Pederastic relationships in classical antiquity(2)

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See also: Historical pederastic relationships for other times and places 

See also: Pederasty  23649933335711648.jpg  3695493113783710.png

Harmodius and Aristogiton In classical antiquity there were many known pederastic relationships. Though most involved adult men and adolescent boys, the age difference between the two could be as little as a couple of years, and an older youth (neaniskos) could take a younger one as his beloved.[[[1]]] In some of these cases both members became well-known historical figures, while in others, only one of the two may have, or only the relationship itself.


Though all such relationships were by definition homoerotic in nature, the individuals involved did not identify themselves as homosexuals, but rather as ordinary men having ordinary desires. The nature of the relationships have ranged from overtly sexual to what is now referred to as platonic, in accordance with ancient ethical and philosophical standards.[[[2]]]


In the following list the pairs are listed in chronological order, and the name of the older partner precedes that of the younger. Though many more men are known to have engaged in such relationships, only those instances in which the name of the younger partner is known are included. In keeping with ancient traditions which promoted chaste pederastic relationships (See Philosophy of Greek pederasty) included below are also relationships in which there is evidence of an erotic component even in the absence of actual sexual relations.


Contents

Ancient Greece

Main article: Pederasty in ancient Greece

Archaic period in Greece

  • Archias and Telephus
    • Archias is a semi-legendary personage, the richest man in Corinth and the colonizer of Syracuse in 733 BCE. He left his native city as penance for having caused the death of the boy Actaeon , son of Melissus, with whom he had fallen in love and who had rejected his advances. Gathering his servants, he stormed the boy's house. The family and neighbors resisted and in the altercation Actaeon was torn apart. Telephus is another eromenos of Archias, who once grown up captained a ship to Syracuse and there slew Archias by some subterfuge, to avenge himself for having been taken advantage of as a boy.[[[3]]][[[4]]]
  • Philolaus and Diocles of Corinth
    • Philolaus was a memebr of the Bacchiadae, a ruling clan in Corinth, and a nomothete (lawgiver) of Thebes, giving them the adoption laws. His eromenos won the stadion race at the thirteenth Olympic of 728, which at that time only featured that one contest.[[[5]]] Diocles was compelled to leave Corinth and go to Thebes, perhaps as a result of being banished. Philolaus followed him, aware of the improper passion that Alcyone, his eromenos' mother, had for him. The two lived out their lives in Thebes, and were buried there together, their tombs across from each other.[[[6]]]
  • Gyges and Magnes
    • According to Nicolaus of Damascus, the Lydian tyrant (late 8th c. or early 7th c.) took as his paidika a handsome youth from Smyrna who was noted for his elegant clothes and fancy korymbos hairstyle, which he bound with a golden band. One day he was singing poetry to the local women, which outraged their male relatives, who grabbed Magnes, stripped him of his clothes and cut off his hair.[[[7]]]
  • Anton and Philistus
    • Alternative names for Cleomachus the Pharsalian and his eromenos, Thessalians famous for having helped the Chalcidians in their war against the Eretrians, inspiring the Chalcidians to adopt pederasty after having previously prohibited it, some time between 700 and 650. The tomb of Anton/Cleomachus was prominent in the agora in Chalcis, and a local song was sung in honor of lovers:
     O boys whom Fate has granted beauty and valliant fathers, Do not refuse to braves the enjoyment of your youth For, together with bravery, gracious Eros Flourishes in the cities of the Chalcidians.[[[8]]]
  • Aristodemus and Cratinus
    • Semi-legendary couple, held to have sacrificed themselves to purify Athens of a plague sent by the gods during the 44th olympiad (604-601). The Cretan sage Epimenides had been invited to help rid the Athenians of the curse, which he claimed could only be lifted by means of a blood sacrifice. Cratinus, a handsome adolescent, offered himself willingly, and he was followed by his lover, Aristodemus. The tale was doubted by some in antiquity, and held to be a fiction.[[[9]]]
  • Alcaeus of Mytilene and Lycos
    • The contemporary and also the presumed lover of Sappho, Alcaeus wrote pederastic odes to his beloveds, among whom was "the handsome Lycos, with black eyes and hair."[[[10]]]
  • Solon and Peisistratus
    • The law giver was the erastes of the future tyrant, presumably around 590 BCE.[[[11]]] Aristotle, however, claims that the story is "mere gossip" and cannot possibly be true due to the large difference in age between the two.[[[12]]]
  • Peisistratus and Charmus
    • Later in life, Charmus would name his own son after Peisistratus' second son, Hipparchus, and give his daughter, Myrrhina, in marriage to Hippias, his old erastes' son.[[[13]]]
  • Chariton of Agrigentum and Melanippus
    • Phalaris, tyrant of Agrigentum around 560 BCE, attempted to seduce Melanippus, Chariton's eromenos. The two lovers plotted to avenge themselves by killing Phalaris. Chariton was discovered and tortured to divulge accomplices, but remained silent. Melanippus, to save his friend, presented himself and freely confessed. The tyrant, impressed, set both free, but sent them into exile. About them, the Suda records that "For Chariton and Melanippos breathed together in love. Chariton was the lover, but Melanippos, the beloved, his soul set on fire towards his inspired friend, made known the spur of love with equal honour."[[[14]]] Their valor and love were also celebrated in a Delphic oracle:
     Blessed were Chariton and Melanippus: They showed mortals the way to a friendship that was

divine. [[[15]]]

  • Charmus and Hippias
    • After having been the eromenos of the father, Charmus, by now a polemarch, became the erastes of the son, who later also became his son-in-law. In Charmus' honor, a statue of Eros was erected, either by Pisistratus or Hippias, before the entrance of the Akademia, where the runners in the sacred torch race lit their torches. The inscription claimed that Charmus had been the first to dedicate to love,
     Eros of many devices, Charmus built you this

altar Among the shady boundaries of the gymnasium.[[[16]]]

  • Prokleides and Hipparchus
    • Prokleides, an important citizen, as behooves the erastes of a ruler's son, also is known for setting up the Hermes Trikephalos, a three-headed road-marker statue, on the Hestia Road.[[[17]]]
  • Theognis of Megara and Cyrnus
    • The poet, thought to have lived in the sixth c. BCE, addressed many of his poems to his young beloved, using them to pass on his wisdom to the boy.[[[18]]]
  • Polycrates and Smerdies
    • The love of the tyrant of Samos for his Thracian favorite, some time between 535 BCE and 515 BCE, was recorded by the poet Anacreon.[[[19]]]
  • Anacreon and Bathyllus
    • Legend has it that while in Samos, Anacreon competed with the tyrant for the love of another beautiful boy, Bathyllus, who is considered the most famous of his beloveds, and whom he celebrated in his poems, such as the following one:
     O boy, with virgin-glancing eye, I call thee, but thou dost not hear; Thou know'st not how my soul doth cry For thee, its charioteer.[[[20]]][[[21]]]
  • Anacreon and Critias
    • Hipparchus invited Anacreon to Athens after the death of Polycrates. There Anacreon took an eromenos, in whose house he lived, and who, in a reversal of the usual roles, wrote love poetry to his erastes. It is not certain which Critias this is, though it has been proposed that it is the same as the eponymous archon.[[[22]]][[[23]]]

Classical Greece

  • Thorax and Hippocleas
    • Both lovers were Thessalian, the erastes a prince and his eromenos a young athlete who was the victor in the footrace at the Pythian games in 498. It was Thorax who commissioned Pindar's poem, the tenth Pythian Ode, in which the names of the two are immortalized.[[[25]]]
  • Ilas and Hagesidamus
    • Hagesidamus of Epizephyrian Locris was the adolescent victor at pankration on the occasion of the 76th Olympiad in 476. His trainer, Ilas, is thought to have also been his lover, based on the references and allusions in the poem which records their names and deeds: "Victorious as a boxer in the Olympics, let Hagesidamus give thanks to Ilas, just as Patroclus did to Achilles. A man aided by the arts of a god would whet one who is born to excellence and spur him toward awesome fame."[[[26]]] Though some commentators have denied any erotic connotation to the relationship as described by Pindar, others consider that "The central reason for interpreting the Ilas-Hagesidamus relationship as not merely didactic is the application of Achilles and Patroclus as a mythological analogy."[[[27]]]
  • Parmenides of Elea and Zeno of Elea
    • According to Plato, Zeno was "tall and fair to look upon" and was "in the days of his youth . . . reported to have been beloved by Parmenides."[[[28]]] This would have occurred around 475 BCE.
  • Hiero I of Syracuse and Daelochus
    • Hiero, tyrant of Syracuse surrounded himself with pederastic intellectuals and had a number of lovers. Around 470 BCE, on being challenged by Simonides on the ethics of being a pederast while a tyrant, he replied: "My passion for Daelochus arises from the fact that human nature perhaps compels us to want from the beautiful, but I have a very strong desire to attain the object of my passion [only] with his love and consent."[[[30]]]
  • Antileon and Hipparinos
    • Natives of Herakleia, near Metapontum, the two were famed as tyrant killers in the style of Harmodius and Aristogiton. After the tyrant of Herakleia accosted Hipparinos, Antileon assassinated him, but paid with his life.[[[31]]][[[32]]]
  • Pausanias (general) and Argilius
    • The general was sending treasonous letters to the Persians by means of his former lovers, none of whom ever returned. Argilius, upon being appointed messenger, in 470, opened the letter in secret, only to find out that it instructed the receiver of the letter to kill its bearer. He divulged Pausanias correspondence to the ephors, who had Pausanias walled up within the temple where he had taken refuge, starving him to death for communicating with the enemy.[[[33]]][[[34]]]
  • Archelaus and Socrates
    • The older philosopher loved the younger when the latter was seventeen, for "at the time he was much given to sensuality."[[[35]]][[[36]]][[[37]]][[[38]]]
  • Sophocles and Demophon
    • According to a satirical account by Machon, involving a hetaira known for her ironical sense of humor, "Demophon, Sophocles' minion, when still a youth had Nico, already old and surnamed the she-goat; they say she had very fine buttocks. One day he begged of her to lend them to him. 'Very well,' she said with a smile,—'Take from me, dear, what you give to Sophocles.'"[[[39]]][[[40]]]
  • Pindar and Theoxenus
    • Thought by some to have been his eromenos, Theoxenus is the subject of a skolion in which Pindar praises the love of boys and his own vulnerability to their beauty. According to one account, Pindar died, at the age of eighty, at the theater in Argos, leaning upon the boy's shoulder.[[[42]]]
  • Phidias and Pantarkes
    • Pantarkes, was an Elian youth and winner of the boys' wrestling match at the 86th Olympics in 436 BCE. He modeled for one of the figures sculpted in the throne of the Olympian Zeus, and Phidias, to honor him, carved "Kalos Pantarkes" into the god's little finger.[[[43]]][[[44]]][[[45]]] A statue of his stood at Olympia, with those of the other victors.[[[46]]]
 16470842530100104.jpg  3695493113783710.png

