Pederasty in the modern world: Difference between revisions

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In the past century, the term '''pederasty''' has seen a number of different uses. In the classic and academic sense, it refers to the erotic relationship between an adult male and an [[adolescence|adolescent boy]] (see [[pederasty]]). Such relationships may be sexually expressed or not, consensual or nonconsensual, sentimental or commercial, and their legality will vary depending on local [[age of consent]] laws, sexual assault laws, and prohibitions on [[homosexuality]]. The term can also be employed of the attraction of the man to the boy, whether or not reciprocated. ''See [[Pederasty in the modern world#Academic definitions|definitions]] below''


= Pederasty in the modern world =
Pederasty is contrasted with the other two forms of male homosexuality, [[androphilia]] and [[Two-spirit|gender-structured relations]], which are currently prevalent in modern industrialized societies. It is generally not used for [[lesbian]] relations.
 
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The term has also been used, at times in legal parlance, to refer to relations with minors below the age of consent regardless of sex or age. ''See [[Pedophilia]], [[Child sexual abuse]], and [[Statutory rape]]''
=== From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia ===
 
 
An alternative use has been to describe anal intercourse with either males or females, regardless of age. ''See [[sodomy]] and [[anal intercourse]]''
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<div  class="dablink">''This article deals with modern pederasty. For a historical perspective, see [[Pederasty]].''
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[[Affinity]]<br> [[Asexuality]]<br> [[Attachment]]<br> [[Bisexuality]]<br> [[Bride price]]<br> [[Brideservice]]<br> [[Bonding]]<br> [[Boyfriend]]<br> [[Casual relationship]]<br> [[Cohabitation]]<br> [[Courtship]]<br> [[Dowry]]<br> [[Divorce]]<br> [[Friendship]]<br> [[Family]]<br> [[Girlfriend]]<br> [[Heterosexuality]]<br> [[Homosexuality]]<br> [[Incest]]<br> [[Jealousy]]<br> [[Limerence]]<br> [[Love]]<br> [[Marriage]]<br> [[Monogamy]]<br> [[NRE]]<br> [[Open marriage]]<br> [[Paedophilia]]<br> [[Partner]]<br> '''Pederasty'''<br> [[Platonic love]]<br> [[Polyamory]]<br> [[Polyandry]]<br> [[Polygamy]]<br> [[Polygynandry]]<br> [[Polygyny]]<br> [[Prostitution]]<br> [[Rape]]<br> [[Sexuality]]<br> [[Separation]]<br> [[Swinging]]<br> [[Violence]]<br> [[Widowhood]]<br>


==Lexicological considerations==
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{{Original research|date=May 2008}}
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In the past century, the term '''pederasty''' has seen a number of different uses. In the classic and academic sense, it refers to the erotic relationship between an adult male and an [[adolescent boy]] (see [[pederasty]]). Such relationships may be sexually expressed or not, consensual or nonconsensual, sentimental or commercial, and their legality will vary depending on local [[age of consent]] laws and prohibitions on [[homosexuality]]. The term can also be employed of the attraction of the man to the boy, whether or not reciprocated. ''See [[definitions]] below''


In modern anthropologic and sexologic parlance, "pederasty" is used as a generic term to describe the cultural phenomenon of erotic relations between men and adolescent boys, whether chaste or of a sexual nature. However, dictionary definitions of the practice reduce it to anal intercourse, ranging from moralistic ones based on the Christian discourse on homosexuality (Oxford Compact Edition, 1971, gives, "Unnatural connexion with a boy; sodomy.") to ones focused on the mechanics of a sexual act (Merriam-Webster (on-line edition) gives, "Pederast: one that practices anal intercourse especially with a boy")[http://www.m-w.com/dictionary/pederasty], or even "insertion of the penis into the anus." Definitions such as these have been criticized as "a homophobic hijacking of a word originally introduced as a polite, learned term, an alternative to ugly words like 'bugger' and 'Sodomite'"{{Fact|date=May 2008}}
Pederasty is contrasted with the other two forms of male homosexuality, [[androphilia]] and [[gender-structured relations]], which are currently prevalent in modern industrialized societies. It is generally not used of [[lesbian]] relations.


In 1980 under the aegis of [[National Organization for Women]], feminists adopted a resolution on [[lesbian]] and gay rights, which defined pederasty as "the involvement of children by adults in sexual activity," claiming that "over 90% of all pederasts are heterosexual males who seek out young girls as their victims." The text of the resolution read:"Whereas, pederasty is an issue of exploitation and violence, not affectional/sexual preference/orientation." <ref>{{cite book|title=We are Everywhere: A Historical Sourcebook of Gay and Lesbian Politics|author=Mark Blasius, Shane Phelan|year=1997|
The term has also been used, at times in legal parlance, to refer to relations with minors below the age of consent regardless of sex or age. ''See [[Pedophilia]], [[Child sexual abuse]] and [[Statutory rape]]''
publisher=Routledge|page=468-469|id=ISBN 0415908582}}</ref><ref>National Organization for Women; "DELINEATION OF LESBIAN RIGHTS ISSUES 1980"</ref> This resolution was in effect for nineteen years, and was superseded by another which did not broach in any way the topic of pederasty.<ref>National Organization for Women; "DELINEATION OF LESBIAN RIGHTS ISSUES 1980"</ref>


The modern popular restriction of that definition to the sexual component of such relationships is also due on one hand to the primacy of sexological discourse in contemporary western culture, and on the other to the demise of pederasty as a social institution. {{Fact|date=May 2008}} Thus in its contemporary sense, pederasty figures as a sub-category of what some sexologists term [[ephebophilia]], the attraction of an adult towards adolescents, regardless of sex. {{Fact|date=May 2008}} Nonetheless this medicalization of desire is not widely accepted, and these categories do not figure in any international catalogue of mental dysfunctions.{{Fact|date=May 2008}}
An alternative use has been to describe anal intercourse with either males or females, regardless of age. ''See [[sodomy]] and [[anal intercourse]]''


   
Currently, the term or its [[cognate]] has been appropriated to describe any sexual relations between an adult male and a boy. Sometimes (as in the French ''pédé),'' it is used for all male [[homosexuality]] - often in a [[pejorative]] sense. In the English-speaking world the term is now popularly used to describe sexual relations between adults and boys below the [[age of consent]] in their respective community. In the news media and in common parlance, the term tends to be used as a synonym for [[pedophilia]], even though the latter typically designates sexual contact between adults and prepubescent children, which is distinct from pederasty's application to relations between adults and youths who have reached puberty. {{Fact|date=May 2008}}
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<div  style="width:302px;">[[Image:300px-European_age_of_male_erotic_emancipatio.jpg|Age of consent by country for European boys to enter into pederastic relationships with male adults]]
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Age of consent by country for European boys to enter into pederastic relationships with male adults
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== Contents ==
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* [[1 Lexicological considerations]]
* [[2 Academic definitions]]
* [[3 Legal status]]
* [[4 Fragmentation of the gay liberation movement]]
* [[5 Cultural influences]]
* [[6 Advocacy of pederasty]]
* [[7 Criticisms of pederasty]]
** [[7.1 Religious opposition]]
** [[7.2 Secular opposition]]
** [[7.3 Accusation of abuse]]
*
* [[8 Censorship]]
* [[9 Pederastic themes in advertising]]
* [[10 Filmography]]
* [[11 See also]]
* [[12 References and notes]]
* [[13 Footnotes]]
* [[14 External links]]
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== [edit] Lexicological considerations ==
In modern anthropologic and sexologic parlance, "pederasty" is used as a generic term to describe the cultural phenomenon of erotic relations between men and adolescent boys, whether chaste or of a sexual nature. However, dictionary definitions of the practice reduce it to anal intercourse, ranging from moralistic ones based on the Christian discourse on homosexuality (Oxford Compact Edition, 1971, gives, "Unnatural connexion with a boy; sodomy.") to ones focused on the mechanics of a sexual act (Merriam-Webster (on-line edition) gives, "Pederast: one that practices anal intercourse especially with a boy")[[[1]]], or even "insertion of the penis into the anus." One-sided definitions such as these have been criticized as "a homophobic hijacking of a word originally introduced as a polite, learned term, an alternative to ugly words like 'bugger' and 'Sodomite'"[[[2]]]


==Academic definitions==
The modern popular restriction of that definition to the sexual component of such relationships is also due on one hand to the primacy of sexological discourse in contemporary western culture, and on the other to the demise of pederasty as a social institution. Thus in its contemporary sense, pederasty figures as a sub-category of what some sexologists term [[ephebophilia]], the attraction of an adult towards adolescents, regardless of sex. Nonetheless this medicalization of desire is not widely accepted, and these categories do not figure in any international catalogue of mental dysfunctions.


In sexology, anthropology and history, the term "pederasty" has generally been used to describe relationships and desires that conform more to the classical understanding of the practice than to its modern interpretations. {{Fact|date=May 2008}}
Currently, the term or its [[cognate]] has been appropriated to describe any sexual relations between an adult male and a boy. Sometimes (as in the French ''pédé),'' it is used for all male [[homosexuality]] - often in a [[pejorative]] sense. In the English-speaking world the term is now popularly used to describe sexual relations between adults and boys below the [[age of consent]] in their respective community. In the news media and in common parlance, the term tends to be used as a synonym for [[pedophilia]], even though the latter typically designates sexual contact between adults and prepubescent children, which is distinct from pederasty's application to relations between adults and youths who have reached puberty.


 
The ''Encyclopedia of Gary, Lesbian, Bisexual and Queer Culture'' defines pederasty as "The erotic relationship between an adult male and a youth, generally one between the ages of twelve and seventeen, in which the older partner is attracted to the younger one who returns his affection"<ref>glbtq "Pederasty"[http://www.glbtq.com/social-sciences/pederasty.html]</ref> and also as "the relationship between a man and a pubescent or postpubertal boy, generally under the age of eighteen" further indicating that that "modern industrial societies have by and large rejected traditional pederastic relationships." [http://www.glbtq.com/glossary.php?word=Pederasty&part= glbtq glossary] This status is seen by some not as the result of premeditation, but as a stage in the evolution of modern society's relationship to love and sexuality, in what has been called a "natural history of desire."<ref>Andrews, Walter and Kalpakli, Mehmet. 2005 ''The Age of Beloveds: Love and the Beloved in Early-Modern Ottoman and European Culture and Society'', (p.11)Duke University Press.</ref>
== [edit] Academic definitions ==
In sexology, anthropology and history, the term "pederasty" has generally been used to describe relationships and desires that conform more to the classical understanding of the practice than to its modern interpretations.


