Symposium (Xenophon) - Revision history

Dandelion: Added the article to the "Philosophical literature" category

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	[[Category:Reference material on ancient Greece]]		[[Category:Reference material on ancient Greece]]
			[[Category:Philosophical literature]]

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	[[Category:Reference material ancient Greece]]		[[Category:Reference material on ancient Greece]]

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	===Chapter 8===		===Chapter 8===

	When the Syracusan leaves to prepare the next performance, Socrates begins a speech on Eros. He says that all of them – Socrates, Charmides, Kritoboulos, Nikeratos and Hermogenes – have felt the power of love. Socrates asks Antisthenes if he is the only one present not in love with someone (8.3). Antisthenes insists that he is not, for he is in love with Socrates! (Antisthenes was one of the main Socratic authors, contemporary with Plato and Xenophon, who also presumably loved Socrates.) Socrates dismisses him, insisting that he is busy (8.4). Antisthenes continues, accusing Socrates of always having an excuse to ignore him (8.5). Socrates pleads that Antisthenes stop berating him, and jokingly suggests that Antisthenes keep his love a secret since it is clearly a love of Socrates’ physical beauty, not his sprit (8.6).		When the Syracusan leaves to prepare the next performance, Socrates begins a speech on Eros. He says that all of them – Socrates, Charmides, Kritoboulos, Nikeratos and Hermogenes – have felt the power of love. Socrates asks Antisthenes if he is the only one present not in love with someone (8.3). Antisthenes insists that he is not, for he is in love with Socrates! (Antisthenes was one of the main Socratic authors, contemporary with Plato and Xenophon, who also presumably loved Socrates.) Socrates dismisses him, insisting that he is busy (8.4). Antisthenes continues, accusing Socrates of always having an excuse to ignore him (8.5). Socrates pleads that Antisthenes stop berating him, and jokingly suggests that Antisthenes keep his love a [[secret]] since it is clearly a love of Socrates’ physical beauty, not his sprit (8.6).

	Socrates returns to his speech and addresses Kallias. The whole city knows, he says, that Kallias is in love with Autolykos (8.7). Socrates says that he has always admired Kallias’ character, but even more so at present because he sees that he is in love with a young man who epitomizes strength, manliness, and moderation. The character of the object of one’s affections reflects on the lover’s character (8.8). Socrates suggests the possibility of the existence of two aspects of Aphrodite; one the goddess of Vulgar (sexual) love, the other of Heavenly (chaste) love (8.9). Further, carnal love might stem from the Vulgar Aphrodite, and spiritual love from the Heavenly. The latter is the sort of love that Kallias seems to have for Autolykos (8.10). Socrates says this because Kallias makes his love known to the boy’s father, Lykon (8.11).		Socrates returns to his speech and addresses Kallias. The whole city knows, he says, that Kallias is in love with Autolykos (8.7). Socrates says that he has always admired Kallias’ character, but even more so at present because he sees that he is in love with a young man who epitomizes strength, manliness, and moderation. The character of the object of one’s affections reflects on the lover’s character (8.8). Socrates suggests the possibility of the existence of two aspects of Aphrodite; one the goddess of Vulgar (sexual) love, the other of Heavenly (chaste) love (8.9). Further, carnal love might stem from the Vulgar Aphrodite, and spiritual love from the Heavenly. The latter is the sort of love that Kallias seems to have for Autolykos (8.10). Socrates says this because Kallias makes his love known to the boy’s father, Lykon (8.11).

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	[[Category:Reference material ancient Greece]]		[[Category:Reference material ancient Greece]]
	~~[[Category:Historians]]~~

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	Major themes of the work include beauty and desire, wisdom, virtue, and laughter which is evoked by Philippos the jester and the jocular discourse of the dinner guests. Xenophon demonstrates clever use of playfulness (''paidia'' ''παιδία'') and seriousness (''spoude'' ''σπουδή'') to manipulate the discussion of the above-mentioned themes in a manner appropriate to a symposium.		Major themes of the work include beauty and desire, wisdom, virtue, and laughter which is evoked by Philippos the jester and the jocular discourse of the dinner guests. Xenophon demonstrates clever use of playfulness (''paidia'' ''παιδία'') and seriousness (''spoude'' ''σπουδή'') to manipulate the discussion of the above-mentioned themes in a manner appropriate to a symposium.
			{{History}}
			==''Dramatis Personae''==