Alcibiades

  • Democrates and Alcibiades
    • According to one tradition, while still a ward of Pericles and living in his house, Alcibiades took up with Democrates, causing Pericles to almost throw him out of the house.[[[49]]]
  • Anytus and Alcibiades
    • Anytus was one of the lovers whom Alcibides grew to despise. Anytus defended the young Alcibiades to his guests on the occasion of a symposium during which the boy entered the room only to make off with half the cups on the table. Rather than agreeing with the guests who accused Alcibides of insolence and contempt, Anytus claimed the boy did him a kindness, since he could just as easily have walked off with all the cups.[[[50]]]
  • Axiochus and Alcibiades
    • Lysias, in one of his speeches, denounced Alcibiades for having sailed to Abydus with his uncle, Axiochus, who was both erastes and fellow in the debaucheries to which the two lent themselves, once arrived at their destination.[[[51]]]
  • Socrates and Alcibiades
    • Each is said to have saved the life of the other in battle, and the relationship, which took place around 435-430 was said to have been chaste.[[[52]]]
  • Herodotus and Plesirrhous the Thessalian
    • According to Ptolemy Chennus in the Library of Photius, "Plesirrhous the Thessalian, author of hymns, was loved by Herodotus and was his heir; it is he who composed the introduction of the first book of Herodotus of Halicarnassus." Another story, from the same source, has him dying before his erastes. In his histories, Herodotus does not mention the name of Candaulus' wife, allegedly because of the pain it brings him: "The wife's name was, it is said, passed over in silence by Herodotus because Plesirrhous, whom Herodotus loved, was taken with a woman called Nysia and who was of a family of Halicarnassus, and that he hanged himself when he was unsuccessful with her. It is for this reason that Herodotus does not mention the name of Nysia which was odious to him.[[[53]]]. These two discrepant accounts are considered indicative of the literary taste of the age in which they were written.[[[54]]] Though some have categorized these anecdotes as "deceitful philology," that has to be considered a relative term, applicable to all of Herodotus' work.[[[55]]]
  • Callicles and Demus
    • According to Plato's dialog, Callicles love for the beautiful son of Pyrilampes, of whom graffiti declaring Demus is beautiful (Demon kalon) were scribbled through the city in the 420s,[[[56]]] paralleled Callicles' love for the Athenian demos, or populace.[[[57]]]
  • Critias and Euthydemus
    • Failing to dissuade Critias from importuning his eromenos Euthydemus to engage in dishonorable sex, Socrates publicly berated the crude physicality of Critias' desire by publicly comparing him to a piglet wanting to scratch himself against a rock, provoking a permanent break between himself and the future tyrant.[[[58]]] Xenophon also mentions the two and supports Socrates´view.[[[59]]]
  • Critias and Glaucon
    • Glaucon, the older brother of Plato, had his uncle, Critias, for an erastes. Later he chased after eromenoi of his own, for which he is teased in The Republic.[[[60]]][[[61]]]
  • Pausanias and Agathon
    • Originally erastes and eromenos, the two were renowned for having remained in a love relationship for ten years, long past the time when it should have ended, according to custom.[[[62]]][[[63]]]
  • Plato and Aster
    • Diogenes Laertius, in a biographical sketch, mentions Plato´s "passionate affection" for males and cites as evidence five of his poems. One of his beloveds is said to have been a certain Aster, to whom he was teaching astronomy. That reading has also been supported by such modern figures as Percy Bysshe Shelley, Edward Carpenter,[[[64]]] and others.
     My Aster, you're gazing on the stars, Would that I were the heavens, that so I might Gaze in return with many eyes on thee.[[[65]]][[[66]]][[[67]]]   Shelley, acting on his reading of the poem as an amorous

reference that would be unacceptable to contemporary audiences, bowdlerized the name of the youth from Aster to Stella, to obscure the poet´s love for a boy.[[[68]]]

  • Xenophon and Clinias
    • Of his eromenos, Xenophon said, "Now I look upon Clinias with more pleasure than upon all the other beautiful things which are to be seen among men; and I would rather be blind as to all the rest of the world, than as to Clinias. And I am annoyed even with night and with sleep, because then I do not see him; but I am very grateful to the sun and to daylight, because they show Clinias to me."[[[69]]] They are one of the couples mentioned by Giovanni Pico della Mirandola in his comment to his friend Girolamo Benivieni's Dell' amore celesto e divino, where he asserts of them that they "did not wish to perform with their beloved ones any filthy actions (as believed by many people who judge the heavenly thoughts of those philosophers with the measure of their shameful desires), but only to get incitement from the body's outward beauty to look at that of the soul, from which proceeded and came the bodily one."[[[70]]][[[71]]]
  • Lysander and Agesilaus II
    • Lysander had been the eispnelas of Agesilaus in the late 430s and was instrumental in the latter's rise to kingship, only to be spurned by him once he rose to power in 399 BCE.[[[72]]]
  • Callias III and Autolycus
    • The relationship between the two, in 421 BCE, is touched upon in Xenophon's Symposium, where Callias entertains both the boy and the father.[[[73]]] Later in the same work we meet Callias as erastes again, when Socrates exhorts him to put his extremely erotic nature to good use by channeling its energy into politics in order to please, above all, his eromenos.[[[74]]]
  • Themistocles and Stesilaus of Ceos
    • Around 420 BCE Themistocles competed for the boy's love with Aristides. As Plutarch recounts, "... they were rivals for the affection of the beautiful Stesilaus of Ceos, and were passionate beyond all moderation."[[[75]]]
  • Pytheas and Teisis
    • Pytheas, who was also the guardian of the youth, appointed to that position by Teisis' father in his will, is held up as being an unwise erastes, concerned with impressing his eromenos and as a result giving him bad advice.[[[76]]]
  • Archedemus and Alcibiades II
    • In his childhood, Alcibiades II, son of the famous general by the same name, was notorious for frequenting the house of his erastes, drinking, and reclining with him under a single cloak in sight of all.[[[77 ]]]
  • Archebiades and Alcibiades II
    • After the death of the older Alcibiades, his old associate and co-defendant in the desecration of the Eleusinian mysteries, became the erastes of his son, then in his early teens, ransoming him from imprisonment, a ransom the boy's father had refused to pay, out of disgust with his own son.[[[77 ]]]
  • Archidamus and Cleonymus
    • Archidamus, son of Agesilaus II, is described by Xenophon to have been in love with the handsome son of Sphodrias. The boy asked his eispnelas to intervene with the king in favor of his father in a life and death legal matter, promising that Archidamus would never be ashamed to have befriended him. That proved to be so, as he was the first Spartan to die at the battle of Leuctra.[[[78]]]
  • Ariaeus and Menon III of Pharsalus
    • Menon, a commander of Greek mercenaries in Cyrus the Younger's army who had received his commission on account of his youthful beauty, took Ariaeus, a Persian, as his lover. The matter was badly seen, as it was deemed especially base to submit sexually to a barbarian.[[[82 ]]][[[83]]]
  • Menon III of Pharsalus and Tharypas
    • In a reversal of the usual custom, Menon, a commander of a troop of mercenaries despite his adolescence, still beardless and in his hora,[[[84]]] took as "beloved" the bearded Tharypas.[[[82 ]]][[[83]]]
  • Artaxerxes II of Persia and Tiridates
    • The Persian king, distraught at the death of his beloved eunuch, found consolation in placing the dead youth's cloak over the shoulders of Aspasia, his Greek hetaira.[[[85]]]
  • Archelaus I of Macedon and Craterus (or Crateuas)
    • The king of Macedon was assassinated in 399 BCE by this eromenos, upon reneging on a promise to give the boy his daughter in marriage.[[[86]]]
  • Amyntas the Little and Derdas
    • The couple is cited by Aristotle as another exampled of an eromenos killing his erastes (in 393/4), in this case for a boast by the latter that he had "possessed" the youth.[[[87]]][[[88]]]
  • Lysias and Theodotus
    • Though already in his early fifties, Lysias took on an eromenos from Platea. The youth, however, had already signed a companionship contract with a certain Simon, who, claiming prior rights to the boy, proceeded to stalk him, resorting to several kidnapping attempts. As a result of that, and the street brawls which ensued, the case was heard before the Areopagus.[[[89]]][[[90]]]
  • Alexander of Pherae and Pitholaus
    • The tyrant took the youngest brother of his wife, Thebes, as eromenos, against the boy's will and tied him up. His wife pleaded with him incessantly for the boy's release. Exasperated with her demand, Alexander killed the boy. In revenge, Thebes and her remaining brothers assassinated the tyrant in 357.[[[91]]][[[92]]][[[93]]]
  • Theomedon and Eudoxus of Cnidus
    • The astronomer had been the eromenos of the doctor Theomedon, with whom he later traveled to Athens in order to study with Plato.[[[94]]]
  • Aristippus of Cyrene and Euthychides
    • The youth was a slave of the philosopher, compared by him with the students of Socrates.[[[95]]]
  • Agesilaus II and Megabates
    • During his campaign in Asia in 396, the king fell in love with the very handsome son of a Persian officer, Spithridates, who had joined the Spartan forces. Agesialus struggled to master his excessive fondness for the boy, going as far as rejecting Megabates' greeting kiss. When the father changed sides again and took his son with him, the king was greatly distressed.[[[96]]]