==Legal status==
In sexology, pederasty has been defined as "The erotic relationship between an adult male and a youth, generally one between the ages of twelve and seventeen, in which the older partner is attracted to the younger one who returns his affection" [[Vern L. Bullough]]. An alternative definition generalizes it to "the relationship between a man and a pubescent or postpubertal boy, generally under the age of eighteen" and goes on to indicate that "modern industrial societies have by and large rejected traditional pederastic relationships." [[glbtq glossary]] This status is seen by some not as the result of premeditation, but as a stage in the evolution of modern society's relationship to love and sexuality, in what has been called a "natural history of desire." [[↑]]
{{Original research|date=May 2008}}


 
== [edit] Legal status ==
The legal status of pederastic relations varies from country to country. In many countries they are allowed and included with other same-sex relations, with certain restrictions factoring the ages of the participants and their respective social roles. In other countries they are completely forbidden. In some cases this is due to laws regarding homosexuality, in others it is due to an age of consent that excludes all or most of the teenage years.
The legal status of pederastic relations varies from country to country. In many countries they are allowed and included with other same-sex relations, with certain restrictions factoring the ages of the participants and their respective social roles. In other countries they are completely forbidden. In some cases this is due to laws regarding homosexuality, in others it is due to an age of consent that excludes all or most of the teenage years.


Where legal, pederastic relationships, just as relationships with adolescent girls, are restricted by law in that persons in authority are not permitted to establish intimate relations with those under their control, and relations with youths below a given age are forbidden, under often severe penalties.  
Where legal, pederastic relationships, just as relationships with adolescent girls, are restricted by law in that persons in authority are not permitted to establish intimate relations with those under their control, and relations with youths below a given age are forbidden, under often severe penalties.
 
Parental control of such relationship is rarely legislated. The [[Netherlands]] has recently experimented with a statute granting parents a measure of oversight over their offsprings' early sexual lives by not prosecuting adults in relationship with adolescents between the ages of twelve and sixteen unless a parent (or social worker) filed a formal complaint. That law was in effect from the 1970s to 2000  {{Fact|date=May 2008}} when it was repealed in favor of a blanket prohibition of sexual contact between adults and youths under sixteen. A similar regulation is presently in effect in Brazil. {{Fact|date=May 2008}}


In some jurisdictions, as part of human rights campaigns granting the same freedoms to same-sex relationships as to heterosexual ones, the age of consent for homosexuals and heterosexuals is being equalized at age 16.<ref>{{cite news | title = Guernsey may lower gay age of consent | url = http://www.pinknews.co.uk/news/articles/2005-1993.html | publisher = [[Pink News]] | date = [[2006-07-18]] | accessdate = 2007-09-20 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title = Gay sex at 16 legal, Man | url = http://www.pinknews.co.uk/news/articles/2005-2222.html | publisher = [[Pink News]]  | date = [[2006-08-14]] | accessdate = 2007-09-20 }}</ref>
Parental control of such relationship is rarely legislated. The [[Netherlands]], has recently experimented with a statute granting parents a measure of oversight over their offsprings' early sexual lives by not prosecuting adults in relationship with adolescents between the ages of twelve and sixteen unless a parent (or social worker) filed a formal complaint. That law was in effect from the 1970's to 2000 when it was repealed in favor of a blanket proscription of sexual contact between adults and youths under sixteen. A similar regulation is presently in effect in Brazil.


 
==Fragmentation of the gay liberation movement==
== [edit] Fragmentation of the gay liberation movement ==
{{Original research|date=May 2008}}
The [[gay liberation]] movement was in part inspired by, and included, prominent pederasts such as Oscar Wilde, [[André Gide]], [[Paul Goodman]] and [[Allen Ginsberg]]. Likewise, prominent homosexuals defended consensual relationships between adults and adolescents. For example, [[Larry Kramer]], a AIDS activist and homosexual author writes:


  ''In those instances where children do have sex with their homosexual elders, be they teachers or anyone else, I submit that often, very often, the child desires the activity, and perhaps even solicits it, either because of a natural curiosity that will or will not develop along these lines, or because he or she is homosexual and innately knows it. This is far from "recruitment." Obviously, there are instances in which the child is unwilling, and is a victim of sexual abuse, homo- or heterosexual. But, as with straight children anxious for the experience with someone of the opposite sex, these are kids who seek solicit, and consent willingly to sex with someone of the same sex. And unlike girls or women forced into rape and traumatized, most gay men have warm memories of their earliest and early sexual encounters; when we share these stories with each other, they are invariably positive ones.''  Kramer, L (1981) ''Reports from the Holocaust.'' NY: St. Martin's Press p.234)   
The [[gay liberation]] movement was in part inspired by, and included, prominent pederasts such as [[Oscar Wilde]], [[André Gide]], [[Paul Goodman]] and [[Allen Ginsberg]]. {{Fact|date=May 2008}} Likewise, prominent homosexuals defended consensual relationships between adults and adolescents. {{Fact|date=May 2008}} For example, [[Larry Kramer]], an AIDS activist and homosexual author writes:
However, in several countries the abolition of laws against sodomy coincided with a separation between the ephebephile and [[androphile]] camps of the [[gay liberation]] movement (though, as part of the [[sexual revolution]], the legal [[age of consent]] was lowered somewhat and usually set as equal to that for [[heterosexual]] sex).


:''In those instances where children do have sex with their homosexual elders, be they teachers or anyone else, I submit that often, very often, the child desires the activity, and perhaps even solicits it, either because of a natural curiosity that will or will not develop along these lines, or because he or she is homosexual and innately knows it. This is far from "recruitment." Obviously, there are instances in which the child is unwilling, and is a victim of sexual abuse, homo- or heterosexual. But, as with straight children anxious for the experience with someone of the opposite sex, these are kids who seek solicit, and consent willingly to sex with someone of the same sex. And unlike girls or women forced into rape and traumatized, most gay men have warm memories of their earliest and early sexual encounters; when we share these stories with each other, they are invariably positive ones.''
In the late [[1970]]'s the defense of pederasty appears to have been picked up by [[NAMBLA]], an organization that presses for for the abolition of age of consent laws, and that may be associated with the introduction of the [[euphemistic]] ''man-boy love'' as an alternative to ''pederasty,'' a term viewed by some as compromised by prejudice. The expulsion of this organization from the [[International Lesbian and Gay Association]] in [[1994]] seemed to create a definitive break between the ephebephile and adult-homosexual camps. In concert with this shift, gay male archetypes continued their change from boyish to [[masculine]], and relationships to become more equalized in terms of age difference. <sup>[[[verification needed]]]</sup> A progression from pederasty to [[egalitarian homosexuality]] has been hypothesised, but is not fully accepted (see external links).
::Kramer, L (1981) ''Reports from the Holocaust.'' NY: St. Martin's Press p.234)


However, in several countries the abolition of laws against sodomy coincided with a separation between the ephebephile and [[androphilia|androphile]] camps of the [[gay liberation]] movement (though, as part of the [[sexual revolution]], the legal [[age of consent]] was lowered somewhat and usually set as equal to that for [[heterosexual]] sex).
Homosexuals today, while distancing themselves from the practice of modern-day pederasty, often discuss the history of pederasty interchangeably with the history of homosexuality. If they did not do so, they would have to disavow any link between homosexuality and most of the historical figures who practiced – and the artistic works which were inspired by – same-sex love. That is not the case, however: modern-day androphilic men have consistently cited as their forebears Western artists with pederastic leanings.


 
In the late [[1970]]'s the defense of pederasty was picked up by [[NAMBLA]], an organization that presses for the abolition of age of consent laws, and that may be associated with the introduction of the [[euphemism|euphemistic]] ''man-boy love'' as an alternative to ''pederasty,'' a term viewed by some as compromised by prejudice. {{Fact|date=May 2008}} The expulsion of this organization from the [[International Lesbian and Gay Association]] in [[1994]] seemed to create a definitive break between the ephebephile and adult-homosexual camps.{{Fact|date=May 2008}}  A progression from pederasty to [[homosexuality|egalitarian homosexuality]] has been hypothesised, but is not fully accepted (see external links). {{Fact|date=May 2008}}
== [edit] Cultural influences ==
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<div  style="width:252px;">[[Image:250px-Batman_and_Robin_-_Gay_underground_camp_take%2C_ca._1998.jpg|Batman and RobinCamp take on pederastic theme; Underground sticker, late 1990's vintage]]  
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</div> '''Batman and Robin'''<br>
Camp take on pederastic theme; Underground sticker, late 1990's vintage
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During the twentieth century, a number of artists with pederastic leanings attained prominence. [[André Gide]], [[Rudyard Kipling]], [[Thomas Mann]], [[Henry de Montherlant]], [[Eric Satie]], [[Benjamin Britten]], [[Pier Paolo Pasolini]], [[Fernando Vallejo]], and [[Allen Ginsberg]] were inspired in various degrees by their pederastic attractions — even if these may at times have been denied or hidden. In popular culture, images and themes with pederastic origins or sub-texts continued to surface, though the implied messages underwent changes over time. In the early years of the century, Zeus' abduction of Ganymede, stripped of its erotic symbolism, makes its appearance in Budweiser beer advertising.


David Thorstad, of [[NAMBLA]], who asserts that pederasty is "love between a man and a youth of 12 to 18 years of age, claims that "middle-class homosexuals, lesbians, and feminists" say pederasty "has nothing to do with gay liberation."  While he admits that others define it as sexual abuse, he does not share this view. <ref>{{cite web|title=Speech to the Semana Cultural Lesbica-Gay|author=David Thorstad|year=1998|work=NAMBLA|url=http://www.nambla.org/pederasty.htm}}</ref>
In mid-century, [[Batman]], a popular comic strip hero, was denounced by psychologist [[Frederic Wertham]] for his association with his assistant, [[Robin]], an adolescent boy. Wertham claimed that the pair led young people to normalize homosexual relationships, at that time still seen in age-structured terms. The studios and the public continued to toy with the sexual ambivalence between the two until the late sixties. Coinciding with the growing marginalization of age-structured homosexuality in the west, in [[1969]] [[Robin]] was removed from the series and later allusions to Batman's pederasty (fiercely repudiated by Batman's character) became the domain of unsympathetic antagonists, such as the [[Joker]] in the [[1989]] graphic novel ''[[Arkham Asylum: A Serious House on Serious Earth]]''.


