Police state - Revision history

Etenne at 13:44, 19 May 2015

2015-05-19T13:44:03Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 13:44, 19 May 2015
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	totalitarian governments that had begun to emerge in Europe.<ref>[http://books.google.com/books?id=CE0jmU-RloIC&pg=PA35&lpg=PA35&dq=definition+%22police+state%22&source=bl&ots=LaJtGH1off&sig=P31qS33J1dtWrAPrxFKEv6fd0BQ&hl=en&sa=X&ei=h3hUUPeaNITirQHmyIDQDw&sqi=2&ved=0CEQQ6AEwBA#v=onepage&q=definition%20%22police%20state%22&f=false The New Police Science: The Police Power in Domestic and International] edited by Markus Dubber, Mariana Valverde</ref>		totalitarian governments that had begun to emerge in Europe.<ref>[http://books.google.com/books?id=CE0jmU-RloIC&pg=PA35&lpg=PA35&dq=definition+%22police+state%22&source=bl&ots=LaJtGH1off&sig=P31qS33J1dtWrAPrxFKEv6fd0BQ&hl=en&sa=X&ei=h3hUUPeaNITirQHmyIDQDw&sqi=2&ved=0CEQQ6AEwBA#v=onepage&q=definition%20%22police%20state%22&f=false The New Police Science: The Police Power in Domestic and International] edited by Markus Dubber, Mariana Valverde</ref>

	~~{{multiple image~~
	~~\| align = right~~
	~~\| image1 = Inner german border diagram 1960s.png~~
	~~\| width1 = 220~~
	~~\| alt1 = 2~~
	~~\| caption1 = [[Inner German border]] system in the early 1960s. Police states can be difficult to leave.~~
	~~\| image2 = System of gdr border fortification.jpg~~
	~~\| width2 = 220~~
	~~\| alt2 = 3~~
	~~\| caption2 = Third-generation inner German border system ''circa'' 1984.~~
	}}

	Genuine police states are fundamentally authoritarian, and are often dictatorships. However, the degree of government repression varies widely among societies.		Genuine police states are fundamentally authoritarian, and are often dictatorships. However, the degree of government repression varies widely among societies.
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	==In popular culture==		==In popular culture==
	~~{{main\|List of fictional police states}}~~
	Fictional police states have been featured in a number of media ranging from novels to films to video games. [[George Orwell]]'s ''1984'' has been described as "the definitive fictional treatment of a police state, which has also influenced contemporary usage of the term".<ref>The Encyclopedia of Police Science [http://books.google.com/books?id=HIE_zF1Rv7MC&pg=PA1004&lpg=PA1004&dq=%22police+state%22+fiction&source=bl&ots=fWszdGYo0I&sig=7yfjP-zD6WR3KF49zPn9Y86VHs8&hl=en&sa=X&ei=l1NSUKaHLIPRyQHqkoGoAw&ved=0CGkQ6AEwCQ#v=onepage&q=%22police%20state%22%20fiction&f=false] ''Volume 1		Fictional police states have been featured in a number of media ranging from novels to films to video games. [[George Orwell]]'s ''1984'' has been described as "the definitive fictional treatment of a police state, which has also influenced contemporary usage of the term".<ref>The Encyclopedia of Police Science [http://books.google.com/books?id=HIE_zF1Rv7MC&pg=PA1004&lpg=PA1004&dq=%22police+state%22+fiction&source=bl&ots=fWszdGYo0I&sig=7yfjP-zD6WR3KF49zPn9Y86VHs8&hl=en&sa=X&ei=l1NSUKaHLIPRyQHqkoGoAw&ved=0CGkQ6AEwCQ#v=onepage&q=%22police%20state%22%20fiction&f=false] ''Volume 1
	edited by Jack R. Greene''</ref>		edited by Jack R. Greene''</ref>

	==See also==		==See also==
	~~{{portal\|Law enforcement\|Criminal justice}}~~
	~~{{div col\|colwidth=30em}}~~
	* [[Arbitrary arrest and detention]]		* [[Arbitrary arrest and detention]]
	* [[Legal abuse]]		* [[Legal abuse]]
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	* [[Government]]		* [[Government]]

