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| [[File:Hyacinth.jpg|thumb|245px| Modern Hyacinth flowers <br> (the official flower of boylove)]]
| | #REDIRECT [[Hyacinth (mythology)]] |
| '''Hyacinth''' /ˈhaɪəsɪnθ/ or '''Hyacinthus''' (in ancient Greek, Ὑάκινθος, ''Hyakinthos'') is a divine hero from Greek mythology and Apollo's young lover, a beardless youth. His cult was located at Amyclae, (Greek: Αμύκλες) the ruins of which are situated 2 km northeast of the current village<ref>Modern day Amyclae is a village in Laconia, southern [[Greece]]. It lies in the plain by the Eurotas river, 6 km south of Sparta, east of the Taygetus mountains, along the Greek National Road 39 from Sparta to Gytheio and was named after the ancient town Amyclae </ref> and dates from the Mycenaean era. The sanctuary ''(temenos)'' grew up around his burial mound ''(tumulus)'', located in the Classical period at the feet of Apollo's statue.<ref>http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyacinth_%28mythology%29</ref>
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| ==Mythology==
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| [[File:Hyacinth Rides a Swan Over the Waters.png|thumb|245px|left|Hyacinth Rides a Swan Over the Waters. Attic red-figure cup by Apollodoros, ca. 500–490 BC. Oxford (Mississippi), University of Mississippi, University Museums, 1977.3.102.]]
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| In [[:Category:Ancient Greece|Greek mythology]], Hyacinth was given various parentage, providing local links, as the son of Clio and Pierus, King of Macedon, or of king Oebalus of Sparta, or of king Amyclas of Sparta,<ref>[[Pseudo-Apollodorus]] 3. 10.3; [[Pausanias (geographer)|Pausanias]] 3. 1.3, 19.4</ref> progenitor of the people of Amyclae, dwellers about Sparta. His cult at Amyclae, where his tomb was located, at the feet of Apollo's statue, dates from the Mycenaean era (1600 - 1100 BC). According to a local Spartan version of the story, Hyacinth and his sister Polyboea were taken to Elysium by Aphrodite, Athena and Artemis.<ref>[[Pausanias (geographer)|Pausanias]] 3. 19. 4</ref>
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| In the literary myth, Hyacinth was a beautiful youth and lover of the god [[Apollo]], who also acted in the role of his teacher/mentor, though he was also admired by West Wind, Zephyr.
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| [[File:Lilium martagon (Dieppe).jpg|thumb|245px|The Martagon Lily<br> (Lilium martagon)<br> The spots on the petals representing the tears of Apollo]]
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| One day as Apollo and Hyacinth took turns throwing the discus. Hyacinth ran to catch it to impress Apollo and was struck by the discus as it fell to the ground.<ref>[[Pseudo-Apollodorus]], 1. 3.3.</ref> Apollo holding the dying youth, desperately tried to use his skill with medicine to keep him alive. But even the mighty god of healing could not save [[Eromenos (dictionary)|his beloved]] and Hyacinth died in his arms.
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| A twist in the tale makes the wind god [[Zephyrus (mythology)|Zephyrus]] responsible for the death of Hyacinth.<ref>[[Lucian]], ''Dialogues of the Gods''; Servius, commentary on Virgil ''Eclogue'' 3. 63; [[Philostratus]], ''Imagines'' 1. 24; Ovid ''[[Metamorphoses]]'' 10. 184.</ref> His beauty had caused a feud between Zephyrus and Apollo. Jealous that Hyacinth preferred the radiant archery god Apollo, Zephyrus blew Apollo's discus off course, so as to injure and kill Hyacinth. When he died, the grief-stricken Apollo did not allow Hades to claim the youth; rather, he made a flower, the hyacinth, from his spilled blood. According to Ovid's account, the tears of Apollo stained the newly formed flower's petals with the sign of his grief. The flower of the mythological Hyacinth has been identified with a number of plants other than the modern hyacinth, such as the iris, larkspur, and the martagon lily (pictured left), as well as other flowers indigenous to the region. <ref> Other divinely beloved vegetation gods who died in the flower of their youth and were vegetatively transformed, are [[Narcissus (mythology)|Narkissos]], Kyparissos and [[Adonis]].</ref>
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| Hyacinth was the ''tutelary deity'' ( a deity or spirit who is a guardian, patron or protector of a particular place, geographic feature, person, lineage, nation, culture or occupation) of one of the principal Spartan festivals, [[#The Hyacinthia|the Hyacinthia]], held every summer. The festival lasted three days, one day of mourning for the death of the divine hero Hyacinth, and the last two celebrating his rebirth as Apollo Hayakinthios, though the division of honours is a subject for scholarly controversy.<ref>As Colin Edmonson points out, Edmonson, "A Graffito from Amykla", ''Hesperia'' '''28'''.2 (April - June 1959:162-164) p. 164, giving bibliography note 9.</ref> The festival was important enough to the Spartans that they were said to have broken off military campaigns and negotiated truces in order to return home and celebrate it.<ref>[http://www.madelinemiller.com/myth-of-the-week-hyacinthus/ Myth of the Week: Hyacinthus]</ref> <ref> Xenophon, in the Hellenics IV, 5, 11,</ref>
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| {{clr}}
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| == Cultural significance ==
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| [[File:BROC Jean 1801 La mort d'Hyacinthe 743x1080.jpg|thumb| ''The Death of Hyacinth''<BR> by Jean Broc. – 1801]] | |
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| Apollo teaches Hyacinthus to become an accomplished adult. Indeed, according to Philostratus, Hyacinthus learns not only to throw the discus, but all the other exercises of the [[Palaestra]] as well, to shoot with a bow, music, the art of divination, and also to play the lyre. Pausanias also mentions his apotheosis, represented on the pedestal of the ritual statue of the youth at Amyclae, his place of worship. The poet Nonnus of Panopolis mentions the resurrection of the youth by Apollo. Sergent finds that the death and resurrection as well as the apotheosis, represent the transition to adult life.