 
Homosexuals today, while distancing themselves from the practice of modern-day pederasty, often discuss the history of pederasty interchangeably with the history of homosexuality.  {{Fact|date=May 2008}} If they did not do so, they would have to disavow any link between homosexuality and most of the historical figures who practiced – and the artistic works which were inspired by – same-sex love. {{Fact|date=May 2008}} That is not the case, however: modern-day androphilic men have consistently cited as their forebears Western artists with pederastic leanings.{{Fact|date=May 2008}}
== [edit] Advocacy of pederasty ==
 
     
==Cultural influences==
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{{Original research|date=May 2008}}
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During the twentieth century, a number of artists with pederastic leanings attained prominence. [[André Gide]], [[Thomas Mann]], [[Henry de Montherlant]], [[Eric Satie]], [[Benjamin Britten]], [[Pier Paolo Pasolini]], [[Fernando Vallejo]], and [[Allen Ginsberg]] were inspired in various degrees by their pederastic attractions — even if these may at times have been denied or hidden. In popular culture, images and themes with pederastic origins or sub-texts continued to surface, though the implied messages underwent changes over time.{{Fact|date=May 2008}} For example, in the early years of the century, Zeus' abduction of Ganymede, stripped of its erotic symbolism, makes its appearance in Budweiser beer advertising.
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In mid-century, [[Batman]], a popular comic strip hero, was denounced by psychologist [[Fredric Wertham]] for his association with his assistant, [[Robin (comics)|Robin]], an adolescent boy. Wertham claimed that the pair led young people to normalize homosexual relationships. {{Fact|date=May 2008}}  The studios and the public continued to toy with the sexual ambivalence between the two until the late sixties. {{Fact|date=May 2008}} In [[1969]] [[Robin (comics)|Robin]] was removed from the series and later allusions to Batman's pederasty (fiercely repudiated by Batman's character) became the domain of unsympathetic antagonists, such as the [[Joker (comics)|Joker]] in the [[1989]] graphic novel ''[[Arkham Asylum: A Serious House on Serious Earth]]''. {{Fact|date=May 2008}}
| '''The [[neutrality]] of this section is [[disputed]].'''<br> Please see the discussion on the [[talk page]].  
 
|} 
[[Image:QAF1.jpg|thumb|200px|''Queer as Folk'' Series 1 [[DVD]] Cover]]
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Erotic attraction between men and boys has been explored in a number of films, fictional as well as documentary. These have taken a range of views, from negative to neutral to positive. For a list of such films, see [[Pederastic filmography]]. Likewise, it has been featured on television, as in the British serial [[Queer as Folk (UK TV series)|Queer as Folk]] which depicted a gay household including a fifteen year old boy exploring his sexuality. {{Fact|date=May 2008}} The theater also has addressed the topic, most recently in the play [[The History Boys]], which blends both comedy and tragedy, with multiple layers and themes, including growing up, the wider purpose of education in adult life, pederasty, teaching methods, homosexuality, and the English education system.{{Fact|date=May 2008}}
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==Advocacy of pederasty==
|[[Image:45px-Circle-question-red.svg.png| ]]
 
|'''The factual accuracy of this section is [[disputed]].'''<br>
A number of modern writers, artists and scientist have advanced various arguments in defense of pederastic emotions, and liaisons. {{Fact|date=May 2008}} [[André Gide]] reflected on his own experiences: <blockquote>''I love boys with a sensual curiosity, a voluptuousness, a foolishness, which has often led me to run after them as if I were their age, staying out too long in the rain to help find a ball...I remember tarrying with B. in a haystack, my clothes full of bits of straw because I could not resist his pure blue eyes...To destroy the pederasty [within you] is to destroy you as well, your whole nature and personality...I think pederasty is a good thing, that such affection can spring up between man and boy to stir affectionate friendship where in each can find exaltation, protection, and challenge.''</blockquote>
<div style="font-size: 90%;">Please see the relevant discussion on the [[talk page]].
 
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Moreover, advocates of the normalization of pederasty have cited scientific studies conducted in recent decades, which suggest that pederasty may not necessarily cause psychological harm. Several studies of sexual relations between adults and young people (including a range of relationships including incest and forcible rape, as well as pederasty) indicate that many youths do experience
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serious and long-lasting harm as a result of their participation in intergenerational relationships, in particular when those involve coercion, violence, or parental mental disease. However, no risk factor independent of these has yet been identified and the studies indicate that a certain percentage of youths involved in intergenerational relationships
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report no serious or long-term harm as a result.{{ref|bauserman}}<sup>,</sup>{{ref|beitchman1}}<sup>,</sup>{{ref|beitchman2}}<sup>,</sup>{{ref|brown}}<sup>,</sup>{{ref|constantine}}<sup>,</sup>{{ref|kilpatrick}}
A number of modern writers, artists and scientist have advanced various arguments in defense of pederastic emotions, and liaisons. [[André Gide]] reflected on his own experiences:
 
Probably the best known of these studies is [[Rind, et al.|A Meta-Analytic Examination of Assumed Properties of Child Sexual Abuse Using College Samples]], a study carried out by Rind, ''et al.'', and published in the [[Psychological Bulletin]] in 1998.  Noting that prior research regarding adult-minor sexual relationships tended to rely on medical and legal samples (that is, individuals receiving psychological treatment, or engaged in legal proceedings), the researchers used a statistical method known as [[meta-analysis]] to analyze samples of college students from 59 previously conducted studies on adult-minor sex.  The study found that, of the college males who as minors had had sexual experiences with adults, a majority reported those experiences as having either a neutral or positive impact.  The study concluded: "Adolescents are different from children in that they are more likely to have sexual interests, to know whether they want a particular sexual encounter, and to resist an encounter that they do not want. Furthermore, unlike adult-child sex, adult-adolescent sex has been commonplace cross-culturally and historically, often in socially sanctioned forms, and may fall within the 'normal' range of human sexual behaviors."{{ref|rind}}


<blockquote>
==Criticisms of pederasty==
''I love boys with a sensual curiosity, a voluptuousness, a foolishness, which has often led me to run after them as if I were their age, staying out too long in the rain to help find a ball...I remember tarrying with B. in a haystack, my clothes full of bits of straw because I could not resist his pure blue eyes...To destroy the pederasty [within you] is to destroy you as well, your whole nature and personality...I think pederasty is a good thing, that such affection can spring up between man and boy to stir affectionate friendship where in each can find exaltation, protection, and challenge.''


</blockquote>
Pederasty is a controversial practice, and a number of different accusations are leveled against it. Religious sources continue to group it in the same moral category as homosexuality in general, labeling both practices "unnatural" and "perverse".  Self-described child abuse prevention organizations assert that it is impossible for non-adults to offer "informed consent" to sexual activity - arguing that "consent" assumes certain knowledge and life experiences that a child or teenager is unlikely to have.[http://www.prevent-abuse-now.com/frcrebut.htm] Many in the psychological community view adult-minor sexual relations as dangerous to the mental health of the minor.<ref>[http://faculty.ncwc.edu/toconnor/psy/psylect09.htm The Psychology of Sexual Predation & Pedophilia] O'Connor, Dr. Tom. North Carolina Wesleyan College, October 13, 2005.</ref> Finally, abusive illegal pederastic relationships often are reported in the media, validating certain aspects of such accusations. Such relationships may raise issues of morality and functionality, agency for the youth and parental authority. [http://www.glbtq.com/social-sciences/pederasty,2.html]  
Moreover, advocates of the normalization of pederasty have cited scientific studies conducted in recent decades, which suggest that pederasty may not necessarily cause psychological harm. Several studies of sexual relations between adults and young people (including a range of relationships including incest and forcible rape, as well as pederasty) indicate that many youths do experience serious and long-lasting harm as a result of their participation in intergenerational relationships, in particular when those involve coercion, violence, or parental mental disease. However, no risk factor independent of these has yet been identified and the studies indicate that a certain percentage of youths involved in intergenerational relationships report no serious or long-term harm as a result.<sup>[[[3]]]</sup><sup>,</sup><sup>[[[4]]]</sup><sup>,</sup><sup>[[[5]]]</sup><sup>,</sup><sup>[[[6]]]</sup><sup>,</sup><sup>[[[7]]]</sup><sup>,</sup><sup>[[[8]]]</sup>


===Religious opposition===
Probably the best known of these studies is [[A Meta-Analytic Examination of Assumed Properties of Child Sexual Abuse Using College Samples]], a study carried out by Rind, et. al., and published in the [[Psychological Bulletin]] in 1998. Noting that prior research regarding adult-minor sexual relationships tended to rely on medical and legal samples (that is, individuals receiving psychological treatment, or engaged in legal proceedings), the researchers used a statistical method known as [[meta-analysis]] to analyze samples of college students from 59 previously conducted studies on adult-minor sex. The study found that, of the college males who as minors had had sexual experiences with adults, a majority reported those experiences as having either a neutral or positive impact. The study concluded: "Adolescents are different from children in that they are more likely to have sexual interests, to know whether they want a particular sexual encounter, and to resist an encounter that they do not want. Furthermore, unlike adult-child sex, adult-adolescent sex has been commonplace cross-culturally and historically, often in socially sanctioned forms, and may fall within the 'normal' range of human sexual behaviors."<sup>[[[9]]]</sup>


 
Religious opposition to pederasty makes no distinction between legal and illegal practices, but opposes all such relationships basing itself on scriptural arguments.  
== [edit] Criticisms of pederasty ==
Pederasty is a controversial practice, and a number of different accusations are leveled against it. Religious sources continue to group it in the same moral category as homosexuality in general, labeling both practices "unnatural" and "perverse". Self-described child abuse prevention organizations assert that it is impossible for non-adults to offer "informed consent" to sexual activity - arguing that "consent" assumes certain knowledge and life experiences that a child or teenager is unlikely to have.[[[10]]] Many in the psychological community view adult-minor sexual relations as dangerous to the mental health of the minor.<sup>[[<2>]]</sup> Finally, abusive illegal pederastic relationships often are reported in the media, validating certain aspects of such accusations. Such relationships may raise issues of morality and functionality, agency for the youth and parental authority. [[[11]]]


 
Some "gay-positive" writers, in their work of interpreting Christian teachings, have concluded that [[Paul (apostle)|Paul's]] criticism of same-sex love do not target those for whom such affections come naturally, but rather those who indulge such pleasures by choice, with the example given being "the Hellenistic practice of erotic behavior with young males." Their work suggests that religious opposition to same sex relations should restrict itself to pederastic relationships, with their presumed abuse of power. But a position paper of the [[Anglican Church]] rejects that contention, claiming that, <blockquote>''The Graeco-Roman "ideal" did not entail erotic love of children, but of young (teenage) males, of the same age that young woman would be given in marriage. Frequently the more mature male was only slightly older than the partner. Had Paul intended to proscribe pederasty by using these terms (such as we understand pederasty today), he had recourse to many other more precise terms. In fact, the discussion in Romans, with its inclusion of female homoerotic behaviour, indicates that exploitation and victimisation were not the issue. (Paul has a lot to say about the abuse of power elsewhere).'' [http://www.augustinecollege.org/papers/EH_00_3.htm Position paper: How Is Homosexuality Understood in Scripture, Tradition, and in Contemporary Theology]</blockquote>
=== [edit] Religious opposition ===
Religious opposition to pederasty makes no distinction between legal and illegal practices, but opposes all such relationships basing itself on scriptural arguments.