The group below (indented) consists of relationships revealed during the course of Aeschines' speech (ca. 345) to the court bringing suit against the politician Timarchus so as to deprive him of his political rights for having behaved like a prostitute in his adolescence. They occurred around 375, except the first two, presumably about ten to fifteen years earlier. [[[97]]]

  • Diopeithes of Sounion, and Hegesandros of Sounion
    • Diopeithes, besides being the judge before whom Pittalakos (see below) brought his suit, had also been an erastes of Hegesandros. Not surprisingly, he stalled the suit until it was withdrawn.
  • Leodamas and Hegesandros
    • During his testimony, Hegesandros indicated that he previously had been in a similar relationship with Leodamas. Hegesandros himself is accused of having prostituted himself in his youth, and of having misbehaved sexually with Leodamas.
  • Misgolas, son of Naukrates of the deme of Kollytos, and Timarchus
    • Timarchus is accused not only of having sold his services, but of submitting to anal penetration, particularly shameful behavior at the time.
  • Antikles, son of Kallias of the deme Euonymon, and Timarchus
    • As Antikles was away at the time of the trial no further information was presented by Aeschines.
  • Pittalakos and Timarchus
    • As Pittalakos was a public slave, Timarchus incurred even greater shame for his sexual submission and penetration.
  • Hegesandros, son of Diphilos of Steiria, and Timarchus
    • Hegesandros, having accumulated great wealth on a military campaign, bribed Timarchus away from Pittalakos, causing the latter great jealousy. As he was making a nuisance of himself Hegesandros and Timarchus beat him up, to which he responded with a lawsuit against both.
  • Epaminondas and Micythus
    • In order to influence the Theban general, Artaxerxes II of Persia sent Diomedon of Cyzicus with a large sum of money to bribe Epaminondas. Diomedon gave five talents to Micythus, who proceeded to advance the man's views to his lover. Epaminondas, however, refused to be bribed and instructed his eromenos to return the money immediately to Diomedon, or else he would turn him over to the magistrates. [[[98]]]
  • Epaminondas and Asopichus
    • A couple famed for their military prowess, such as in their victory at Leuctra in 371 BCE.[[[99]]]
  • Pelopidas and Philip II of Macedon
    • Starting in 367, at the age of fifteen, Philip spent three years as a hostage in Thebes. There he lived at the house of Pammenes. The relationship with Pelopidas was attested in antiquity[[[100]]] but contested by some modern commentators who deem the connection too schematic to have existed.[[[101]]].
  • Pammenes and Philip II of Macedon
    • While living at the house of Pammenes, a great lover of boys, Philip was thought to have been his host's beloved.[[[102]]]
 5041463908232627.jpg  3695493113783710.png

Aristotle

  • Hermias of Atarneus and Aristotle
    • Hermias - a eunuch and former slave - was thought to have taken Aristotle as beloved around 367 while the two were studying at Plato's Academy. The two were reunited much later, when after Plato's death Aristotle went to live for three years at the court of Hermias, by then tyrant of Atarneus. There Aristotle took Hermias' adopted daughter for wife, and, upon Hermias' death through Persian treachery wrote a hymn to his friend, the last stanza of which reads:
     Atarneus' King thy vision drove, To quit for aye the glad sun-light, Therefore, to memory's daughters dear, His deathless name, his pure career, Live shrined in song, and link'd with awe, The awe of Xenian Jove, and faithful friendship's law.[[[103]]][[[104]]]
  • Epaminondas and Caphisodorus
    • Caphisodorus was his last lover. He fell with Epaminondas in 362 at Mantineia and was buried by his side. [[[105]]].
  • Aristotle and Theodectes of Phaselis
    • Both friend and pupil of the philosopher, Theodectes was about ten years younger than Aristotle, and was known for his beauty, which excited the admiration of the philosopher much as that of Alcibiades enchanted Socrates.[[[106]]]
  • Demosthenes and Cnosion
    • After the orator took in his young beloved, his wife is said to have bedded the boy in a fit of jealousy,[[[107]]] though Aeschines claims that it was Demosthenes who put his own wife in bed with the youth so as to get children by him.[[[108]]]
  • Demosthenes and Aristarchus
    • Much of what is known about this relationship comes from the speeches of Demosthenes' enemy, Aeschines. He accuses Demosthenes of having been such a bad erastes to Aristarchus so as not even to deserve the name. Among his alleged crimes are his complicity in Aristarchus' murder of Nicodemus of Aphidna, whose eyes and tongue were gouged out. This murder took place while the youth was under Demosthenes' tutelage.[[[109]]] Another misdeed of Demosthenes, the one allegedly disqualifying him from calling himself an erastes, is his pillaging of Aristarchus' estate. He is alleged to have pretended being in love with the youth so as to get his hands on the boy's inheritance, which he is said to have squandered and from which he is said to have taken three talents upon Aristarchus' fleeing into exile so as to avoid a trial.[[[110]]]
  • Demosthenes and Aristion
    • Again, according to Aeschines, Demosthenes had the handsome youth in his house, engaged in unspeakable behavior: There is a certain Aristion, a Plataean..., who as a youth was outstandingly good-looking and lived for a long time in Demosthenes' house. Allegations about the part he was playing ('undergoing or doing what') there vary, and it would be most unseemly for me to talk about it.[[[111]]]
  • Xenocrates and Polemon
    • The two were the first in a series of lovers and beloveds to head Plato's Academy. It is recounted that Polemon, drunk and on a dare, burst in on a lecture by Xenocrates, who was not fazed and merely continued with his presentation. Polemon was fascinated, and became first the pupil and later the eromenos of Xenocrates.[[[112]]][[[113]]]
  • Hipparinus and Achaeus
    • Hipparinus, tyrant of Syracuse is mortally wounded in 351 BCE by his boyfriend, in the course of a drunken revel. The youth, who reciprocated Hipparinus' love, kills the tyrant by mistake, and does so with a sword given to him as a love gift by his lover. Hipparinus lives on for three more days, and absolves the boy of guilt before he dies.[[[115]]]
  • Philip II of Macedon and Pausanias of Orestis
    • Originally an eromenos of the king, Pausanias was eventually cast aside in favor of another beloved, by the same name, a close friend of Attalus. Pausanias of Orestis, out of resentment, accused the second Pausanias of being sexually available to anyone. To clear himself of the insult to his manhood, the second Pausanias, in an ensuing battle, rushed into danger to protect the king, at the cost of his own life. To avenge the death of his friend, Attalus invited Pausanias of Orestis to drink, and served him till the latter passed out, at which time he handed the unconscious man over to his muleteers to enjoy sexually at will. Pausanias of Orestes reported the abuse to the king, who attempted to placate him by raising him to the post of personal bodyguard (somatophylax) but never punished Attalus, probably for political reasons. Having failed to gain the satisfaction he craved, Pausanias of Orestis avenged himself on the king himself, assassinating him several years later, in 336 BCE.[[[116]]]
  • Philip II of Macedon and Pausanias
    • The affair with this youth led to the eventual death of the king, at the hands of the previous, jilted beloved.[[[117]]] (See entry above)
  • Dimnus and Nicomachus of Macedon
    • One of Alexander the Great's Hetairoi (or Companion Cavalry), Dimnus enlisted his eromenos in a plot to kill Alexander, revealing to him the names of the conspirators. The boy told his brother, who denounced them, leading to the trial and execution of the plotters, in 330.[[[120]]]
  • Aristotle and Aeschrion of Mitylene
    • The boy was both student and eromenos of the philosopher, and is known for becoming an epic poet and forjoining the expedition of Alexander the Great.[[[123]]][[[124]]]
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Polemon

  • Polemon and Crates of Athens
    • Crates was the disciple of Polemon, whom he loved greatly, and whom he followed at the head of the school. Hesychius says of them that, "Crates and Polemon loved each other so well that they not only were occupied in life with the same work, but they almost drew breath simultaneously; and in death they shared the same grave. On account of which, Archesilaus, who visited them in company with Theophrastus, spoke of them as gods, or survivors from the Golden Age."[[[125]]] They not only shared their studies and molded each upon the other, but came to share a single tomb. The epitaph upon it, composed by Antagoras, read:
     Say, stranger, as you pass by, that in this tomb are concealed

the divine Crates and Polemon, Men of mighty mind for their union in sentiment, from whose divine mouths came holy discourses, And a pure life of wisdom gave an additional charm to their godlike age, Through its following their tenets not to be turned aside.[[[126]]]