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| The myth of Hyacinthus, like that of [[Apollo#Cyparissus|Cyparissus]], illuminates the social custom of [[pederasty]] in ancient Greece, with the boy, the beloved ''([[eromenos]])'' of Apollo metamorphosing from youth to a different state of existence (adulthood). Pederastic (boylove) myths often depict the process of initiation and transformation of the boy into adult male life,<ref>[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyparissus Cyparissus (Wikipedia)]</ref> with the allegorical "death" and transfiguration of the ''eromenos.''
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| The name of Hyacinth is of pre-Hellenic origin, as indicated by the suffix ''-nth''.<ref>"As the non-Greek suffix- nth indicates, Hyakinthos was an indigenous deity at Amyklae in Laconia", remarks Nobuo Komita, "Notes on the Pre-Greek Amyklaean God Hyakinthos", 1989 ([http://www.kait-r.com/dspace/bitstream/10368/161/1/kka-013-005.pdf on-line text])..</ref> According to classical interpretations, his myth, where Apollo is a [[Dorians|Dorian]] god, is a classical metaphor of the death and rebirth of nature, much as in the myth of [[Adonis (mythology)|Adonis]]. It has likewise been suggested that Hyacinthus was a pre-Hellenic divinity supplanted by Apollo through the "accident" of his death, to whom he remains associated in the epithet of ''Apollon Hyakinthios''.<ref>Pierre Chantraine, ''Dictionnaire étymologique de la langue grecque'', Klincksieck, 1999, article "ὑάκινθος", p. 1149 b.</ref>
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| ==The Hyacinthia==
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| The death and transformation (rebirth) of Hyacinthus was celebrated at Amyclae by the second most important of Spartan festivals, '''the Hyacinthia''' (Ancient Greek Ὑακίνθια / Hyakínthia) in the Spartan month Hyacinthius in early summer (May/June). The festival lasted for three days:
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| *'''The first day''' was given over to mourning for the death of the hero: sacrifices were offered to the dead, banquests were stark and without pomp or decoration, the sacrificial breads were very plain.
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| *'''The second day''' was one of celebration for his rebirth. The young men and boys played the cithara and the aulos, and sang of the glory of Apollo. Others participated in horse races. Numerous choirs competed in town, singing country songs and dancing. Amyclae was also the location of parades of carts decorated by the girls and women of Sparta. Numerous sacrifices were offered, exclusively goats, with the occasion of the κοπίς, kopis, banquets where the citizens invited their friends and relatives. The helots had the right to participate in the celebrations, as did any foreigners: "they treat not only their countrymen, but any foreigners who happen by" (Athenaeus, IV, 138F). The kopis took place under special tents known as σκηναί (skēnaí), a characteristic trait of ancient country festivals.
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| *'''The third day''' is not described in detail, it is possible that it was more solemn, or that mysteries were held. It is also known that for this holiday, the Spartan women wove a chiton (χιτών / chitōn, or "tunic") which is then offered to the god.
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| ::(''***more information is needed on the modern practice of these rites'')
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| ==See also==
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| * [[Apollo (mythology)]]
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| * [[Ganymede (mythology)]]
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| * [[Ancient Greece]]
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| ===Modern sources===
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| *{{cite book | last=Gantz | first=Timothy | author=Timothy Gantz | title=Early Greek Myth | publisher=Johns Hopkins University Press | location=Baltimore | year=1993 }}
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| *{{cite book | last=Kerenyi | first=Karl | author=Károly Kerényi | title=The Heroes of the Greeks | publisher=Thames and Hudson | location=New York/London | year=1959 }}
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| ==References==
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| {{Reflist}}
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| ==External links==
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| *[http://www.theoi.com/Heros/Hyakinthos.html Collected classical references to Hyacinthus]
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| [[fr:Hyacinthe]]
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| [[Category:Greek mythology]]
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| [[Category:Roman mythology]]
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| [[Category:Boys]]
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