The Catholic Church, while itself implicated in scandals over pederasts in its clergy, is at the same time one of the main groups working to prohibit the practice of pederasty, whether in its legal or illegal manifestations. On Feb. 2, [[1961]] the [[Holy See|Vatican]] issued
Some "gay-positive" writers, in their work of interpreting Christian teachings, have concluded that [[Paul's]] criticism of same-sex love do not target those for whom such affections come naturally, but rather those who indulge such pleasures by choice, with the example given being "the Hellenistic practice of erotic behavior with young males." Their work suggests that religious opposition to same sex relations should restrict itself to pederastic relationships, with their presumed abuse of power. But a position paper of the [[Anglican Church]] rejects that contention, claiming that,
a document, “Instruction on the Careful Selection and Training of Candidates for the States of Perfection and Sacred Orders,” barring from the priesthood anyone who has "perverse inclinations to homosexuality or pederasty."[http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/9436430/] Then, in [[1992]], the Church organized an international congress in [[Bangkok]] on "The Abuse of Children in Prostitution and Pornography," using the occasion to call for pederasty to be declared a "crime against humanity."


<blockquote>
===Secular opposition===
''The Graeco-Roman "ideal" did not entail erotic love of children, but of young (teenage) males, of the same age that young woman would be given in marriage. Frequently the more mature male was only slightly older than the partner. Had Paul intended to proscribe pederasty by using these terms (such as we understand pederasty today), he had recourse to many other more precise terms. In fact, the discussion in Romans, with its inclusion of female homoerotic behaviour, indicates that exploitation and victimisation were not the issue. (Paul has a lot to say about the abuse of power elsewhere).'' [[Position paper: How Is Homosexuality Understood in Scripture, Tradition, and in Contemporary Theology]]


</blockquote>
Secular opposition, unlike religious opposition, does not target pederasty per se, but distinguishes between practices which are legal and those that are illegal. {{Fact|date=May 2008}} Thus, same-sex relations with male as well as female youths, when against the law, are opposed by many groups, from law enforcement to [[NGO]]'s such as ECPAT (End Child Prostitution, Child Pornography and Trafficking of Children for Sexual Purposes) [http://www.ecpat.net/eng/index.asp] - a non-religious group working to combat the commercial exploitation of children, such as child prostitution and trafficking in children. Where the relations are permitted by law, as in the case of non-commercial relations with youths above the age of consent, considered legally to fall under the category of legitimate homosexual relationships, secular groups have not expressed an opinion.{{Fact|date=May 2008}}
The Catholic Church, while itself implicated in scandals over pederasts in its clergy, is at the same time one of the main groups working to prohibit the practice of pederasty, whether in its legal or illegal manifestations. On Feb. 2, [[1961]] the [[Vatican]] issued a document, “Instruction on the Careful Selection and Training of Candidates for the States of Perfection and Sacred Orders,” barring from the priesthood anyone who has "perverse inclinations to homosexuality or pederasty."[[[12]]] Then, in [[1992]], the Church organized an international congress in [[Bangkok]] on "The Abuse of Children in Prostitution and Pornography," using the occasion to call for pederasty to be declared a "crime against humanity."


 
===Accusation of abuse===
=== [edit] Secular opposition ===
Secular opposition, unlike religious opposition, does not target pederasty per se, but distinguishes between practices which are legal and those that are illegal. Thus, same-sex relations with male as well as female youths, when against the law, are opposed by many groups, from law enforcement to [[NGO]]'s such as ECPAT (End Child Prostitution, Child Pornography and Trafficking of Children for Sexual Purposes) [[[13]]] - a non-religious group working to combat the commercial exploitation of children, such as child prostitution and trafficking in children. Where the relations are permitted by law, as in the case of non-commercial relations with youths above the age of consent, considered legally to fall under the category of legitimate homosexual relationships, secular groups have not expressed an opinion.


 
=== [edit] Accusation of abuse ===
Men in such relationships are accused of being necessarily materialistic and manipulative. The claim is that the older partner's interest in the younger is always purely for sexual gratification, and that beneath a guise of caring or loving, and a veneer of acceptability of endowing the younger partner with "choice", these relationships are universally damaging to the youth because they are based on mutual deception. The attention given by the older to the younger is assailed as fundamentally self-interested, and the claim is made that the youths are discarded once past the age of attraction.
Men in such relationships are accused of being necessarily materialistic and manipulative. The claim is that the older partner's interest in the younger is always purely for sexual gratification, and that beneath a guise of caring or loving, and a veneer of acceptability of endowing the younger partner with "choice", these relationships are universally damaging to the youth because they are based on mutual deception. The attention given by the older to the younger is assailed as fundamentally self-interested, and the claim is made that the youths are discarded once past the age of attraction.


==Criminality==
There have been a number of publicized cases of illegal pederastic activity involving the Internet and, more specifically, the use of [[Webcams]]. Justin Berry, a teenager in [[California]], began using a Webcam at the age of 13, and shortly thereafter received offers of money and gifts from viewers in exchange for disrobing and performing sexual acts. He later created a subscription service aimed at pederasts. Berry ended up meeting at least two viewers/subscribers and had illegal sexual contact with both men. Berry ultimately shut down his service and assisted authorities in arresting several of his customers, including men who had illegal sexual contact with him and who were engaging in illegal sexual conduct with other under-age Webcam operators, expressing anger towards the men and satisfaction at their arrest. <sup>[[<1>]]</sup>
While sexually expressed pederasty can be lawful within certain legal boundaries in many jurisdictions, several types of laws are usually brought to bear on such relationships. [[Age of consent]] laws set a lower limit on the age at which youths are enfranchised to enter into a sexual relationship with another person. This limit varies from one jurisdiction to another, ranging from the early teens to the early twenties.


 
Other laws restrict adults who are in positions of authority over a youth from entering into a sexual relationship with that youth. However, no laws criminalize love relationships which are not sexually expressed. Relations between adults and youth are also subject to generally applicable laws against [[rape]] and [[kidnapping]].
== [edit] Censorship ==
The history and scope of pederasty has been the subject of extensive censorship. In the West, the topic was suppressed in academic circles for much of modern history. The unspoken ban was broken only in 1905 by the German historian Erich Bethe with his study ''Dorian Boy-Love: its Ethic, its Idea.''<sup>[[[1]]]</sup> In the USA, as late as [[2005]], Haworth Press withdrew from publication a volume on homosexuality in classical antiquity titled ''Same-Sex Desire and Love in Greco-Roman Antiquity and in the Classical Tradition of the West.'' This was in response to criticism from American right-wing groups that objected to book's depiction of classical pederasty, as well as to the substance of a chapter by the American academic Bruce Rind which integrated observations from history, anthropology, and zoology, and which was interpreted by some readers as advocating pedophilia. The publisher, in a letter to the editors, attempted to exonerate Rind from the accusation and conceded that the article was sound, but stood by his decision to withdraw it "to avoid negative press" and "economic repercussions." [[Article in the Halifax The Chronicle Herald]]


There have been a number of publicized cases of illegal pederastic activity involving the Internet and, more specifically, the use of [[webcam]]s. [[Justin Berry]], a teenager in [[Bakersfield, California|Bakersfield]], [[California]], began using a webcam at the age of 13, and shortly thereafter received offers of money and gifts from viewers in exchange for disrobing and performing sexual acts. He later created a subscription service aimed at pederasts. Berry ended up meeting at least two viewers/subscribers and had allegedly illegal sexual contact with both men. Berry ultimately shut down his service and, in exchange for immunity from prosecution on allegations of producing and distributing child pornography, assisted authorities in arresting several of his customers, including the men he met, who he alleged were engaging in illegal sexual conduct with other under-age webcam operators; In television and print interviews, Berry expressed anger towards the men and satisfaction at their arrests.<ref>"Boy joins a sordid online world through his Webcam." Eichenwald, Kurt. ''New York Times,'' December 23, 2005.</ref>
<div  class="thumb tright">
<div  style="width:202px;">[[Image:200px-Budweiser_ad_-_Zeus_and_Ganymede_1906.jpg|“Modern Version of Ganymede” Introduction of Budweiser to the Gods Theatre Magazine, February 1906]]  
<div  class="thumbcaption">
<div  class="magnify" style="float:right">[[Image:magnify-clip.png|Enlarge]]
</div> '''''“Modern Version of Ganymede” Introduction of Budweiser to the Gods'''''<br> ''Theatre Magazine,'' February 1906
</div>
</div>
</div>
Later Haworth reversed course and announced that the book and journal would be published, but without Rind's controversial essay. Mr. Rind's essay is to be published in a future "supplementary volume" of ''The Journal of Homosexuality'', together with counterarguments advanced by his critics. [[[14]]]


Another possible case of pederastic abuse is the disappearance of [[Alex Mechisvili]], an eleven year old boy of Georgian descent living in northern [[Greece]], after revealing to his parents that he had seen "what happens to kids who are not supervised by anyone." When the local [[Roma people|Roma]] clan head, reputed to be the crime boss of [[Veria]] was questioned by the mother of the missing child about his possible complicity, he is reputed to have answered, "No. We don't steal children that old."<ref>{{cite news | first = Malcolm | last = Brabant | publisher = BBC News, Athens | title = Lost Greek boy may be sex victim | url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/6331801.stm | date = [[2007-02-06]] | accessdate = 2007-09-20 }}</ref>
The very existence of discussions of pederasty is often condemned and suppressed. In a 2002 review of a work on Albanian folklore by Robert Elsie, Thornton Edwards suggests that a four page examination of pederastic practices would have been better served by a one-paragraph treatment.<sup>[[[2]]]</sup>