	~~{{div col end}}~~

	==References==		==References==
	{{Reflist\|~~30em~~}}		{{Reflist\|2}}
	==External links==		==External links==
	~~{{Wikiquote}}~~
	* [http://www.amnesty.org/ailib/aireport/index.html Amnesty international, 2005] — annual report on human rights violations.		* [http://www.amnesty.org/ailib/aireport/index.html Amnesty international, 2005] — annual report on human rights violations.
	* [http://www.secularhumanism.org/index.php?section=library&page=britt_23_2 Council for Secular Humanism article describing attributes of police states]		* [http://www.secularhumanism.org/index.php?section=library&page=britt_23_2 Council for Secular Humanism article describing attributes of police states]
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	* [http://www.rutherford.org The Rutherford Institute] — a non-profit civil liberties organization based in [[Charlottesville, Virginia]]. Founder and president [[John W. Whitehead]] believes that the U.S. is an "emerging" police state.<ref>The Rutherford Institute [http://www.rutherford.org/publications_resources/on_the_front_lines/john_w_whitehead_to_speak_to_senior_statesmen_of_virginia_on_the_emerging_a ''John W. Whitehead to Speak to Senior Statesmen of Virginia on the Emerging American Police State and What 2014 Holds in Store for Our Freedoms'']</ref>		* [http://www.rutherford.org The Rutherford Institute] — a non-profit civil liberties organization based in [[Charlottesville, Virginia]]. Founder and president [[John W. Whitehead]] believes that the U.S. is an "emerging" police state.<ref>The Rutherford Institute [http://www.rutherford.org/publications_resources/on_the_front_lines/john_w_whitehead_to_speak_to_senior_statesmen_of_virginia_on_the_emerging_a ''John W. Whitehead to Speak to Senior Statesmen of Virginia on the Emerging American Police State and What 2014 Holds in Store for Our Freedoms'']</ref>

	~~{{Secret police of Communist Europe}}~~
	~~{{Authoritarian types of rule}}~~

	{{DEFAULTSORT:Police State}}		{{DEFAULTSORT:Police State}}
	[[Category:Law enforcement]]		[[Category:Law enforcement]]

Etenne at 13:40, 19 May 2015

2015-05-19T13:40:13Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 13:40, 19 May 2015
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			{{Draft}}
	'''Police state''' is a term denoting government that exercises power arbitrarily through the police. Originally the term designated a state regulated by a civil administration, but since the beginning of the 20th century, the term has "taken on the emotional and derogatory meaning."<ref name="Tipton2013">{{cite book\|last=Tipton\|first=Elise K.\|title=The Japanese Police State: Tokko in Interwar Japan\|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=dWAQAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA14\|accessdate=5 September 2014\|date=2013-12-17\|publisher=A&C Black\|isbn=9781780939742\|pages=14–}}</ref>		'''Police state''' is a term denoting government that exercises power arbitrarily through the police. Originally the term designated a state regulated by a civil administration, but since the beginning of the 20th century, the term has "taken on the emotional and derogatory meaning."<ref name="Tipton2013">{{cite book\|last=Tipton\|first=Elise K.\|title=The Japanese Police State: Tokko in Interwar Japan\|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=dWAQAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA14\|accessdate=5 September 2014\|date=2013-12-17\|publisher=A&C Black\|isbn=9781780939742\|pages=14–}}</ref>

Etenne: Created page with "'''Police state''' is a term denoting government that exercises power arbitrarily through the police. Originally the term designated a state regulated by a civil administratio..."

2015-05-19T13:39:25Z

Created page with "'''Police state''' is a term denoting government that exercises power arbitrarily through the police. Originally the term designated a state regulated by a civil administratio..."