  • Evius and Python
    • Cassander was said to have incurred the anger of Alexander for kissing Python against the will of his erastes.[[[127]]]
  • Medius of Larissa and Iollas
    • The Macedonian youth was the youngest son of Antipater and a page (pais basilikos) and wineboy of Alexander the Great during the later stages of his Asian campaign. The last house Alexander visited before taking to bed with his final illness was that of his friend Medius, and Iolaus is rumored to have been the one to administer the poisoned cup which, according to some, killed Alexander in 323. Queen Olympias was among those who was of the opinion that he was one of the murderers of her son, and had his grave overturned shortly after his death in 317.[[[128]]]

Hellenistic Greece

  • Theophrastus and Nicomachus
    • Theophrastus was the successor of Aristotle and erastes to his son.[[[129]]] It was said of him that "He is said also to have been very much attached to Aristotle's son, Nicomachus, although he was his master."[[[130]]]
  • Demetrius Phalereus and Diognis
    • Between 317 BCE and 307 BCE, when he was despot of Athens, he had a boyfriend by the name of Diognis, of whom all the Athenian boys were jealous.[[[131]]]
  • Agathocles and Maenon of Segesta
    • Upon conquering Segesta in 307 Agathocles captured the young man and in time raised him to high office. Nevertheless Maenon is said to have harbored resentment at the destruction of his town, and was induced in 289 to poison the king by offering him a poisoned tooth quill.[[[132]]]
  • Epicurus and Pythocles
    • In a letter to Idomenus, a backer of his young student and favorite, Epicurus wrote, "If you wish to make Pythocles wealthy, don't give him more money; rather, reduce his desires."[[[134]]]
  • Theophrastus and Arcesilaus
    • In his boyhood, Arcesilaus, a very handsome youth, first associated himself with Theophrastus, "a man of gentle and amorous disposition."[[[135]]]
  • Crantor and Arcesilaus
    • "Arcesilaus being beautiful and still in the bloom of youth gained the love of Crantor the Academic, and attached himself to him; and being not without natural ability, he let it run its swift and easy course."[[[136]]] In time, Arcesilaus ascended to the leadership of the Academy. The relationship with Crantor was long-lasting. They lived together and took their meals in common with another pair of co-habiting lovers and philosophers, Polemon and Crates.[[[112]]]
  • Dionysius the Renegade and Panculus
    • Dionysus "wrote a tragedy called Parthenopaeus, and forged the name of Sophocles to it. And Heraclides was so much deceived that he took some passages out of one of his works, and cited them as the words of Sophocles; and Dionysius, when he perceived it, gave him notice of the real truth; and as he would not believe it, and denied it, he sent him word to examine the first letters of the first verses of the book, and they formed the name of Panculus, who was a friend* of Dionysius."[[[137]]]
   * "Eromenos" was the formulation in Diogenes´ original Greek

text, rendered as "friend" by Yonge. (Ed.)

  • Ophellas and Heraclides
    • During his African expedition in 308, needing a subterfuge to distract Ophellas in order to mount a surprise attack, Agathocles sent his son, Heracleides as hostage to the king who was a well known lover of boys. Heraclides was under instructions to seduce Ophellas in order to give his father time to organize an attack. The trick is supposed to have worked, Ophellas lost his life in the ensuing fray and Heraclides was rescued before he could be dishonored.[[[138]]] The boy only had one more year to live, as he was killed by his father's own troops when these were deserted by Agathocles in 307.[[[139]]]
  • Demetrius I of Macedon and Damocles the Handsome
    • After his return to Athens in 305 the king fell to pursuing the youth, who always succeeded in avoiding him. Finally cornered alone in a public bath, the boy, finding no other means of escape, took the lid of a boiling cauldron and chose death over dishonor.[[[140]]]
  • Demetrius I of Macedon and Cleaenetus
    • Known for his requent debauches, the Macedonian king waived a fine of 50 talents imposed on a citizen in exchange for the favors of Cleaenetus, that man's son.[[[141]]]
  • Antigonus II Gonatas and Aristocles
    • "Aristocles the harp-singer was the beloved of King Antigonus, concerning whom Antigonus of Carystus, in his Life of Zeno, writes as follows: 'King Antigonus used to have revels at the house of Zeno. On one occasion, coming away from a drinking-party at daybreak, he rushed to the house of Aristocles the harp-singer, whom the king loved greatly.'"[[[142]]]
  • Archeboulus the Theran and Euphorion of Chalcis
    • Euphorion, after studying philosophy with Lakydes and Prytanis, became the student and beloved of the poet Archeboulus.[[[143]]]
  • Xenares and Cleomenes III
    • Xenares inspired the future king before 235 BCE.[[[144]]]
  • Cleomenes III and Panteus
    • According to Plutarch, Panteus was "the most beautiful and valorous youth of Sparta." Later he joined his inspirer in death - when Cleomenes took his own life upon being exiled to Egypt, Panteus, seeing that he could still knit his brows, "...kissed him and raised him. Holding the body next to him, he plunged his sword into his own breast." [[[145]]]
  • Ptolemy VI Philometor and Galestes
    • The king loved the boy not only for his good looks but also for his wisdom. Ca. 170-140 BCE [[[146]]]

Ancient Rome

Roman Republic

  • Lucius Papirius and Caius Publilius
    • The youth, having inherited from his father a debt to Papirius, gave himself in bondage to the latter by way of payment. Papirius was taken with his youthful beauty and tried time and again to seduce the boy, who did not give in. When seduction failed he resorted to threats, and finally to having the boy stripped and whipped. Publilius fled, bleeding into the street and revealed the abuse to all. The people, outraged, prevailed upon the senators to decree that henceforth only material goods, not one's person, could be seized in payment. The story, from Livy and dated 326 BCE, is thought to be patterned on that of Harmodius and Aristogeiton.[[[147]]]
  • Hamilcar Barca and Hasdrubal the Fair
    • The Carthaginian Hasdrubal was noted for his beauty. Rumoured to be the beloved of Hamilcar (240?), who was alleged to have given his daughter in marriage to the youth in order to have free access to Hasdrubal; both Cornelius Nepos and Livy report the rumors without passing judgment on their accuracy.[[[148]]][[[149]]]
  • Lucius Quinctius Flaminius and Philippus
    • During his consulship in 192 BCE, Flaminius, brother of Titus Quinctius Flamininus took the Carthaginian boy, a catamite of long standing, on his travels away from Rome, only to be berated by the youth for making him miss the gladiator games. At dinner one day, a Gaul presented himself to ask for safety. The consul asked the boy if he wanted to see a man killed, and ran the Gaul through with his sword. Cato demoted Flaminius from the senate for the abuse of power, a behavior notable to Romans and Greeks alike for its cruelty and frivolity.[[[150]]][[[151]]][[[152]]]
  • Gaius Lucilius and Gentius (and Macedo)
    • In his poetry, Lucilius blames a praetor for having stolen Gentius from him, and predicts the boy will return. The satirist was blamed in later antiquity for having "prostituted" his lovers by using their actual names in his poem, instead of veiling them, as other authors were wont to do, by the use of pseudonyms.[[[153]]][[[154]]][[[155]]]
  • Antiochus XI Epiphanes and Themison the Cypriote
    • "And Themison the Cyprian, the friend of Antiochus the king not only used to have his name proclaimed in the public assemblies, 'Themison, the Macedonian, the Heracles of Antiochus the king;' but all the people of that country used to sacrifice to him, addressing him as Heracles Themison; and he himself would come when any of the nobles celebrated a sacrifice, and would sit down, having a couch to himself, and being clad in a lion's skin, and he used also to bear a Scythian bow, and in his hand, he carried a club."[[[156]]][[[157]]]
  • Antiochus XI Epiphanes and Aristus
    • "And it was very seldom that he transacted the affairs of his kingdom when he was sober, but much more frequently when he was drunk; on which account there were two men about him who managed all the real business of the state as they pleased, namely Aristus and Themison, Cyprians by birth, and brothers; and they were both on terms of the greatest intimacy with Antiochus."[[[157]]][[[158]]]

Lucius Licinius Crassus and Quintus Roscius Gallus


    • The orator was on intimate terms with the young actor around the same time that Catulus was involved with the youth.[[[160]]]
  • Meleager of Gadara and Myiscus
    • In his erotic epigrams, collected in his now lost Garland but of which many survive in the Greek Anthology, Meleager, presumed to have flourished around 95 BCE, celebrates his love for two hetairae and for his eromenos, Myiscus.[[[161]]]
  • Piso and Cicero
    • According to an accusation by Sallust, the youthful Cicero was taught rhetoric by Piso, at the cost of his sexual integrity (pudicitia).[[[162]]]
  • Gaius Scribonius Curio (the younger) and Marc Antony
    • Cicero accuses Marc Antony of having surrendered his pudicitia (sexual integrity) to Gaius as soon as he had donned his adult toga (customary at the age of fourteen in Roman times).[[[163 ]]]
  • Marc Antony and Dellius
    • Dellius was the paidika of Antony and later attempted to procure for him the services of Aristobulus, the sixteen year old brother in law of Herod, brother of his wife Mariamne, which Herod refused, as he knew what purpose the boy would be put to.[[[164]]]
  • Cicero and Marcus Tullius Tiro
    • Though his beloved was a slave (to whom the master wrote an amatory epigram bemoaning Tiro's refusal to let himself be kissed) he is nonetheless seen as having benefited from his connection with his master, as he went on to have a distinguished literary career of his own - as well as being Cicero's literary executor. Thus the couple is seen as a Roman example of the erastes/eromenos pair.[[[165]]][[[166]]][[[167]]]
  • Catiline and Tongilius
    • Cicero, in a snide aside, said of Catiline that he had begun to be attached to his beloved while he was still in early youth and wore the toga praetexta: "Quem amare in praetexta coeperat."[[[168]]]
  • Catullus and Juventius
    • The poet wrote a number of love poems to his beloved boy, breaking two taboos, one against naming one's beloved and the other against pursuing free boys (he addressed the youth as "flower of the Juventii," thus identifying him as a scion of a well known Roman gens).[[[169]]][[[170]]] While some have argued that Juventius was a literary fiction, others hold he was a real person.[[[171]]]
  • Julius Caesar and Rufio
    • Caesar was blamed for putting personal relations in important positions. Among these was Rufio, the son of one of his freedmen and an old catamite of his, whom he placed at the head of the three legions he left behind in Alexandria.[[[172]]]