In a case alleged to involve both kidnapping and rape, [[Michael J. Devlin]] was indicted in early 2007 for abducting and sodomizing, over the course of several years of captivity, a boy in his early teens.<ref>{{cite news | first = Christopher | last = Leonard | publisher = Associated Press | title = Child porn charges added to Mo. case | date = [[2007-03-07]] | accessdate = 2007-09-20 | url = http://www.topix.com/state/mo/2007/03/child-porn-charges-added-to-mo-case }}</ref>
Eastern historical material is also reported to be systematically distorted. In his monograph on same-sex relations in the pre-modern Middle East, Khaled El-Rouayheb demonstrates how [[Persian]] and [[Arabic]] love poetry and other literary material is routinely heterosexualized or devalued in critical studies authored by post-colonial Arab and Islamic scholars. (El-Rouhayeb, 2005) Western scholars likewise devalorize such material. In a 1999 review in [[The Spectator]] of an anthology of Classical Arabic literature, the reviewer, R.I. Penguin, defends the editor's censorship - and denigration - of the pederastic poems of a featured author: "Irwin is to be admired for sticking to a fair-minded overview of the whole field; Sanawbari's work, for instance, is described thus: 'Besides nature poems, he also produced mudhakarat, or poems addressed to small boys. However, in this anthology we will stick to the nature poems.' Quite right; the nature poems are much more interesting." [[[15]]]


==Censorship==
Under the rule of both the [[Pahlavi dynasty]] monarchy and the [[Islamic Republic]] in Iran, [[Janet Afary]] claims that "Classical Persian literature — like the poems of [[Attar]] (died 1220), [[Rumi]] (d. 1273), [[Sa’di]] (d. 1291), [[Hafez]] (d. 1389), [[Jami]] (d. 1492), and even those of the 20th century Iraj Mirza (d. 1926) — are replete with homoerotic allusions, as well as explicit references to beautiful young boys and to the practice of pederasty." She further states that "professors of literature have been forced to teach that these extraordinarily beautiful gay love poems aren’t really gay at all and that their very explicit references to same-sex love are really all about men and women." [[[16]]]<sup>[[[3]]]</sup>
The history and scope of pederasty has been the subject of extensive censorship. In the West, the topic was suppressed in academic circles for much of modern history. The unspoken ban was broken only in 1905 by the German historian Erich Bethe with his study ''Dorian Boy-Love: its Ethic, its Idea.''<ref>Georges Dumézil, Preface in ''Homosexuality in Greek Myth'' by Bernard Sergent, Boston, 1984</ref> In the USA, as late as [[2005]], Haworth Press withdrew from publication a volume on homosexuality in classical antiquity titled ''Same-Sex Desire and Love in Greco-Roman Antiquity and in the Classical Tradition of the West.'' This was in response to criticism from American right-wing groups that objected to book's depiction of classical pederasty, as well as to the substance of a chapter by the American academic Bruce Rind which integrated observations from history, anthropology, and zoology, and which was interpreted by some readers as advocating pedophilia.  


 
The publisher, in a letter to the editors, attempted to exonerate Rind from the accusation and conceded that the article was sound, but stood by his decision to withdraw it "to avoid negative press" and "economic repercussions."<ref>"Kathryn Rutz, vice president for editorial development at Haworth, said in an e-mail message that the press had received about 20 e-mail messages in the 24-36 hours after the WorldNetDaily article appeared, and that the flurry of messages prompted a “vigorous” discussion among the press’s top officials.
== [edit] Pederastic themes in advertising ==
<div  class="thumb tleft">
<div  style="width:302px;">[[Image:Kalvin_Klein_1995_ad.gif|1995 Calvin Klein ad depicting teenagers in poses which provoked public condemnation and accusations of promoting man-boy sexuality.]]
<div  class="thumbcaption">
<div  class="magnify" style="float:right">[[Image:magnify-clip.png|Enlarge]]
</div>
1995 Calvin Klein ad depicting teenagers in poses which provoked public condemnation and accusations of promoting man-boy sexuality.
</div>
</div>
</div>  ''Main article: [[Sex in advertising]]'' 
Commercial interests have upon occasion made recourse to graphic material evocative of pederastic themes. Early in the 20th century, [[Anheuser-Busch]] made use of a depiction of [[Zeus]]'s abduction of [[Ganymede]] for a Budweiser beer ad campaign.


“Issues on the table,” she said, “included freedom of speech, consequences of negative publicity, personal objections to the subject matter, and resistance to what might appear to be caving in to a particular group with its own right-wing agenda.
More recently, a number of ads for [[Calvin Klein]] jeans in [[1995]] depicting partially clad teenage boys were accused of having a pederastic subtext. Critics targeted the novelty of tapping the sexuality of teenage boys, rather than teenage girls. Also, they pointed out a perceived "obvious man-boy sexual subtext."[[[17]]] The ads were pulled after only a short run in the face of public disapproval.


 
Ultimately, Rutz said, the decision to cancel the book was based on the fact that “the final article by Bruce Rind is construed by some as being sympathetic to pederasty,” which she emphasized that the press does not “in any way support or endorse.
== [edit] Filmography ==
* ''[[Les amitiés particulières]] [The Special Friendships]'', dir. [[Jean Delannoy]] (1964)
** Based on the [[prize-winning]] novel by [[Roger Peyrefitte]].
*
* ''Satyricon'', dir. [[Federico Fellini]] (1969)
** Based upon [[Petronius]]' [[Satyricon]].
*
* ''[[Les Amis]] [The Friends],'' dir. [[Gérard Blain]] (1970)
* ''[[Chicken Hawk: Men Who Love Boys]],'' dir. [[Adi Sideman]] (1994)
** Independent documentary consisting of interviews with members of [[NAMBLA]].
*
* ''[[Morte a Venezia]] [Death in Venice],'' dir. [[Luchino Visconti]] (1971)
** Based on the novel by [[Thomas Mann]].
*
* ''Il Fiore Delle Mille e Una Notte [The Flower of the [[Thousand and One Nights]]'' dir. [[Pier Paolo Pasolini]] (1974)
** More generally known as ''The Arabian Nights,'' last part of his ''[[Trilogy of Life]]''.
*
* ''[[Un enfant dans la foule]] [A Child in the Crowd],'' dir. Gérard Blain (1976)
* ''[[Ernesto]],'' dir. [[Salvatore Samperi]] (1979)
* ''[[Voor een verloren soldaat]] [For a Lost Soldier],'' dir. [[Roeland Kerbosch]] (1993)
** Based upon autobiographical novel by Dutch dancer and choreographer [[Rudi van Dantzig]].
*
* ''[[Gouttes d'eau sur pierres brûlantes]] [Water Drops On Burning Rocks]'', dir. [[François Ozon]] (2000)
* ''[[Pianese Nunzio, 14 anni a maggio]] [Pianese Nunzio, 14 in May],'' dir. [[Antonio Capuano]] (1996)
* ''[[I Piso Porta]] [The Back Door],'' dir. [[Yorgos Tsemberopoulos]] (2000)
* ''[[La ville dont le prince est un enfant]] [The Land Where the King is a Child],'' television film, dir. [[Christophe Malavoy]] (1997)
* ''[[La virgen de los sicarios]] [The Virgin of the Assassins],'' dir. [[Barbet Schroeder]] (2000)
** Based on the autobiographical novel by Colombian linguist [[Fernando Vallejo]].
*
* ''[[L.I.E.]] (Long Island Expressway),'' dir. [[Michael Cuesta]] (2001)
 
== [edit] See also ==
<div  class="infobox sisterproject">
<div  class="floatleft">[[Image:45px-Commons-logo.svg.png| ]]
</div>
<div  style="margin-left: 60px;">[[Wikimedia Commons]] has media related to:


<div  style="margin-left: 10px;">'''''[[Pederasty]]'''''
Rutz said the decision “can on one level be considered a business decision. Our customer base is large and the number of disciplines we cover is large. Because 95 percent of our customers would likely be opposed to anything even remotely construed as sexual abuse apologetics, publishing this paper would be a bad business decision.”"Doug Lederman, "Pressure Prompts Publisher to Punt," in ''Inside Higher Ed'' Sept. 27, 2005 [http://insidehighered.com/news/2005/09/27/publish]</ref><ref>Article in the Halifax ''The Chronicle Herald''[http://thechronicleherald.ca/NovaScotia/456746.html]</ref>
</div>  
[[Image:Budweiser ad - Zeus and Ganymede 1906.jpg|right|thumb|200px|'''''“Modern Version of Ganymede” Introduction of Budweiser to the Gods'''''<br> ''Theatre Magazine,'' February 1906]] Later Haworth reversed course and announced that the book and journal would be published, but without Rind's controversial essay. Mr. Rind's essay is to be published in a future "supplementary volume" of ''The Journal of Homosexuality'', together with counterarguments advanced by his critics. [http://chronicle.com/daily/2005/10/2005101202n.htm]
</div>  
 
</div>  
The very existence of discussions of pederasty is often condemned and suppressed. In a 2002 review of a work on Albanian folklore by Robert Elsie, Thornton Edwards suggests that a four page examination of pederastic practices would have been better served by a one-paragraph treatment.<ref>Thornton Edwards, "A Dictionary of Albanian Religion, Mythology and Folk Culture. - book review" ''Folklore,''  April, 2002</ref>
* [[Age disparity in sexual relationships]]
 
* [[Chickenhawk]]
Eastern historical material is also reported to be systematically distorted. In his monograph on same-sex relations in the pre-modern Middle East, Khaled El-Rouayheb demonstrates how [[Persia]]n and [[Arab]]ic love poetry and other literary material is routinely heterosexualized or devalued in critical studies authored by post-colonial Arab and Islamic scholars. (El-Rouhayeb, 2005)
* [[Friendship]]
Under the rule of both the [[Pahlavi dynasty]] monarchy and the [[Islamic Republic]] in Iran, [[Janet Afary]] claims that "Classical Persian literature — like the poems of [[Farid al-Din Attar|Attar]] (died 1220), [[Rumi]] (d. 1273), [[Saadi|Sa’di]] (d. 1291), [[Hafez]] (d. 1389), [[Jami]] (d. 1492), and even those of the 20th century Iraj Mirza (d. 1926) — are replete with homoerotic allusions, as well as explicit references to beautiful young boys and to the practice of  pederasty." She further states that "professors of literature have been forced to teach that these extraordinarily beautiful gay love poems aren’t really gay at all and that their very explicit references to same-sex love are really all about men and women." [http://www.gaycitynews.com/gcn_432/iraniansourcesquestion.html]<ref>Janet Afary & Kevin Anderson, ''Foucault and the Iranian Revolution: Gender and the Seductions of Islamism,'' (University of Chicago Press, 2005</ref>
* [[Historical pederastic couples]]
 
