
	{{Navbox Pederasty\|collapsed}}		{{Navbox Pederasty\|collapsed}}
	{{Navbox Ancient Greece}}		{{Navbox Ancient Greece}}
	{{DEFAULTSORT:Greek Love}}		{{DEFAULTSORT:Greek Love}}
	[[Category:Ancient Greece]]		[[Category:Ancient Greece]]

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	==Bibliography==		==Bibliography==
	*{{cite book \| last = Crompton \| first = Louis \| title = '''Byron and Greek Love''' \| publisher = GMP \| location = London \| year = 1998 \| isbn = 9780854492633 }}		*{{cite book \| last = Crompton \| first = Louis \| title = '''Byron and Greek Love''' \| publisher = GMP \| location = London \| year = 1998 \| isbn = 9780854492633 }}

	*{{cite book \| last = Crompton \| first = Louis \| title = '''Homosexuality & Civilization''' \| publisher = Belknap Press of Harvard University Press \| location = Cambridge \| year = 2003 \| isbn = 9780674022331 }}		*{{cite book \| last = Crompton \| first = Louis \| title = '''Homosexuality & Civilization''' \| publisher = Belknap Press of Harvard University Press \| location = Cambridge \| year = 2003 \| isbn = 9780674022331 }}

	*{{cite book \| last = Fone \| first = Byrne \| title = '''The Columbia Anthology of Gay Literature''' \| publisher = Columbia University Press \| location = New York \| year = 1998 \| isbn = 9780231096706 }}		*{{cite book \| last = Fone \| first = Byrne \| title = '''The Columbia Anthology of Gay Literature''' \| publisher = Columbia University Press \| location = New York \| year = 1998 \| isbn = 9780231096706 }}

	*{{cite book \| last = Gustafson \| first = Susan \| title = '''Men Desiring Men''' \| publisher = Wayne State University Press \| location = Detroit \| year = 2002 \| isbn = 9780814330296 }}		*{{cite book \| last = Gustafson \| first = Susan \| title = '''Men Desiring Men''' \| publisher = Wayne State University Press \| location = Detroit \| year = 2002 \| isbn = 9780814330296 }}

	*{{cite book \| last = Haggerty \| first = George \| title = '''Men in Love''' \| publisher = Columbia University Press \| location = New York \| year = 1999 \| isbn = 9780231110433 }}		*{{cite book \| last = Haggerty \| first = George \| title = '''Men in Love''' \| publisher = Columbia University Press \| location = New York \| year = 1999 \| isbn = 9780231110433 }}

	*{{cite book \| last = Kuzniar \| first = Alice \| title = '''Outing Goethe & His Age''' \| publisher = Stanford University Press \| location = Stanford \| year = 1996 \| isbn = 9780804726153 }}		*{{cite book \| last = Kuzniar \| first = Alice \| title = '''Outing Goethe & His Age''' \| publisher = Stanford University Press \| location = Stanford \| year = 1996 \| isbn = 9780804726153 }}

	*{{cite book \| last = Maccarthy \| first = Fiona \| title = '''Byron: Life and Legend''' \| publisher = Farrar, Straus and Giroux \| location = New York \| year = 2004 \| isbn = 9780374529307 }}		*{{cite book \| last = Maccarthy \| first = Fiona \| title = '''Byron: Life and Legend''' \| publisher = Farrar, Straus and Giroux \| location = New York \| year = 2004 \| isbn = 9780374529307 }}

	*{{cite book \| last = Posner \| first = Richard \| title = '''Sex and Reason''' \| publisher = Harvard University Press \| location = Cambridge \| year = 1992 \| isbn = 9780674802803 }}		*{{cite book \| last = Posner \| first = Richard \| title = '''Sex and Reason''' \| publisher = Harvard University Press \| location = Cambridge \| year = 1992 \| isbn = 9780674802803 }}

	*{{cite book \| last = Symonds \| first = John \| title = '''A Problem in Greek Ethics: Paiderastia''' \| publisher = Forgotten Books \| location = City \| year = 2007 \| isbn = 9781605063898 }}		*{{cite book \| last = Symonds \| first = John \| title = '''A Problem in Greek Ethics: Paiderastia''' \| publisher = Forgotten Books \| location = City \| year = 2007 \| isbn = 9781605063898 }}

	*{{cite book \| last = Taddeo \| first = Julie Anne \| title = '''Lytton Strachey and the Search for Modern Sexual Identity: the Last Eminent Victorian''' \| publisher = Routledge \| location = New York \| year = 2002 \| isbn = 9781560233596 }}		*{{cite book \| last = Taddeo \| first = Julie Anne \| title = '''Lytton Strachey and the Search for Modern Sexual Identity: the Last Eminent Victorian''' \| publisher = Routledge \| location = New York \| year = 2002 \| isbn = 9781560233596 }}

	*{{cite book \| last = Tamagne \| first = Florence \| title = '''History of Homosexuality in Europe, 1919-1939''' \| publisher = Algora Publishing \| location = New York \| year = 2004 \| isbn = 9780875863566 }}		*{{cite book \| last = Tamagne \| first = Florence \| title = '''History of Homosexuality in Europe, 1919-1939''' \| publisher = Algora Publishing \| location = New York \| year = 2004 \| isbn = 9780875863566 }}

	*{{cite book \| last = Williams \| first = Craig \| title = '''Roman Homosexuality''' \| publisher = Oxford University Press \| location = Oxford Oxfordshire \| year = 1999 \| isbn = 9780195113006 }}		*{{cite book \| last = Williams \| first = Craig \| title = '''Roman Homosexuality''' \| publisher = Oxford University Press \| location = Oxford Oxfordshire \| year = 1999 \| isbn = 9780195113006 }}