Roman Empire

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Antinous

  • Tibullus and Marathus
    • The subject of three of the poet's elegies, 1.4, 1.8 and 1.9, Marathus is seen as a quasi-fictional personage. Whether his affair with Marathus was genuine or not, in these poems Tibullus displays an intimate familiarity with the love of boys.[[[174]]]
  • Valgius Rufus and Mystes
    • Thirteen years before Valgius attained the position of consul in 12 BCE, his friend Horace was admonishing him in an ode (II.9) to cease bemoaning the loss of his beloved slave boy Mystes, and to put his talents to good use praising the exploits of Cesar Augustus.[[[175]]]
   You still with tearful tones pursue Your lost, lost Mystes;[...] At length have done With these soft sorrows; rather tell Of Caesar's trophies newly won ...[[[176]]]
  • Horace and Ligurinus
    • In his fourth book of odes, published in 13 BCE, the poet addresses two poems to his boyfriend Ligurinus, in one chastising him for being hard and unfeeling, an another for his evanescent beauty. Some regard the personage as representing a youth for whom the poet professes passion,[[[177]]] others as a stand-in for the poet's vanishing youth.[[[178]]] Together with Virgil's verses about Alexis and Corydon, Horace's odes to Ligurinus are seen as employing themes common in pederastic literature, such as the fading beauty of the adolescent, or imprecations that he not flee.[[[179]]]
  • Octavian and Sarmentus
    • One of the favorites (or, "delicia") of the emperor, Sarmentus – a former slave belonging to Marcus Favonius – was held up as an example of rank favoritism by the historian Quintus Dellius. Dellius incurred Cleopatra's wrath by complaining that while he and others dignitaries were served sour wine by Marc Antony in Greece, Octavian's catamite was drinking Falernian in Rome.[[[180]]]
  • Virgil and Alexander
    • According to an account by Suetonius preserved in the writings of Aelius Donatus, itself incorporated in a critical account by Servius, the Alexis of the Bucolics was based on a real-life beloved of Virgil. Allegedly, Virgil was fond of boys, with later commentary specifying that his love was patterned along the lines of chaste pederasty. The boy, a slave, was alleged to be a gift from one of his patrons, Asinius Pollio.[[[181]]] In Martial, however, the gift is alleged to have come from Gaius Maecenas.[[[182]]] While some modern historians accept the story as credible, an opposing school of thought deems it a fabrication.[[[183]]]
  • Herod the Great and Carus
    • Egged on by his sister Salome's machinations, the paranoid king executed his paidika in 7/6 BCE together with others at the court who had come under the influence of a Pharisee prophecy threating his rule.[[[184]]] Of Carus (Karos) it was said that he was "outstanding among his contemporaries for his surpassing beauty, and was loved by the king."[[[185]]]
  • The "Capernaum centurion" and the "Beloved pais"
    • The couple entered history as a result of the Centurion's request, around 27 CE, to Jesus to heal his beloved, who was close to death. As the story goes, Jesus complied and the boy was healed. Loving relationships between Roman soldiers and their camp boys were common.[[[186]]][[[187]]]
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Marcus Aurelius

  • Nero and Sporus
    • According to Suetonius, "He castrated the boy Sporus and actually tried to make a woman of him; and he married him with all the usual ceremonies, including a dowry and a bridal veil, took him to his home attended by a great throng, and treated him as his wife. [...] This Sporus, decked out with the finery of the empresses and riding in a litter, he took with him to the courts and marts of Greece, and later at Rome through the Street of the Images, fondly kissing him from time to time."[[[188]]]
  • Otho and Sporus
    • Otho, who briefly succeeded Nero as emperor after Galba, likewise took Sporus for a lover.[[[189]]] Both Nero and Otho had been married to Poppaea Sabina, to whom Sporus was said to bear a striking resemblance.[[[190]]]
  • Vitellius and Asiaticus
    • First slave and catamite of Vitellus, the boy ran away, was found, imprisoned, reinstated in his former position, sold as gladiator, recovered again, freed and finally knighted by his lover on his first day as emperor in 69 CE, to whom he became a trusted adviser for the short duration of his reign.[[[191]]]
  • Gaius Scribonius Curio (the younger) and Marc Antony
    • Cicero accuses Marc Antony of having surrendered his pudicitia (sexual integrity) to Gaius as soon as he had donned his adult toga (customary at the age of fourteen in Roman times).[[[163 ]]]
  • Marc Antony and Dellius
    • Dellius was the paidika of Antony and later attempted to procure for him the services of Aristobulus, the sixteen year old brother in law of Herod, brother of his wife Mariamne, which Herod refused, as he knew what purpose the boy would be put to.[[[192]]]
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Elagabalus

  • Martial and Diadoumenos
    • The poet immortalized his slave catamite, playing on the topoi of sweet kisses and cruel boys.[[[193]]][[[194]]]
  • Aulus Pudens and Encolpus
    • The poet Martial (around 90 CE) celebrated the love of his centurion friend for his young slave, in several epigrams describing their mutual love and the cruelty of the boy who decides to cut his hair to the consternation of his master.[[[193]]][[[195]]]
  • Atedius Melior and Glaucias
    • The lover, an Epicurean bon-vivant, is consoled in Statius' Silvae (published some time after January of 93 CE)[[[196]]] for the loss of his beloved, who was in his thirteenth year. The poet goes on to assure Melior that his beloved is not lonely, having taken up in the Elysian Fields with another former beloved of Melior's, Blaessus.[[[197]]][[[198]]]
  • Flavius Ursus and Philetas
    • The patron, wealthy, urbane and well-spoken, is consoled by Statius upon the death of his puer delicatus. The love and grief he feels for his boy are validated by the poem.[[[199]]]
  • Titus and Melancomas
    • Dio Chrysostom wrote that the Greek boxer Melancomas “was more courageous and bigger than any other man in the world...and furthermore, he was the most beautiful. And if he had remained an amateur and had not gone in for boxing at all, I believe that he would have become widely known simply on account of his beauty; for even as it was, he attracted everybody's attention whenever he went anywhere.” [[[200]]] Themistius says that the emperor Titus was Melancomas’s lover.[[[201]]] The two may have met at the Ludi Augustales held at Naples in 74 CE, when the 33-year-old Titus, soon to be emperor, was Exhibitor of Games.
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Polydeukion

  • Domitian and Flavius Earinus
    • When Earinus, a slave eunuch who was compared to Ganymede, dispatched his shorn hair to the shrine of Asclepius in Pergamum, his home town, Domitian commanded Statius to mark the occasion with a poem. He also decreed that thenceforth castration would be forbidden.[[[193]]][[[202]]][[[203]]][[[204]]][[[205]]]
  • Trajan and Arbandes
    • Trajan's love of youths influenced even his governing, leading him, around 115 CE, to favour the king of Edessa in Mesopotamia out of appreciation for his handsome son: "On this occasion, however, Abgarus, induced partly by the persuasions of his son Arbandes, who was handsome and in the pride of youth and therefore in favor with Trajan, and partly by his fear of the latter's presence, he met him on the road, made his apologies and obtained pardon, for he had a powerful intercessor in the boy."[[[206]]]
  • Emperor Hadrian and Antinous
    • The Roman emperor met this 13 or 14 years old boy from Bithynia in 124 CE. Antinous was deified by Hadrian, when he died six years later. Many statues, busts, coins and reliefs display Hadrian's deep affections for him: [[1]]
  • Marcus Cornelius Fronto and Marcus Aurelius
    • The relationship between the teenage future emperor and his tutor, has been seen by some as a love relationship, and their letters as a pederastic correspondence that affords moderns a view into the mindset of the beloved.[[[207]]][[[208]]]
  • Septimius Severus and Gaius Fulvius Plautianus
    • The sway that Plautianus held in the government of Severus was attributed by Herodian to his having been the boy lover of the emperor in his youth. The emperor was reported to have written about Plautianus that "I love the man so much that I pray I die before he does." In the end, Plautianus fell pray to the intrigues of others at the court. Accused of plotting to kill the emperor, he was summarily executed before the eyes of Severus.[[[209]]]
  • Herodes Atticus and Polydeukion (Polydeukes)
    • Herodes emulated Hadrian in establishing a heroic cult for the boy upon his early death ca. 174 CE.[[[210]]][[[211]]]
  • Commodus and Philocommodus
    • Loved equally by the emperor and his concubine, Marcia, the youth, a favorite adorned with rich jewels and minimal clothing, discovered a tablet upon which were written the names of a number of individuals to be executed. The tablet ended up in the hands of Marcia who, finding her name at the top of the list, organized the assassination of Commodus that same day, December 31, 192.[[[212]]]
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St. Sebastian