* [[Homosexuality]]
==Pederastic themes in advertising==
* [[Mentoring]]
{{main|Sex in advertising}}
* [[Pedophilia and child sexual abuse in films]]
Commercial interests have upon occasion made recourse to graphic material evocative of pederastic themes. Early in the 20th century, [[Anheuser-Busch]] made use of a depiction of [[Zeus]]'s abduction of [[Ganymede (mythology)|Ganymede]] for a Budweiser beer ad campaign.
* [[Pederasty]]
 
* [[Pederasty in ancient Greece]]
More recently, a number of ads for [[Calvin Klein]] jeans in [[1995]] depicting partially clad teenage boys were accused of having a pederastic subtext. Critics targeted the novelty of tapping the sexuality of teenage boys, rather than teenage girls. Also, they pointed out a perceived "obvious man-boy sexual subtext." <ref>[http://rossolson.org/homosexuality/pedophilia_chic1.html Pedophilia Chic Weekly Standard, June 17, 1996<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> The ads were pulled after only a short run in the face of public disapproval.
* [[Platonic love]]
 
* [[Roman Catholic sex abuse cases]]
== See also ==
* [[Sex in advertising]]
{{Commons|Pederasty}}
* [[Sodomy]]
{{Wikiquote|Pederastic proverbs}}
* [[Twink (gay slang)]]
*[[Age disparity in sexual relationships]]
 
*[[Chickenhawk (sexuality)|Chickenhawk]]
== [edit] References and notes ==
*[[Friendship]]
*[[Historical pederastic couples]]
<div  class="references-small">  
*[[Homosexuality]]
# '''[[^]]''' Georges Dumézil, Preface in ''Homosexuality in Greek Myth'' by Bernard Sergent, Boston, 1984
*[[Mentoring]]
# '''[[^]]''' Thornton Edwards, "A Dictionary of Albanian Religion, Mythology and Folk Culture. - book review" ''Folklore,'' April, 2002
*[[Pedophilia and child sexual abuse in films]]
# '''[[^]]''' Janet Afary &amp; Kevin Anderson, ''Foucault and the Iranian Revolution: Gender and the Seductions of Islamism,'' (University of Chicago Press, 2005
*[[Pederasty]]
*[[Pederasty in ancient Greece]]
</div>  Academic 
*[[Platonic love]]
# [[↑]] Andrews, Walter and Kalpakli, Mehmet. 2005 ''The Age of Beloveds: Love an dthe Beloved in Early-Modern Ottoman and European Culture and Society'', (p.11)Duke University Press.
*[[Roman Catholic sex abuse cases]]
# [[↑]] Bauserman, R. &amp; Rind, B. 1997. "Psychological Correlates of Male Child and Adolescent Sexual Experiences with Adults: A Review of the Nonclinical Literature," ''Archives of Sexual Behavior'' 26:105-141.
*[[Sagging (fashion)]]
# [[↑]] Beitchman, J. H., Zucker,K. J., Hood, J. E., DaCosta, G. A., and Akman, D. 1991. "A Review of the Short-term Effects of Child Sexual Abuse," ''Child Abuse &amp; Neglect'' 15:537-556.
*[[Sex in advertising]]
# [[↑]] Beitchman, J. H., Zucker, K. J., Hood, J. E., DaCosta, G. A., Akman, D. and Cassavia, E. 1992. "A Review of the Long-term Effects of Child Sexual Abuse," ''Child Abuse &amp; Neglect'' 16:101-118.
*[[Sodomy]]
# [[↑]] Browne, A. and Finkelhor, D. 1986. "Initial and Long-term Effects: A Review of the Research" in D. Finkelhor (Ed.), ''A Sourcebook on Child Sexual Abuse (pp. 143-179). London: Sage.''
*[[Twink (gay slang)]]
# [[↑]] Constantine, L. L. 1981. "The Effects of Early Sexual Experience: A Review and Synthesis of Research" In L. L. Constantine and F. M. Martinson (Eds.), ''Children and Sex'' (pp. 217-244). Boston: Little, Brown and Company.
 
# [[↑]] Kilpatrick, A. 1987. "Childhood Sexual Experiences: Problems and Issues in Studying Long-range Effects," ''The Journal of Sex Research'' 23:173-196.
== References and notes ==  
# [[↑]] Rind, B., Bauserman, R., and Tromovitch, P. 1998. "A Meta-Analytic Examination of Assumed Properties of Child Sexual Abuse Using College Samples," ''Psychological Bulletin'' 124(1):22-53.
<!--This article uses the Cite.php citation mechanism. If you would like more information on how to add references to this article, please see http://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Cite/Cite.php --> {{reflist}}
  General
 
* [[Growing Up Sexually: A World Atlas]]
;Academic
  Europe
;
* ''Questioning Power Hierarchies: Michael Davidson and Literary Pederasty in Italy'' by Sergio Rigoletto [[[18]]]
#{{note|AndrewsKalpakli}}Andrews, Walter and Kalpakli, Mehmet. 2005 ''The Age of Beloveds: Love and the Beloved in Early-Modern Ottoman and European Culture and Society'', (p.11)Duke University Press.
  Japan
#{{note|bauserman}}Bauserman, R. & Rind, B. 1997. "Psychological Correlates of Male Child and Adolescent Sexual Experiences with Adults: A Review of the Nonclinical Literature," ''Archives of Sexual Behavior'' 26:105-141.
* ''Cartographies of desire: male-sexuality in Japanese discourse, 1600-1950,'' by Gregory Pflugfelder, Berkeley: University of California Press, 1999. [[ISBN 0-520-20909-5]]
#{{note|beitchman1}}Beitchman, J. H., Zucker, K. J., Hood, J. E., DaCosta, G. A., and Akman, D. 1991. "A Review of the Short-term Effects of Child Sexual Abuse," ''Child Abuse & Neglect'' 15:537-556.
#{{note|beitchman2}}Beitchman, J. H., Zucker, K. J., Hood, J. E., DaCosta, G. A., Akman, D. and Cassavia, E. 1992. "A Review of the Long-term Effects of Child Sexual Abuse," ''Child Abuse & Neglect'' 16:101-118.
#{{note|brown}}Browne, A. and Finkelhor, D. 1986. "Initial and Long-term Effects: A Review of the Research" in D. Finkelhor (Ed.), ''A Sourcebook on Child Sexual Abuse (pp. 143-179). London: Sage.
#{{note|constantine}}Constantine, L. L. 1981. "The Effects of Early Sexual Experience: A Review and Synthesis of Research" In L. L. Constantine and F. M. Martinson (Eds.), ''Children and Sex'' (pp. 217-244). Boston: Little, Brown and Company.
#{{note|kilpatrick}}Kilpatrick, A. 1987. "Childhood Sexual Experiences: Problems and Issues in Studying Long-range Effects," ''The Journal of Sex Research'' 23:173-196.
#{{note|rind}}Rind, B., Bauserman, R., and Tromovitch, P. 1998. "A Meta-Analytic Examination of Assumed Properties of Child Sexual Abuse Using College Samples," ''Psychological Bulletin'' 124(1):22-53.
 
;General
*[http://www2.rz.hu-berlin.de/sexology/GESUND/ARCHIV/GUS/INDEXATLAS.HTM ''Growing Up Sexually: A World Atlas'']
 
;Europe
*''Questioning Power Hierarchies: Michael Davidson and Literary Pederasty in Italy'' by Sergio Rigoletto [http://www.sussex.ac.uk/spt/1-4-3-1.html]  
 
;Japan
* ''Cartographies of desire: male-sexuality in Japanese discourse, 1600-1950,'' by Gregory Pflugfelder, Berkeley: University of California Press, 1999. ISBN 0-520-20909-5
* ''Japanese pederasty and homosexuality,'' by K.A. Adams, in the ''Journal of Psychohistory,'' 2002 Summer;30(1):54-66
* ''Japanese pederasty and homosexuality,'' by K.A. Adams, in the ''Journal of Psychohistory,'' 2002 Summer;30(1):54-66
  The Western Hemisphere   Muslim Lands
 
;The Western Hemisphere
 
;Muslim Lands
* Maarten Schild. ''The Irresistible Beauty of Boys - Middle Eastern attitudes about boy-love.'' Paidika, Vol.1, No.3.
* Maarten Schild. ''The Irresistible Beauty of Boys - Middle Eastern attitudes about boy-love.'' Paidika, Vol.1, No.3.
 
* Khaled El-Rouayheb. ''Before Homosexuality in the Arab-Islamic World, 1500-1800'' Chicago, 2005
* Khaled El-Rouayheb. ''Before Homosexuality in the Arab-Islamic World, 1500-1800'' Chicago, 2005
 
== [edit] Footnotes ==
# [[↑]] "Boy joins a sordid online world through his Webcam." Eichenwald, Kurt. ''New York Times,'' December 23, 2005.
# [[↑]] [[The Psychology of Sexual Predation & Pedophilia]] O'Connor, Dr. Tom. North Carolina Wesleyan College, October 13, 2005.
 
== [edit] External links ==
* [[Intergenerational and Egalitarian Models]]
* [[The Androphile Project – The World History of Male Love: Male Love in Greece]]


</div>
== External links ==
*[http://www.infopt.demon.co.uk/social19.htm Intergenerational and Egalitarian Models]
*[http://www.androphile.org/preview/Culture/Greece/greece.htm The Androphile Project &ndash; The World History of Male Love: Male Love in Greece]
*[http://www.mmkaylor.com Michael Matthew Kaylor, ''Secreted Desires: The Major Uranians: Hopkins, Pater and Wilde'' (2006)] (This 500-page, scholarly volume is available as an open-access PDF)
*[http://tcrnews.blogspot.com/2007/09/sexuality-modern-world-and-catholic.html The Catholic Church and Sexuality]
 
[[Category:Modern pederasty| ]]
[[Category:Sexual orientation and identity]]
[[Category:Sexuality and age]]
[[Category:Censorship]]
 
[[bg:Педерастия]]
[[de:Päderastie]]
[[es:Pederastia]]
[[fr:Pédérastie]]
[[gd:Pàisd'-Mhiannachd]]
[[it:Pederastia]]
[[nl:Pederastie]]
[[ja:少年愛]]
[[ro:pederastie]]
[[ru:Педерастия]]

Revision as of 00:08, 10 April 2015

In the past century, the term pederasty has seen a number of different uses. In the classic and academic sense, it refers to the erotic relationship between an adult male and an adolescent boy (see pederasty). Such relationships may be sexually expressed or not, consensual or nonconsensual, sentimental or commercial, and their legality will vary depending on local age of consent laws, sexual assault laws, and prohibitions on homosexuality. The term can also be employed of the attraction of the man to the boy, whether or not reciprocated. See definitions below

Pederasty is contrasted with the other two forms of male homosexuality, androphilia and gender-structured relations, which are currently prevalent in modern industrialized societies. It is generally not used for lesbian relations.