New page

'''Police state''' is a term denoting government that exercises power arbitrarily through the police. Originally the term designated a state regulated by a civil administration, but since the beginning of the 20th century, the term has "taken on the emotional and derogatory meaning."<ref name="Tipton2013">{{cite book|last=Tipton|first=Elise K.|title=The Japanese Police State: Tokko in Interwar Japan|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=dWAQAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA14|accessdate=5 September 2014|date=2013-12-17|publisher=A&C Black|isbn=9781780939742|pages=14–}}</ref>

The inhabitants of a police state may experience restrictions on their mobility, or on their freedom to express or communicate political or other views, which are subject to police monitoring or enforcement. Political control may be exerted by means of a [[secret police]] force which operates outside the boundaries normally imposed by a [[constitutional state]].<ref>''A Dictionary of World History'', Market House Books, Oxford University Press, 2000.</ref> [[Robert von Mohl]], who first introduced the rule of law to German [[jurisprudence]], contrasted the ''[[Rechtsstaat]]'' ("legal" or "constitutional" state) with the anti-[[aristocracy|aristocratic]] ''Polizeistaat'' ("police state").<ref>''The Police State'', Chapman, B., Government and Opposition, Vol.3:4, 428–440, (2007). Accessible online at http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/journal/119912141/abstract, retrieved 15 August 2008.</ref>

==History of usage==
The term "police state" was first used in 1851, in reference to the use of a national police force to maintain order, in [[Austria]].<ref>''Oxford English Dictionary'', Third edition, January 2009; online version November 2010. <http://www.oed.com:80/Entry/146832>; accessed 19 January 2011.</ref>
The [[Oxford English Dictionary]] traces the phrase "police State" back to 1851. The German term ''Polizeistaat'' came into English usage in the 1930s with reference to
totalitarian governments that had begun to emerge in Europe.<ref>[http://books.google.com/books?id=CE0jmU-RloIC&pg=PA35&lpg=PA35&dq=definition+%22police+state%22&source=bl&ots=LaJtGH1off&sig=P31qS33J1dtWrAPrxFKEv6fd0BQ&hl=en&sa=X&ei=h3hUUPeaNITirQHmyIDQDw&sqi=2&ved=0CEQQ6AEwBA#v=onepage&q=definition%20%22police%20state%22&f=false The New Police Science: The Police Power in Domestic and International] edited by Markus Dubber, Mariana Valverde</ref>

{{multiple image
| align = right
| image1 = Inner german border diagram 1960s.png
| width1 = 220
| alt1 = 2
| caption1 = [[Inner German border]] system in the early 1960s. Police states can be difficult to leave.
| image2 = System of gdr border fortification.jpg
| width2 = 220
| alt2 = 3
| caption2 = Third-generation inner German border system ''circa'' 1984.
}}

Genuine police states are fundamentally authoritarian, and are often dictatorships. However, the degree of government repression varies widely among societies.

In times of [[state of emergency|national emergency]] or [[war]], the balance which may usually exist between [[Freedom (political)|freedom]] and [[national security]] often tips in favour of security. This shift may lead to allegations that the nation in question has become, or is becoming, a police state.

Because there are different political perspectives as to what an appropriate balance is between individual freedom and national security, there are no definitive objective standards to determine whether the term "police state" applies to a particular nation at any given point in time. Thus, it is difficult to evaluate objectively the truth of allegations that a nation is (or is not) becoming a police state. One way to view the concept of the police state and the free state is through the medium of a balance or scale. Along this spectrum, any law which has the effect of removing liberty is seen as moving towards a police state, while any law that limits government oversight is seen as moving towards a [[Free state (government)|free state]].<ref>''Police State (Key Concepts in Political Science)'', Brian Chapman, Macmillan, 1971.</ref>

An ''[[electronic police state]]'' is one in which the government aggressively uses electronic technologies to record, organize, search, and distribute forensic evidence against its citizens.<ref>[http://cu-digest.org/CUDS6/cud6.72 "Police Checkpoints on the Information Highway"], ''Computer underground Digest'', Volume 6 : Issue 72 (14 August 1994), ISSN 1004-042X, "The so-called 'electronic frontier' is quickly turning into an electronic police state."</ref><ref name=EPS-2008NationalRankings>[https://secure.cryptohippie.com/pubs/EPS-2008.pdf ''The Electronic Police State: 2008 National Rankings''], by Jonathan Logan, Cryptohippie USA.</ref>