  • Gordian and Hierocles
    • A Carian slave, Hierocles was the beloved of Gordian, a man from an old aristocratic family who had married the grandniece of Antoninus Pius. Gordian taught the youth to drive a chariot, a skill which later brought him to the attention of Elagabalus, whose "husband" he would eventually become.[[[213]]] See following entry
  • Hierocles and Elagabalus
    • The teenaged emperor called the charioteer Hierocles his "husband" and wanted to appoint the blond charioteer from Caria as his successor. [[[214]]] That was one of the reasons why the young monarch was later killed at he age of eighteen in March of 222, as his grandmother Julia Maesa started to favour her other grandson Alexander Severus.
  • Diocletian and St. Sebastian
    • Sebastian, a youth in the emperor's service and his favorite,[[[215]]] who was appointed as officer of the Praetorian guard hid his Christian faith from the emperor. Upon discovering his faith, in 286, Diocletian bid him renounce it and had him shot by his archers when Sebastian refused.
  • Ptolemy and Eutropius
    • Eutropius, an Armenian or Assyrian slave castrated at birth, was derided for having had many masters, beginning with Ptolemy, a groom or soldier in the imperial stables of Byzantium. Promised his freedom by his master, he was instead given as a gift (being still too young to be bought) to the general Arintheus, whom he served as pander.[[[216]]][[[217]]]

See also

Sources

 General
  • Louis Crompton. Homosexuality and Civilization, Cambridge, Mass. and London, 2003. ISBN 0-674-01197-X
  • Michel Larivière. Homosexuels et bisexuels célèbres, Delétraz Editions, 1997. ISBN 2-911110-19-6
 Ancient Greece
  • Kenneth J. Dover. Greek Homosexuality, New York; Vintage Books, 1978. ISBN 0-394-74224-9
  • Thomas K. Hubbard. Homosexuality in Greece and Rome, U. of California Press, 2003. [[[8]]] ISBN 0-520-23430-8
  • Harald Patzer. Die Griechische Knabenliebe [Greek Pederasty], Wiesbaden: Franz Steiner Verlag, 1982. In: Sitzungsberichte der Wissenschaftlichen Gesellschaft an der Johann Wolfgang Goethe-Universität Frankfurt am Main, Vol. 19 No. 1.
  • Carola Reinsberg. Ehe, Hetärentum und Knabenliebe im antiken Griechenland, C.H.Beck Verlag, München 1993. ISBN 3-406-37374-7
  • Eva Cantarella, Cormac O Cuilleanain. Bisexuality in the Ancient World , Yale University Press, 1992. ISBN 0-300-04844-0
  • W. A. Percy III. Pederasty and Pedagogy in Archaic Greece, University of Illinois Press, 1996. ISBN 0-252-02209-2