The term has also been used, at times in legal parlance, to refer to relations with minors below the age of consent regardless of sex or age. See Pedophilia, Child sexual abuse, and Statutory rape

An alternative use has been to describe anal intercourse with either males or females, regardless of age. See sodomy and anal intercourse

File:European age of male erotic emancipatio.jpg
Age of consent by country for European

Lexicological considerations

Template:Original research

In modern anthropologic and sexologic parlance, "pederasty" is used as a generic term to describe the cultural phenomenon of erotic relations between men and adolescent boys, whether chaste or of a sexual nature. However, dictionary definitions of the practice reduce it to anal intercourse, ranging from moralistic ones based on the Christian discourse on homosexuality (Oxford Compact Edition, 1971, gives, "Unnatural connexion with a boy; sodomy.") to ones focused on the mechanics of a sexual act (Merriam-Webster (on-line edition) gives, "Pederast: one that practices anal intercourse especially with a boy")[4], or even "insertion of the penis into the anus." Definitions such as these have been criticized as "a homophobic hijacking of a word originally introduced as a polite, learned term, an alternative to ugly words like 'bugger' and 'Sodomite'"[Citation needed]

In 1980 under the aegis of National Organization for Women, feminists adopted a resolution on lesbian and gay rights, which defined pederasty as "the involvement of children by adults in sexual activity," claiming that "over 90% of all pederasts are heterosexual males who seek out young girls as their victims." The text of the resolution read:"Whereas, pederasty is an issue of exploitation and violence, not affectional/sexual preference/orientation." [1][2] This resolution was in effect for nineteen years, and was superseded by another which did not broach in any way the topic of pederasty.[3]

The modern popular restriction of that definition to the sexual component of such relationships is also due on one hand to the primacy of sexological discourse in contemporary western culture, and on the other to the demise of pederasty as a social institution. [Citation needed] Thus in its contemporary sense, pederasty figures as a sub-category of what some sexologists term ephebophilia, the attraction of an adult towards adolescents, regardless of sex. [Citation needed] Nonetheless this medicalization of desire is not widely accepted, and these categories do not figure in any international catalogue of mental dysfunctions.[Citation needed]

Currently, the term or its cognate has been appropriated to describe any sexual relations between an adult male and a boy. Sometimes (as in the French pédé), it is used for all male homosexuality - often in a pejorative sense. In the English-speaking world the term is now popularly used to describe sexual relations between adults and boys below the age of consent in their respective community. In the news media and in common parlance, the term tends to be used as a synonym for pedophilia, even though the latter typically designates sexual contact between adults and prepubescent children, which is distinct from pederasty's application to relations between adults and youths who have reached puberty. [Citation needed]

Academic definitions

In sexology, anthropology and history, the term "pederasty" has generally been used to describe relationships and desires that conform more to the classical understanding of the practice than to its modern interpretations. [Citation needed]

The Encyclopedia of Gary, Lesbian, Bisexual and Queer Culture defines pederasty as "The erotic relationship between an adult male and a youth, generally one between the ages of twelve and seventeen, in which the older partner is attracted to the younger one who returns his affection"[4] and also as "the relationship between a man and a pubescent or postpubertal boy, generally under the age of eighteen" further indicating that that "modern industrial societies have by and large rejected traditional pederastic relationships." glbtq glossary This status is seen by some not as the result of premeditation, but as a stage in the evolution of modern society's relationship to love and sexuality, in what has been called a "natural history of desire."[5]

Legal status

Template:Original research

The legal status of pederastic relations varies from country to country. In many countries they are allowed and included with other same-sex relations, with certain restrictions factoring the ages of the participants and their respective social roles. In other countries they are completely forbidden. In some cases this is due to laws regarding homosexuality, in others it is due to an age of consent that excludes all or most of the teenage years.

Where legal, pederastic relationships, just as relationships with adolescent girls, are restricted by law in that persons in authority are not permitted to establish intimate relations with those under their control, and relations with youths below a given age are forbidden, under often severe penalties.

Parental control of such relationship is rarely legislated. The Netherlands has recently experimented with a statute granting parents a measure of oversight over their offsprings' early sexual lives by not prosecuting adults in relationship with adolescents between the ages of twelve and sixteen unless a parent (or social worker) filed a formal complaint. That law was in effect from the 1970s to 2000 [Citation needed] when it was repealed in favor of a blanket prohibition of sexual contact between adults and youths under sixteen. A similar regulation is presently in effect in Brazil. [Citation needed]

In some jurisdictions, as part of human rights campaigns granting the same freedoms to same-sex relationships as to heterosexual ones, the age of consent for homosexuals and heterosexuals is being equalized at age 16.[6][7]

Fragmentation of the gay liberation movement

Template:Original research

The gay liberation movement was in part inspired by, and included, prominent pederasts such as Oscar Wilde, André Gide, Paul Goodman and Allen Ginsberg. [Citation needed] Likewise, prominent homosexuals defended consensual relationships between adults and adolescents. [Citation needed] For example, Larry Kramer, an AIDS activist and homosexual author writes:

In those instances where children do have sex with their homosexual elders, be they teachers or anyone else, I submit that often, very often, the child desires the activity, and perhaps even solicits it, either because of a natural curiosity that will or will not develop along these lines, or because he or she is homosexual and innately knows it. This is far from "recruitment." Obviously, there are instances in which the child is unwilling, and is a victim of sexual abuse, homo- or heterosexual. But, as with straight children anxious for the experience with someone of the opposite sex, these are kids who seek solicit, and consent willingly to sex with someone of the same sex. And unlike girls or women forced into rape and traumatized, most gay men have warm memories of their earliest and early sexual encounters; when we share these stories with each other, they are invariably positive ones.
Kramer, L (1981) Reports from the Holocaust. NY: St. Martin's Press p.234)

However, in several countries the abolition of laws against sodomy coincided with a separation between the ephebephile and androphile camps of the gay liberation movement (though, as part of the sexual revolution, the legal age of consent was lowered somewhat and usually set as equal to that for heterosexual sex).

In the late 1970's the defense of pederasty was picked up by NAMBLA, an organization that presses for the abolition of age of consent laws, and that may be associated with the introduction of the euphemistic man-boy love as an alternative to pederasty, a term viewed by some as compromised by prejudice. [Citation needed] The expulsion of this organization from the International Lesbian and Gay Association in 1994 seemed to create a definitive break between the ephebephile and adult-homosexual camps.[Citation needed] A progression from pederasty to egalitarian homosexuality has been hypothesised, but is not fully accepted (see external links). [Citation needed]

David Thorstad, of NAMBLA, who asserts that pederasty is "love between a man and a youth of 12 to 18 years of age, claims that "middle-class homosexuals, lesbians, and feminists" say pederasty "has nothing to do with gay liberation." While he admits that others define it as sexual abuse, he does not share this view. [8]

Homosexuals today, while distancing themselves from the practice of modern-day pederasty, often discuss the history of pederasty interchangeably with the history of homosexuality. [Citation needed] If they did not do so, they would have to disavow any link between homosexuality and most of the historical figures who practiced – and the artistic works which were inspired by – same-sex love. [Citation needed] That is not the case, however: modern-day androphilic men have consistently cited as their forebears Western artists with pederastic leanings.[Citation needed]

Cultural influences

Template:Original research

During the twentieth century, a number of artists with pederastic leanings attained prominence. André Gide, Thomas Mann, Henry de Montherlant, Eric Satie, Benjamin Britten, Pier Paolo Pasolini, Fernando Vallejo, and Allen Ginsberg were inspired in various degrees by their pederastic attractions — even if these may at times have been denied or hidden. In popular culture, images and themes with pederastic origins or sub-texts continued to surface, though the implied messages underwent changes over time.[Citation needed] For example, in the early years of the century, Zeus' abduction of Ganymede, stripped of its erotic symbolism, makes its appearance in Budweiser beer advertising.

In mid-century, Batman, a popular comic strip hero, was denounced by psychologist Fredric Wertham for his association with his assistant, Robin, an adolescent boy. Wertham claimed that the pair led young people to normalize homosexual relationships. [Citation needed] The studios and the public continued to toy with the sexual ambivalence between the two until the late sixties. [Citation needed] In 1969 Robin was removed from the series and later allusions to Batman's pederasty (fiercely repudiated by Batman's character) became the domain of unsympathetic antagonists, such as the Joker in the 1989 graphic novel Arkham Asylum: A Serious House on Serious Earth. [Citation needed]

File:QAF1.jpg
Queer as Folk Series 1 DVD Cover

Erotic attraction between men and boys has been explored in a number of films, fictional as well as documentary. These have taken a range of views, from negative to neutral to positive. For a list of such films, see Pederastic filmography. Likewise, it has been featured on television, as in the British serial Queer as Folk which depicted a gay household including a fifteen year old boy exploring his sexuality. [Citation needed] The theater also has addressed the topic, most recently in the play The History Boys, which blends both comedy and tragedy, with multiple layers and themes, including growing up, the wider purpose of education in adult life, pederasty, teaching methods, homosexuality, and the English education system.[Citation needed]

Advocacy of pederasty

A number of modern writers, artists and scientist have advanced various arguments in defense of pederastic emotions, and liaisons. [Citation needed] André Gide reflected on his own experiences:

I love boys with a sensual curiosity, a voluptuousness, a foolishness, which has often led me to run after them as if I were their age, staying out too long in the rain to help find a ball...I remember tarrying with B. in a haystack, my clothes full of bits of straw because I could not resist his pure blue eyes...To destroy the pederasty [within you] is to destroy you as well, your whole nature and personality...I think pederasty is a good thing, that such affection can spring up between man and boy to stir affectionate friendship where in each can find exaltation, protection, and challenge.