	~~==''Dramatis Personae''==~~
	~~{{History}}~~
	Xenophon consciously and carefully chooses his characters in this dialogue. Those who attend the symposium (422 B.C.) are all gentlemen (''kaloikagathoi'') and are united by their status. Later, however, their disagreements will lead them to conflict. The contemporary readers of the ''Symposium'' would have been familiar with each character’s history, and would have recognized the ironic circumstances of the dialogue.		Xenophon consciously and carefully chooses his characters in this dialogue. Those who attend the symposium (422 B.C.) are all gentlemen (''kaloikagathoi'') and are united by their status. Later, however, their disagreements will lead them to conflict. The contemporary readers of the ''Symposium'' would have been familiar with each character’s history, and would have recognized the ironic circumstances of the dialogue.

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	* [[Project Gutenberg]] has the e-text of [http://www.gutenberg.org/etext/1181 Dakyns' translation of Xenophon's ''Symposium'']		* Project Gutenberg has the e-text of [http://www.gutenberg.org/etext/1181 Dakyns' translation of Xenophon's ''Symposium'']



	[[Category:Reference material ancient Greece]]		[[Category:Reference material ancient Greece]]

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Relationship to Plato's Symposium

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	However, most later scholars have taken one particular argument, the argument against an army of lovers in Socrates' final speech, as proof that Xenophon had based his work on Plato's, since this concept is mentioned in Plato's work. The speech seems to parody or pastiche the erotic speeches in both Plato's ''Symposium'' and ''Phaedrus''.		However, most later scholars have taken one particular argument, the argument against an army of lovers in Socrates' final speech, as proof that Xenophon had based his work on Plato's, since this concept is mentioned in Plato's work. The speech seems to parody or pastiche the erotic speeches in both Plato's ''Symposium'' and ''Phaedrus''.

	Though some scholars have argued that the long speech of Socrates contains later additions, and opinion is divided as to which author was first to write a Socratic symposium, recent scholarship generally holds that Xenophon wrote the ''Symposium'' in the second half of the 360s, benefiting from Plato's former Socratic literature.<ref>{{cite journal\|url=http://ccat.sas.upenn.edu/bmcr/2000/2000-04-10.html\|title=Review: Bernhard Huss, ''Xenophons Symposion. Ein Kommentar. BzA 125.''\|author=Hartmut Leppin\|journal=''Bryn Mawr Classical Review''\|date=2000-04-10\|~~Archivedate~~= ~~2012-~~03-18}}</ref>		Though some scholars have argued that the long speech of Socrates contains later additions, and opinion is divided as to which author was first to write a Socratic symposium, recent scholarship generally holds that Xenophon wrote the ''Symposium'' in the second half of the 360s, benefiting from Plato's former Socratic literature.<ref>{{cite journal\|url=http://ccat.sas.upenn.edu/bmcr/2000/2000-04-10.html\|title=Review: Bernhard Huss, ''Xenophons Symposion. Ein Kommentar. BzA 125.''\|author=Hartmut Leppin\|journal=''Bryn Mawr Classical Review''\|date=2000-04-10\|archivedate= 03-18-2012}}</ref>

	While [[Plato]]'s ''[[Symposium (Plato)\|Symposium]]'' consists of a series of lengthy speeches in praise of love, Xenophon's is dominated by witty repartee.		While [[Plato]]'s ''[[Symposium (Plato)\|Symposium]]'' consists of a series of lengthy speeches in praise of love, Xenophon's is dominated by witty repartee.

Etenne: /* Relationship to Plato's Symposium */

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Relationship to Plato's Symposium

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	However, most later scholars have taken one particular argument, the argument against an army of lovers in Socrates' final speech, as proof that Xenophon had based his work on Plato's, since this concept is mentioned in Plato's work. The speech seems to parody or pastiche the erotic speeches in both Plato's ''Symposium'' and ''Phaedrus''.		However, most later scholars have taken one particular argument, the argument against an army of lovers in Socrates' final speech, as proof that Xenophon had based his work on Plato's, since this concept is mentioned in Plato's work. The speech seems to parody or pastiche the erotic speeches in both Plato's ''Symposium'' and ''Phaedrus''.