References

  1. ^ Homoeroticism in the Biblical World By Martti Nissinen, Kirsi Stjerna; p67
  2. ^ Hubbard, Thomas K. "Introduction" to Homosexuality in Greece and Rome: A Sourcebook of Basic Documents. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2003. pg. 9.
  3. ^ Plutarch,Amatorius 2
  4. ^ Diodorus Siculus,Excerpt de virtut. 8.8
  5. ^ The Sicilian colony dates By Molly Miller; p213
  6. ^ Commentary on Aristotle's Politics By Saint Thomas (Aquinas), Richard J. Regan; p177
  7. ^ Initiation in ancient Greek rituals and narratives By David Brooks Dodd, Christopher A. Faraone, p.121
  8. ^ Plutarch, Amatorius 17 (Moralia 760e–761b).
  9. ^ Atheneaus, XIII.602d
  10. ^ M.-H.-E. Meier, Histoire de l'Amour Grec dans l'Antiquité p.26
  11. ^ Plutarch, The Lives, "Solon"
  12. ^ "It is evident from this that the story is mere gossip which states that Pisistratus was the youthful favourite of Solon" Aristotle, The Athenian Constitution Tr. Sir Frederic G. Kenyon
  13. ^ Plutarch, The Lives, "Solon"
  14. ^ Suda a2634
  15. ^ Athenaeus, Deipnosophistai, 13.602
  16. ^ Plutarch,Solon 1.7; Pausanias, 1.30.1; Athen., xiii. 609D
  17. ^ Rommel Mendès-Leite et al. Gay Studies from the French Cultures p.157
  18. ^ Ed. Thomas K. Hubbard, Homosexuality in Greece and Rome
  19. ^ Aelian, Varia Historia, 9.4
  20. ^ Athenæus (bk. xiii.17
  21. ^ Edward Carpenter, Ioläus:An Anthology of Friendship[1917] p.72 [[[1]]]
  22. ^ Louis Crompton, Homosexuality and Civilization; p.22
  23. ^ Debra NailsThe People of Plato: A Prosopography of Plato and Other Socratics p.107
  24. ^ Richard Hunter, Ed. Plato's Symposium (Oxford Approaches to Classical Literature) p.52
  25. ^ Thomas K. Hubbard, Homosexuality in Greece and Rome: a sourcebook of basic documents in translation Ch.1; p.85
  26. ^ Pindar, 10th Olympian Ode
  27. ^ Thomas K. Hubbard, "Sex in the gym: athletic trainers and pedagogical pederasty" in Intertexts 22-MAR-03 " [[[2]]]
  28. ^ Plato, Parmenides, 127
  29. ^ Suda, epsilon.1002
  30. ^ Xenophon, Hiero, I.31-38
  31. ^ Phanias of Eresus, Fr. 16 FHG
  32. ^ Ed. Thomas K. Hubbard, Homosexuality in Greece and Rome: A Sourcebook of Basic Documents, p. 62 [[[3]]]
  33. ^ Thucydides, I, 132, 1-5
  34. ^ A Christian's guide to Greek culture By Gregory of Nazianus, Gregory, Pseudo-Nonnos, Jennifer Nimmo Smith; p.100
  35. ^ Hans Licht, Sexual life in ancient Greece Panther History; p.400;
  36. ^ Diogenes Laërtius, ii.
  37. ^ Porphyrius
  38. ^ Aristoxenus of Tarentum
  39. ^ Friederich Karl Forberg, Manual of Classical Erotology (De Figuris Veneris); p.74 N26
  40. ^ Lee Alexander Stone, The Power of a Symbol, p.229
  41. ^ Pausanias, IX.34.1 "In the temple are bronze images of Itonian Athena and Zeus; the artist was Agoracritus, pupil and loved one of Pheidias." (...technê de Agorakritou, mathêtou te kai erômenou Pheidiou.)
  42. ^ Louis Crompton, Homosexuality and Civilization p.50
  43. ^ Plutarch, Erotikos;
  44. ^ Pausanias, V.11.3. "The figure of one binding his own head with a ribbon is said to resemble in appearance Pantarces, a stripling of Elis said to have been the love of Pheidias. Pantarces too won the wrestling-bout for boys at the eighty-sixth Festival." (ton de hauton tainiai tên kephalên anadoumenon eoikenai to eidos Pantarkei legousi, meirakion de Êleion ton Pantarkê paidika einai tou Pheidiou: aneileto de kai en paisin ho Pantarkês palês nikên Olumpiadi hektêi pros tais ogdoêkonta.)
  45. ^ Clement of Alexandria, Protrepticus, 53, 4; "The Athenian Phidias inscribed on the finger of the Olympian Jove, Pantarkes is beautiful. It was not Zeus that was beautiful in his eyes, but the man he loved."
  46. ^ "After Iccus stands Pantarces the Elean, beloved of Pheidias, who beat the boys at wrestling." Pausanias, 6.10.6
  47. ^ Diogenes Laertius, Lives of the Philosophers "Life of Empedocles"
  48. ^ Jonathan Barne, Early Greek Philosophy p.113
  49. ^ Household interests By Cheryl Anne Cox; p.145
  50. ^ Plutarch, Amatorius 17 (Moralia).
  51. ^ Alcibiades and Athens By David Gribble, p.75
  52. ^ Robert J. Littman, "The Loves of Alcibiades" in Transactions and Proceedings of the American Philological Association, Vol. 101, 1970 (1970), pp. 263-276 "Socrates' and Alcibiades' relationship is very much connected to the role of pederasty in education in classical Greece..."
  53. ^ "Καὶ ὡς Πλησίρροος ὁ Θεσσαλὸς ὁ ὑμνογράφος, ἐρώμενος γεγονὼς Ἡροδότου καὶ κληρονόμος τῶν αὐτοῦ" Photius, Library; "Ptolemy Chennus, New History" 190
  54. ^ A Life of Aristotle, Including a Critical Discussion of Some Questions of ... By Joseph Williams Blakesley, p.26
  55. ^ A commentary on Herodotus books I-IV By David Asheri, Alan Lloyd, Aldo Corcella, Oswyn Murray, Alfonso Moreno, Barbara Graziosi, p.1
  56. ^ Aristophanes, Wasps, 95-100
  57. ^ Plato, Gorgias (483b - 484c)
  58. ^ Sophists, Socratics, and Cynics By H. D. Rankin, p.71; Barnes and Noble, Totowa, 1983
  59. ^ C. Hindley, "Sophron Eros: Xenophon´s Ethical Erotics" in Xenophon and His World By Christopher Tuplin, Vincent Azoulay, pp125-126; Published by Franz Steiner Verlag, 2004
  60. ^ Republic 474d-e
  61. ^ The people of Plato: a prosopography of Plato and other Socratics By Debra Nails; pp 108, 155
  62. ^ Naked Truths By Ann Olga Koloski-Ostrow, Claire L. Lyons, N51; p.147
  63. ^ Plato, Protagoras 315e
  64. ^ Edward Carpenter, Iolaus, p.78; Cosimo, New York. 2005
  65. ^ Homosexuality & Civilization by Louis Crompton p.55
  66. ^ "There seems to be no serious objection to the view that in his youth Plato wrote the two epigrams on Aster." Plato's Epigram on Dion's Death, C. M. Bowra, The American Journal of Philology, Vol. 59, No. 4 (1938), pp. 394-404
  67. ^ Diogenes Laertius, THE LIVES AND OPINIONS OF EMINENT PHILOSOPHERS Plato, XXIII
  68. ^ John Lauritsen, "Hellenism and Homoeroticism in Shelley and his Circle" in Same-sex desire and love in Greco-Roman antiquity, Ed. Beert C. Verstraete, Vernon Provencal, p.364
  69. ^ Diogenes Laertius, LIFE OF XENOPHON
  70. ^ The Pursuit of sodomy By Kent Gerard, Gert Hekma; p44
  71. ^ Though in the SYmposium, Xenophon makes out Critobolous to be the lover of Cleinias, Diogenes Laertius, quoting Aristippus, claims that it was Xenophon himself who was in love with Cleinias. The Socratic movement By Paul A. Vander Waerdt: p221N8
  72. ^ Paul Cartledge, Spartan Reflections, p.104
  73. ^ Xenophon, Symposium
  74. ^ The Shorter Socratic Writings By Xenophon, Robert C. Bartlett; p.180
  75. ^ Plutarch, The Lives, "Themistocles"
  76. ^ Lysias, Against Teisis, Fr.17.2.1-2, in Hubbard, 2003, p.122
  77. ^ a b Lysias, Against Alcibiades, I 25-27 in Hubbard, 2003, pp.122-23
  78. ^ Xenophon, Hellenica 5.4
  79. ^ The Greek Wars: The Failure of Persia By George Cawkwell; p160
  80. ^ Greek homosexuality By Kenneth James Dover, p.154
  81. ^ Anabasis By Xenophon, p.13 N3; Tr. H. G. Dakyns; BiblioBazaar, LLC, 2008
  82. ^ a b Xenophon, Anabasis; 2.6.29
  83. ^ a b Robin Lane Fox, The Long March: Xenophon and the Ten Thousand p.198
  84. ^ Figures of speech By Gloria Ferrari; p.140
  85. ^ Aelian, Var. Hist. 12.1
  86. ^ Aelian, Varia Historia, 8.9
  87. ^ Aristotle, The Politics" V.x
  88. ^ M. B. HatzopoulosCultes et rites de passage en Macedoine
  89. ^ Lysias, Against Simon, 1-26,44, 47-48
  90. ^ John Addington Symonds, A problem in Greek Ethics, XII, p.64
  91. ^ Plutarch, Amores; XXIII
  92. ^ Xenophon, Hellenics VI.4
  93. ^ Diodorus Siculus XVI.14
  94. ^ Diogenes Laertius; VIII.87
  95. ^ Diogenes Laërtius, ii.74
  96. ^ Plutarch, Lives "Agesilaus"
  97. ^ Aeschines, Against Timarchos40-79
  98. ^ Cornelius Nepos, Lives of Eminent Commanders, XV "Epaminondas" 4
  99. ^ Atheneus, Deipnosophists, 605–606
  100. ^ Dio Chrysostom, 49.5
  101. ^ Stephen O. Murray, Homosexualities p.42
  102. ^ Alexander the Great By Alice Heckel, Waldemar Heckel, Lawrence A. Tritle, N62, p.212
  103. ^ Diogenes Laertius, Tr. C.D. Yonge, Life of Aristotle VII; also: "he attached himself to Plato, and remained with him for twenty years, having been seventeen years of age when he originally joined him. And he went to Mitylene in the archonship of Eubulus, in the fourth year of the hundred and eighth Olympiad. But as Plato had died in the first year of this same Olympiad, in the archonship of Theophilus, he departed for the court of Hermias and remained there three years."
  104. ^ Leonardo Bruni and Gary Ianziti "Biography: The 'Vita Aristotelis'" in Renaissance Quarterly, Vol. 55, No. 3 (Autumn, 2002) "The original Greek, however, leaves no room for doubt: Aristotle is branded as the tyrant's paidika. See the Gigante translation, in Laerzio, 164: "Alcuni dicono che Aristotele fu il suo amasio." Traversari's rendering, Laertius, 1490, fol. fv, sinks in the knife: "Deinde ad Hermiam eunuchum profectus est, Atarnensium tyrannum, quem alii quidem..."
  105. ^ Plutarch, Dialogue on Love (Moralia 761)
  106. ^ William Smith, Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology p.1035
  107. ^ Athenaeus of Naucratis, The Deipnosophists Book XIII "Concerning Women"(Page III)
  108. ^ Aeschines, On the Embassy, 2.149
  109. ^ Aeschines, On the Embassy, 148-150
  110. ^ Dover, J.K., op.cit. pp.46-47
  111. ^ Aeschines, Against the Crown, iii 162
  112. ^ a b Louis Crompton, Homosexuality & Civilization p.59
  113. ^ Diogenes Laertius, 4.21; 1.399
  114. ^ Alexander the Great By Alice Heckel, Waldemar Heckel, Lawrence A. Tritle; N62, p.212
  115. ^ Parthenius of Nicaea: The Poetical Fragments and the Erōtika Pathēmata by Parthenius, J. L. Lightfoot, p.511. Oxford University Press, 1999
  116. ^ Alexander the Great By John Maxwell O'Brien, pp36-37; Routledge, New York, 2001
  117. ^ Diodorus Siculus, Library 16.93 & 94
  118. ^ Curtius, Historiae Alexandri Magni, vi. 5; x. 1
  119. ^ Homosexuality & Civilization By Louis Crompton, p76; Harvard University Press, 2006
  120. ^ Waldemar Heckel, Who's Who in the Age of Alexander the Great: Prosopography of Alexander's Empire p.112; Blackwell Publishing, 2006
  121. ^ William George Smith,Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology p.308