==Examples of states with related attributes==
The [[Soviet Union]] and its many satellite states, including [[East Germany]] and those that were part of the [[Soviet bloc]], had extensive and repressive police and intelligence services (such as the [[KGB]]); approximately 2.5% of the East German adult population served as informants for the [[Stasi]].<ref>{{cite web| url=https://www.nytimes.com/books/first/k/koehler-stasi.html| author=JOHN O. KOEHLER| title=Stasi: The Untold Story of the East German Secret Police| publisher=New York Times| accessdate=March 22, 2014}}</ref>

[[Nazi Germany]] was brought into being through a nominal democracy, yet gradually exerted more and more repressive controls over its people in the lead-up to [[World War II]]. In addition to the [[Nazi SS|SS]] and the [[Gestapo]], the Nazi police state used the judiciary to assert control over the population from the 1930s until the end of the war.<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.ushmm.org/outreach/en/article.php?ModuleId=10007675| title=SS Police State| publisher=U.S. Holocaust Museum| accessdate=March 22, 2014}}</ref>

During the period of [[Apartheid]], the [[South Africa]]n government maintained police state attributes such as banning people and organizations, arresting [[political prisoner]]s, and maintaining segregated living communities and restricting movement and access.<ref name="Cooper2002">{{cite book|last=Cooper|first=Frederick|title=Africa Since 1940: The Past of the Present|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=FGDIT4WPTWEC&pg=PA149|accessdate=22 March 2014|date=2002-10-10|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=9780521776004|pages=149–}}</ref>

[[Augusto Pinochet]]'s [[Military dictatorship of Chile (1973–90)|Chile]] was a police state<ref name="Zwier2013">{{cite book|last=Zwier|first=Paul J.|title=Principled Negotiation and Mediation in the International Arena: Talking with Evil|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=W57hIyEOSUsC&pg=PA235|accessdate=22 March 2014|date=2013-04-22|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=9781107026872|pages=235–}}</ref> exhibiting "repression of public liberties, the elimination of political exchange, limiting freedom of speech, abolishing the right to strike, freezing wages."<ref name="Casanova1993">{{cite book|last=Casanova|first=Pablo González|title=Latin America Today|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=VNUNB2s5pcoC&pg=PA233|accessdate=22 March 2014|date=1993-01-01|publisher=United Nations University Press|isbn=9789280808193|pages=233–}}</ref>

The [[Republic of Cuba (1902–1959)|Republic of Cuba]], under president (and later nationalist dictator) [[Fulgencio Batista]], was a dictatorial police state during his rule and continued following his overthrow during the [[Cuban Revolution]] in 1959, with the rise to power of [[Fidel Castro]] and his communist regime. <ref name="CandelariaGarcía2004">{{cite book|last1=Candelaria|first1=Cordelia|last2=García|first2=Peter J.|last3=Aldama|first3=Arturo J.|title=Encyclopedia of Latino Popular Culture|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=STjcB_f7CVcC&pg=PA120|accessdate=27 March 2014|year=2004|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group|isbn=9780313332104|pages=120–}}</ref><ref name="BaileyCruz1972">{{cite book|last1=Bailey|first1=Helen Miller|last2=Cruz|first2=Frank H.|title=The Latin Americans: Past and Present|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=YLsdAAAAMAAJ|accessdate=27 March 2014|date=1972-01-01|publisher=Houghton Mifflin|isbn=9780395133736}}</ref><ref name="Novas2007">{{cite book|last=Novas|first=Himilce|title=Everything You Need to Know About Latino History: 2008 Edition|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=5uJAUbMcekAC&pg=PT225|accessdate=27 March 2014|date=2007-11-27|publisher=Penguin Group US|isbn=9781101213537|pages=225–}}</ref><ref>Paul H. Lewis. Authoritarian regimes in Latin America.</ref>