	Though some scholars have argued that the long speech of Socrates contains later additions, and opinion is divided as to which author was first to write a Socratic symposium, recent scholarship generally holds that Xenophon wrote the ''Symposium'' in the second half of the 360s, benefiting from Plato's former Socratic literature.<ref>{{cite journal\|url=http://ccat.sas.upenn.edu/bmcr/2000/2000-04-10.html\|title=Review: Bernhard Huss, ''Xenophons Symposion. Ein Kommentar. BzA 125.''\|author=Hartmut Leppin\|journal=''Bryn Mawr Classical Review''\|date=2000-04-10\|~~accessdate~~= 2012-03-18}}</ref>		Though some scholars have argued that the long speech of Socrates contains later additions, and opinion is divided as to which author was first to write a Socratic symposium, recent scholarship generally holds that Xenophon wrote the ''Symposium'' in the second half of the 360s, benefiting from Plato's former Socratic literature.<ref>{{cite journal\|url=http://ccat.sas.upenn.edu/bmcr/2000/2000-04-10.html\|title=Review: Bernhard Huss, ''Xenophons Symposion. Ein Kommentar. BzA 125.''\|author=Hartmut Leppin\|journal=''Bryn Mawr Classical Review''\|date=2000-04-10\|Archivedate= 2012-03-18}}</ref>

	While [[Plato]]'s ''[[Symposium (Plato)\|Symposium]]'' consists of a series of lengthy speeches in praise of love, Xenophon's is dominated by witty repartee.		While [[Plato]]'s ''[[Symposium (Plato)\|Symposium]]'' consists of a series of lengthy speeches in praise of love, Xenophon's is dominated by witty repartee.

Etenne: /* Relationship to Plato's Symposium */

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Relationship to Plato's Symposium

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	However, most later scholars have taken one particular argument, the argument against an army of lovers in Socrates' final speech, as proof that Xenophon had based his work on Plato's, since this concept is mentioned in Plato's work. The speech seems to parody or pastiche the erotic speeches in both Plato's ''Symposium'' and ''Phaedrus''.		However, most later scholars have taken one particular argument, the argument against an army of lovers in Socrates' final speech, as proof that Xenophon had based his work on Plato's, since this concept is mentioned in Plato's work. The speech seems to parody or pastiche the erotic speeches in both Plato's ''Symposium'' and ''Phaedrus''.

	Though some scholars have argued that the long speech of Socrates contains later additions, and opinion is divided as to which author was first to write a Socratic symposium, recent scholarship generally holds that Xenophon wrote the ''Symposium'' in the second half of the 360s, benefiting from Plato's former Socratic literature.<ref>{{cite journal\|url=http://ccat.sas.upenn.edu/bmcr/2000/2000-04-10.html\|title=Review: Bernhard Huss, ''Xenophons Symposion. Ein Kommentar. BzA 125.''\|author=Hartmut Leppin\|journal=''Bryn Mawr Classical Review''\|date=2000-04-10\|accessdate=2012-03-18}}</ref>		Though some scholars have argued that the long speech of Socrates contains later additions, and opinion is divided as to which author was first to write a Socratic symposium, recent scholarship generally holds that Xenophon wrote the ''Symposium'' in the second half of the 360s, benefiting from Plato's former Socratic literature.<ref>{{cite journal\|url=http://ccat.sas.upenn.edu/bmcr/2000/2000-04-10.html\|title=Review: Bernhard Huss, ''Xenophons Symposion. Ein Kommentar. BzA 125.''\|author=Hartmut Leppin\|journal=''Bryn Mawr Classical Review''\|date=2000-04-10\|accessdate= 2012-03-18}}</ref>

	While [[Plato]]'s ''[[Symposium (Plato)\|Symposium]]'' consists of a series of lengthy speeches in praise of love, Xenophon's is dominated by witty repartee.		While [[Plato]]'s ''[[Symposium (Plato)\|Symposium]]'' consists of a series of lengthy speeches in praise of love, Xenophon's is dominated by witty repartee.