  122. ^ Suda, Adler number: pi,71; Translation: Palaephatus of Abydos,[1] an historian. [He wrote] Cypriot History, Attic History, Delian History, Arabian History. He lived under Alexander the Macedonian;[2] and he was a boyfriend of Aristotle the philosopher,[3] according to Philon under the letter E in his book about surprise in history, volume 1, and Theodoros of Ilion in the second [volume] of Trojan History. Greek Original: Παλαίφατος, Ἀβυδηνός, ἱστορικός. Κυπριακά, Ἀττικά, Δηλιακά, Ἀραβικά. γέγονε δὲ ἐπὶ Ἀλεξάνδρου τοῦ Μακεδόνος: παιδικὰ δὲ Ἀριστοτέλους τοῦ φιλοσόφου, ὡς Φίλων ἐν τῷ ε στοιχείῳ τοῦ περὶ παραδόξου ἱστορίας βιβλίον α# καὶ Θεόδωρος ὁ Ἰλιεὺς ἐν δευτέρῳ Τρωϊκῶν.
  123. ^ Suda ai354
  124. ^ Translation: Aeschrion of Mitylene, an epic poet, who joined in the expedition of Alexander the son of Philip.[1] He was an intimate of Aristotle and beloved by him, as Nikandros of Alexandria [says] in On the Students of Aristotle.[2] Greek Original: Αἰσχρίων, Μιτυληναῖος, ἐποποιός, ὃς συνεξεδήμει Ἀλεξάνδρῳ τῷ Φιλίππου. ἦν δὲ Ἀριστοτέλους γνώριμος καὶ ἐρώμενος, ὡς Νίκανδρος ὁ Ἀλεξανδρεὺς ἐν τῷ περὶ τῶν Ἀριστοτέλους μαθητῶν. Suda ai354
  125. ^ Iolaus, An Anthology: II. The Place of Friendship in Greek Life and Thought
  126. ^ The Greek anthology By George Burges p.466
  127. ^ Who's who in the age of Alexander the Great By Waldemar Heckel; p.240
  128. ^ Waldemar Heckel (Ed.) Who's who in the Age of Alexander the Great: Prosopography of Alexander's Empire p.143
  129. ^ Giovanni dall'Orto in Kent Gerard, Gert Hekma, Eds. The Pursuit of Sodomy: Male Homosexuality in Renaissance and Enlightenment Europe, p.44
  130. ^ Diogenes Laertius, Tr. C.D. Yonge, The Lives and Opinions of Eminent Philosophers "Life of Theophrastus," VII
  131. ^ According to Carystius of Pergamum in F.H.G. Fr. 10, in Hubbard, 2003, p.75
  132. ^ "Maenon, a Sicilian, a native of Segesta, had fallen as a captive, when a youth, into the hands of Agathocles." Smith, Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology > v. 2, page 897[[[4]]]
  133. ^ Diogenes Laërtius, The Lives and Opinions of Eminent Philosophers, vii.8,13
  134. ^ Seneca Epistles 21. 7
  135. ^ Eusebius of Caesarea: Praeparatio Evangelica VI
  136. ^ Eusebius of Caesarea: Praeparatio Evangelica VI
  137. ^ THE LIVES AND OPINIONS OF EMINENT PHILOSOPHERS BY DIOGENES LAERTIUS, TRANSLATED BY C.D. YONGE. "LIFE OF HERACLIDES" VII
  138. ^ Hostages and hostage-taking in the Roman Empire By Joel Allen; p192
  139. ^ A new classical dictionary of Greek and Roman biography, mythology, and ... By Sir William Smith; p354
  140. ^ Plutarch, The Lives, "Demetrius"
  141. ^ Plutarch, Life of Demetrios
  142. ^ Athenaeus of Naucratis, The Deipnosophists, Book XIII Concerning Women (Page III)
  143. ^ Suda, epsilon.3801
  144. ^ John Addington Symonds, A Problem in Greek Ethics, X p.14
  145. ^ John Addington Symonds, op.cit. X p.14
  146. ^ Aelian, Varia Historia, I.30
  147. ^ Greek and Roman slavery By Thomas E. J. Wiedemann; p41
  148. ^ Nepos, Cornelius (circa 380 BC). Excellentium Imperatorum Vitae. XXII.III.. "There also accompanied him a young man named Hasdrubal, a person of high birth and great beauty, who, as some said, was beloved by Hamilcar with less regard to his character than was becoming; for so great a man could not fail to have slanderers. Hence it happened that Hasdrubal was forbidden by the censor of public morals to associate with him; but Hamilcar then gave him his daughter in marriage, because, according to their usages, a son-in-law could not be interdicted the society of his father-in-law."
  149. ^ Livy's History of Rome: Book 21.2
  150. ^ Livy 39.42-43
  151. ^ Plutarch, Life of Cato the Elder 17.2-4
  152. ^ The marriage of Roman soldiers (13 B.C.-A.D. 235) By Sara Elise Phang; p.276
  153. ^ Amy Richlin, The Garden of Priapus: Sexuality and Aggression in Roman Humor p. 165
  154. ^ Lucilius, 273, 274
  155. ^ Apuleius, Defense 10
  156. ^ Athenaeus, Deipnosophistes VII 289-290 (Yonge 35)
  157. ^ a b M.-H.-E. Meier, Histoire de l'Amour Grec dans l'Antiquite p.63
  158. ^ Athenaeus, Deipnosophistes X.438 (Yonge 51)
  159. ^ "Roscius was in his youth the boyfriend of Catullus." (After Cic. Nat. Deor. 1.79 in Performance and identity in the classical world By Anne Duncan; p130N37
  160. ^ Roman theater and society: E. Togo Salmon papers I By William J. Slater; p37
  161. ^ A guide to Hellenistic literature By Kathryn J. Gutzwiller; p116
  162. ^ Craig A. Williams, "Pudicitiaand Pueri: Roman Concepts of Male Sexual Experience" in Queer Representations, Ed. Martin Duberman, p.34N14
  163. ^ a b Craig A. Williams, "Pudicitiaand Pueri: Roman Concepts of Male Sexual Experience" in Queer Representations, Ed. Martin Duberman, p.28
  164. ^ Josephus, Ant. 15:25-30
  165. ^ John Dugan, Making of a New Man: Ciceronian Self-fashioning in the Rhetorical Works p.347
  166. ^ glbtq.com: Roman Literature - Cicero
  167. ^ Marcus Aurelius in love By Marcus Aurelius, Marcus Cornelius Fronto, Amy Richlin; pp12-13
  168. ^ Select orations of Cicero By Marcus Tullius Cicero, Charles Anthon; p.174
  169. ^ glbtq "Roman Literature"
  170. ^ The student's Catullus By Gaius Valerius Catullus, Daniel H. Garrison; p.103
  171. ^ The Roman elegiac poets By Karl Pomeroy Harrington; p112
  172. ^ Ancient Rome By Matthew Dillon, Lynda Garland; p.663
  173. ^ Suetonius, The Deified Augustus 68
  174. ^ Bisexuality in the ancient world By Eva Cantarella, Cormac Ó Cuilleanáin; p.129; Yale, 2002
  175. ^ Horace Odes II By Horace, David Alexander West; p.xvii
  176. ^ Q. Horatius Flaccus, Odes; 2.9(ed. John Conington)
  177. ^ The Cambridge companion to Horace By S. J. Harrison; p34
  178. ^ "Artifices of Eternity By Michael C. J. Putnam; pp45-6
  179. ^ Putnam, 178
  180. ^ Plutarch, Life of Marc Antony; 59
  181. ^ Aelius Donatus, Life of Virgil; tr. David Wilson-Okamura (1996; rev. 2005); 9-11 [[[5]]] "With regard to pleasure, he was partial to boys. <But good men have thought that he loved boys as Socrates loved Alcibiades, and Plato his favorites ( paidiká).> He loved Cebes and Alexander most of all. Alexander was a gift to him from Asinius Pollio; the second poem of his Bucolics refers to him as "Alexis." Nor was the other one unlearned; in fact, Cebes was a poet as well."
  182. ^ Poetry for patrons: literary communication in the age of Domitian By Ruurd R. Nauta; p84
  183. ^ Richard Jenkyns, Virgil's Experience: Nature and History, Times, Names, and Places p.7; Oxford University Press, 1998
  184. ^ King Herod: A Persecuted Persecutor, by Aryeh Kasher; p.361
  185. ^ Prophetic figures in late second temple Jewish Palestine By Rebecca Gray; p.154
  186. ^ The Bible, Matthew 8:5-13 and Luke 7:1-10
  187. ^ Daniel A. Helminiak, Sex and the Sacred: Gay Identity and Spiritual Growth p.191-192
  188. ^ Suetonius, The Lives of Twelve Caesars, Life of Nero 28
  189. ^ Dio Cassius, Epitome of Book LXIV; 8
  190. ^ Dio Cassius, Epitome of Book LXII; 28, 2-3
  191. ^ Suetonius, The Twelve Caesars IX.12
  192. ^ Josephus, Ant. 15:25-30
  193. ^ a b c Craig Williams, Roman Homosexuality: Ideologies of Masculinity in Classical Antiquity, p.33
  194. ^ Martial, Epigrams, III.65; V.46; VI.34
  195. ^ Martial, Epigrams, I.31; V.48
  196. ^ Silvae By Publius Papinius Statius, David Roy Shackleton Bailey; p5
  197. ^ "The rapport between Melior and Glaucias is doubly problematic from the standpoint of contemporary Roman morality, first because it extends from the paternal to the erotic, and second because, as the natural son of two freedmen, Glaucias is technically a freeborn male whether or not Melior adopted him. Initially depicted as a foster father/son relation, this man/boy rapport also encompasses an erotic dimension. To this amorous liaison, Statius alludes by mentioning Heracles and Apollo along with their respective paramours, Hyacinth and Hylas." Paolo Asso Queer Consolation: Melior’s Dead Boy in Statius’ Silvae 2.1 Paper presented at the 2006 APA Annual Meeting [[[6]]]
  198. ^ Statius, Silvae 2.1
  199. ^ Nothing ordinary here By Noelle K. Zeiner; p170
  200. ^ Dio Chrysostom, Discourse 28
  201. ^ Themistius, Oration 9
  202. ^ Statius, Silvae, IV 3. Translation is from Publius Papinius Statius, Silvae IV, edited with an English translation and commentary by K.M. Coleman, New York: Oxford University Press, 1988. Latin: "... fortem vetat interire sexum et censor prohibet mares adultos pulchrae supplicium timere formae."
  203. ^ Dio Cassius, LXVII 2.3.
  204. ^ Martial, Epigrams, IX.16, 17, 36
  205. ^ Latin literature By E. J. Kenney, Wendell Vernon Clausen; p563
  206. ^ Dio Cassius, Epitome of Book LXVIII; 21.2–3
  207. ^ Marcus Aurelius in love By Marcus Aurelius, Marcus Cornelius Fronto, Amy Richlin. Introduction, passim
  208. ^ "Fronto's letters to the young Marcus were intended for the Caesar's eyes only; it is evident from his replies that that is how he wished, or at least was willing, to be addressed by his magister. This goes beyond what one expects of teacher and pupil; if they were not ἐραστής and ἐρώμενος,6 they were playing at so being, which itself would be worth an inquiry." Bryn Mawr Classical Review 2007.04.48; Pascale Fleury, Lectures de Fronton: Un rhéteur latin à l'époque de la Seconde Sophistique. Reviewed by Leofranc Holford-Strevens, Oxford University Press
  209. ^ Septimius Severus: the African emperor By Anthony Richard Birley; p163
  210. ^ Giovanni Dall'Orto,Saggi di storia gay > Biografie di personaggi gay > Erode àttico "Erode Attico ebbe amori omosessuali che non si preoccupò di rendere pubblici. Quello che fece più parlare di sé fu l'ultimo, perché quando ad Atene l'adolescente "discepolo" Pollùce (Polydeukes / Polydeukion / Polideuce)"[[[7]]]
  211. ^ The archaeology of Athens By John M. Camp, p.279
  212. ^ Venus Castina By Clarence Joseph Bulliet; pp86-7
  213. ^ Homosexuality in Greece and Rome By Thomas K. Hubbard; p495
  214. ^ Dio Cassius, Epitome of Book LXXX; 15.1-4
  215. ^ Ben Stoltzfus, Lacan and Literature: Purloined Pretexts p.58
  216. ^ Claudian, Against Eutropius Loeb edition p.143-145
  217. ^ Edward Gibbon The Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire: p.325N7; Published 1899 P. F. Collier & Son, 1899

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