The region of [[North Korea]] has long had elements of a police state, from the ''[[Juche]]'' -style [[Silla]] kingdom,<ref name="Becker2005"/> to the imposition of a [[fascist]] police state [[Korea under Japanese rule|by the Japanese]],<ref name="Becker2005">{{cite book|last=Becker|first=Jasper|title=Rogue Regime : Kim Jong Il and the Looming Threat of North Korea: Kim Jong Il and the Looming Threat of North Korea|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=UpZWfYqiVLMC&pg=PA74|accessdate=22 March 2014|date=2005-05-01|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=9780198038108|pages=74–}}</ref> to the police state imposed and maintained by the Kim family.<ref name="Hixson2008">{{cite book|last=Hixson|first=Walter L.|title=The Myth of American Diplomacy: National Identity and U.S. Foreign Policy|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=DNId6HxkzQwC&pg=PA179|accessdate=22 March 2014|year=2008|publisher=Yale University Press|isbn=9780300150131|pages=179–}}</ref> Paris-based [[Reporters Without Borders]] has ranked North Korea last or second last in their test of press freedom since the index's introduction, stating that the ruling Kim family control all of the media.<ref>{{Cite news| title = North Korea Rated World's Worst Violator of Press Freedom | url = http://iipdigital.usembassy.gov/st/english/article/2006/10/200610251320011xeneerg0.7926294.html#axzz2whqH2MHk | publisher = America.gov |date=2006-10-25 | accessdate = 2008-07-23}}</ref> <ref> [http://freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-press/2013/north-korea North Korea still one of the world's most repressive media environments] </ref>

==In popular culture==
{{main|List of fictional police states}}
Fictional police states have been featured in a number of media ranging from novels to films to video games. [[George Orwell]]'s ''1984'' has been described as "the definitive fictional treatment of a police state, which has also influenced contemporary usage of the term".<ref>The Encyclopedia of Police Science [http://books.google.com/books?id=HIE_zF1Rv7MC&pg=PA1004&lpg=PA1004&dq=%22police+state%22+fiction&source=bl&ots=fWszdGYo0I&sig=7yfjP-zD6WR3KF49zPn9Y86VHs8&hl=en&sa=X&ei=l1NSUKaHLIPRyQHqkoGoAw&ved=0CGkQ6AEwCQ#v=onepage&q=%22police%20state%22%20fiction&f=false] ''Volume 1
edited by Jack R. Greene''</ref>

==See also==
{{portal|Law enforcement|Criminal justice}}
{{div col|colwidth=30em}}
* [[Arbitrary arrest and detention]]
* [[Legal abuse]]
* [[Kangaroo court]]
* [[Counterintelligence state]]
* [[Dictatorship]]
* [[Martial law]], the suspension of normal civil law during periods of emergency
* [[Military dictatorship]]
* [[Rechtsstaat]] (German)
* [[Surveillance state]]
* [[List of countries by incarceration rate]]
* [[Government]]

{{div col end}}

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}
==External links==
{{Wikiquote}}
* [http://www.amnesty.org/ailib/aireport/index.html Amnesty international, 2005] — annual report on human rights violations.
* [http://www.secularhumanism.org/index.php?section=library&page=britt_23_2 Council for Secular Humanism article describing attributes of police states]
* [http://www.guardian.co.uk/attackonlondon/story/0,16132,1575532,00.html David Mery, September 22, 2005; ''The Guardian''] — example of "police state" defined in a modern context.
* [http://www.policestateusa.com Police State USA] — a continuously updated multi-contributor site with news articles that document [[police brutality in the United States]]
* [http://www.rutherford.org The Rutherford Institute] — a non-profit civil liberties organization based in [[Charlottesville, Virginia]]. Founder and president [[John W. Whitehead]] believes that the U.S. is an "emerging" police state.<ref>The Rutherford Institute [http://www.rutherford.org/publications_resources/on_the_front_lines/john_w_whitehead_to_speak_to_senior_statesmen_of_virginia_on_the_emerging_a ''John W. Whitehead to Speak to Senior Statesmen of Virginia on the Emerging American Police State and What 2014 Holds in Store for Our Freedoms'']</ref>

{{Secret police of Communist Europe}}
{{Authoritarian types of rule}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Police State}}
[[Category:Law enforcement]]