Moreover, advocates of the normalization of pederasty have cited scientific studies conducted in recent decades, which suggest that pederasty may not necessarily cause psychological harm. Several studies of sexual relations between adults and young people (including a range of relationships including incest and forcible rape, as well as pederasty) indicate that many youths do experience serious and long-lasting harm as a result of their participation in intergenerational relationships, in particular when those involve coercion, violence, or parental mental disease. However, no risk factor independent of these has yet been identified and the studies indicate that a certain percentage of youths involved in intergenerational relationships report no serious or long-term harm as a result.[5],[6],[7],[8],[9],[10]

Probably the best known of these studies is A Meta-Analytic Examination of Assumed Properties of Child Sexual Abuse Using College Samples, a study carried out by Rind, et al., and published in the Psychological Bulletin in 1998. Noting that prior research regarding adult-minor sexual relationships tended to rely on medical and legal samples (that is, individuals receiving psychological treatment, or engaged in legal proceedings), the researchers used a statistical method known as meta-analysis to analyze samples of college students from 59 previously conducted studies on adult-minor sex. The study found that, of the college males who as minors had had sexual experiences with adults, a majority reported those experiences as having either a neutral or positive impact. The study concluded: "Adolescents are different from children in that they are more likely to have sexual interests, to know whether they want a particular sexual encounter, and to resist an encounter that they do not want. Furthermore, unlike adult-child sex, adult-adolescent sex has been commonplace cross-culturally and historically, often in socially sanctioned forms, and may fall within the 'normal' range of human sexual behaviors."[11]

Criticisms of pederasty

Pederasty is a controversial practice, and a number of different accusations are leveled against it. Religious sources continue to group it in the same moral category as homosexuality in general, labeling both practices "unnatural" and "perverse". Self-described child abuse prevention organizations assert that it is impossible for non-adults to offer "informed consent" to sexual activity - arguing that "consent" assumes certain knowledge and life experiences that a child or teenager is unlikely to have.[12] Many in the psychological community view adult-minor sexual relations as dangerous to the mental health of the minor.[9] Finally, abusive illegal pederastic relationships often are reported in the media, validating certain aspects of such accusations. Such relationships may raise issues of morality and functionality, agency for the youth and parental authority. [13]

Religious opposition

Religious opposition to pederasty makes no distinction between legal and illegal practices, but opposes all such relationships basing itself on scriptural arguments.

Some "gay-positive" writers, in their work of interpreting Christian teachings, have concluded that Paul's criticism of same-sex love do not target those for whom such affections come naturally, but rather those who indulge such pleasures by choice, with the example given being "the Hellenistic practice of erotic behavior with young males." Their work suggests that religious opposition to same sex relations should restrict itself to pederastic relationships, with their presumed abuse of power. But a position paper of the Anglican Church rejects that contention, claiming that,

The Graeco-Roman "ideal" did not entail erotic love of children, but of young (teenage) males, of the same age that young woman would be given in marriage. Frequently the more mature male was only slightly older than the partner. Had Paul intended to proscribe pederasty by using these terms (such as we understand pederasty today), he had recourse to many other more precise terms. In fact, the discussion in Romans, with its inclusion of female homoerotic behaviour, indicates that exploitation and victimisation were not the issue. (Paul has a lot to say about the abuse of power elsewhere). Position paper: How Is Homosexuality Understood in Scripture, Tradition, and in Contemporary Theology

The Catholic Church, while itself implicated in scandals over pederasts in its clergy, is at the same time one of the main groups working to prohibit the practice of pederasty, whether in its legal or illegal manifestations. On Feb. 2, 1961 the Vatican issued a document, “Instruction on the Careful Selection and Training of Candidates for the States of Perfection and Sacred Orders,” barring from the priesthood anyone who has "perverse inclinations to homosexuality or pederasty."[14] Then, in 1992, the Church organized an international congress in Bangkok on "The Abuse of Children in Prostitution and Pornography," using the occasion to call for pederasty to be declared a "crime against humanity."

Secular opposition

Secular opposition, unlike religious opposition, does not target pederasty per se, but distinguishes between practices which are legal and those that are illegal. [Citation needed] Thus, same-sex relations with male as well as female youths, when against the law, are opposed by many groups, from law enforcement to NGO's such as ECPAT (End Child Prostitution, Child Pornography and Trafficking of Children for Sexual Purposes) [15] - a non-religious group working to combat the commercial exploitation of children, such as child prostitution and trafficking in children. Where the relations are permitted by law, as in the case of non-commercial relations with youths above the age of consent, considered legally to fall under the category of legitimate homosexual relationships, secular groups have not expressed an opinion.[Citation needed]

Accusation of abuse

Men in such relationships are accused of being necessarily materialistic and manipulative. The claim is that the older partner's interest in the younger is always purely for sexual gratification, and that beneath a guise of caring or loving, and a veneer of acceptability of endowing the younger partner with "choice", these relationships are universally damaging to the youth because they are based on mutual deception. The attention given by the older to the younger is assailed as fundamentally self-interested, and the claim is made that the youths are discarded once past the age of attraction.

Criminality

While sexually expressed pederasty can be lawful within certain legal boundaries in many jurisdictions, several types of laws are usually brought to bear on such relationships. Age of consent laws set a lower limit on the age at which youths are enfranchised to enter into a sexual relationship with another person. This limit varies from one jurisdiction to another, ranging from the early teens to the early twenties.

Other laws restrict adults who are in positions of authority over a youth from entering into a sexual relationship with that youth. However, no laws criminalize love relationships which are not sexually expressed. Relations between adults and youth are also subject to generally applicable laws against rape and kidnapping.

There have been a number of publicized cases of illegal pederastic activity involving the Internet and, more specifically, the use of webcams. Justin Berry, a teenager in Bakersfield, California, began using a webcam at the age of 13, and shortly thereafter received offers of money and gifts from viewers in exchange for disrobing and performing sexual acts. He later created a subscription service aimed at pederasts. Berry ended up meeting at least two viewers/subscribers and had allegedly illegal sexual contact with both men. Berry ultimately shut down his service and, in exchange for immunity from prosecution on allegations of producing and distributing child pornography, assisted authorities in arresting several of his customers, including the men he met, who he alleged were engaging in illegal sexual conduct with other under-age webcam operators; In television and print interviews, Berry expressed anger towards the men and satisfaction at their arrests.[10]

Another possible case of pederastic abuse is the disappearance of Alex Mechisvili, an eleven year old boy of Georgian descent living in northern Greece, after revealing to his parents that he had seen "what happens to kids who are not supervised by anyone." When the local Roma clan head, reputed to be the crime boss of Veria was questioned by the mother of the missing child about his possible complicity, he is reputed to have answered, "No. We don't steal children that old."[11]

In a case alleged to involve both kidnapping and rape, Michael J. Devlin was indicted in early 2007 for abducting and sodomizing, over the course of several years of captivity, a boy in his early teens.[12]

Censorship

The history and scope of pederasty has been the subject of extensive censorship. In the West, the topic was suppressed in academic circles for much of modern history. The unspoken ban was broken only in 1905 by the German historian Erich Bethe with his study Dorian Boy-Love: its Ethic, its Idea.[13] In the USA, as late as 2005, Haworth Press withdrew from publication a volume on homosexuality in classical antiquity titled Same-Sex Desire and Love in Greco-Roman Antiquity and in the Classical Tradition of the West. This was in response to criticism from American right-wing groups that objected to book's depiction of classical pederasty, as well as to the substance of a chapter by the American academic Bruce Rind which integrated observations from history, anthropology, and zoology, and which was interpreted by some readers as advocating pedophilia.

The publisher, in a letter to the editors, attempted to exonerate Rind from the accusation and conceded that the article was sound, but stood by his decision to withdraw it "to avoid negative press" and "economic repercussions."[14][15]

File:Budweiser ad - Zeus and Ganymede 1906.jpg
“Modern Version of Ganymede” Introduction of Budweiser to the Gods
Theatre Magazine, February 1906

Later Haworth reversed course and announced that the book and journal would be published, but without Rind's controversial essay. Mr. Rind's essay is to be published in a future "supplementary volume" of The Journal of Homosexuality, together with counterarguments advanced by his critics. [16]

The very existence of discussions of pederasty is often condemned and suppressed. In a 2002 review of a work on Albanian folklore by Robert Elsie, Thornton Edwards suggests that a four page examination of pederastic practices would have been better served by a one-paragraph treatment.[16]

Eastern historical material is also reported to be systematically distorted. In his monograph on same-sex relations in the pre-modern Middle East, Khaled El-Rouayheb demonstrates how Persian and Arabic love poetry and other literary material is routinely heterosexualized or devalued in critical studies authored by post-colonial Arab and Islamic scholars. (El-Rouhayeb, 2005) Under the rule of both the Pahlavi dynasty monarchy and the Islamic Republic in Iran, Janet Afary claims that "Classical Persian literature — like the poems of Attar (died 1220), Rumi (d. 1273), Sa’di (d. 1291), Hafez (d. 1389), Jami (d. 1492), and even those of the 20th century Iraj Mirza (d. 1926) — are replete with homoerotic allusions, as well as explicit references to beautiful young boys and to the practice of pederasty." She further states that "professors of literature have been forced to teach that these extraordinarily beautiful gay love poems aren’t really gay at all and that their very explicit references to same-sex love are really all about men and women." [17][17]

Pederastic themes in advertising

Template:Main Commercial interests have upon occasion made recourse to graphic material evocative of pederastic themes. Early in the 20th century, Anheuser-Busch made use of a depiction of Zeus's abduction of Ganymede for a Budweiser beer ad campaign.

More recently, a number of ads for Calvin Klein jeans in 1995 depicting partially clad teenage boys were accused of having a pederastic subtext. Critics targeted the novelty of tapping the sexuality of teenage boys, rather than teenage girls. Also, they pointed out a perceived "obvious man-boy sexual subtext." [18] The ads were pulled after only a short run in the face of public disapproval.

See also

Template:Commons Template:Wikiquote

References and notes

  1. Mark Blasius, Shane Phelan (1997). We are Everywhere: A Historical Sourcebook of Gay and Lesbian Politics. Routledge. p. 468-469. ISBN 0415908582. 
  2. National Organization for Women; "DELINEATION OF LESBIAN RIGHTS ISSUES 1980"
  3. National Organization for Women; "DELINEATION OF LESBIAN RIGHTS ISSUES 1980"
  4. glbtq "Pederasty"[1]
  5. Andrews, Walter and Kalpakli, Mehmet. 2005 The Age of Beloveds: Love and the Beloved in Early-Modern Ottoman and European Culture and Society, (p.11)Duke University Press.
  6. "Guernsey may lower gay age of consent", Pink News, 2006-07-18. Retrieved on 2007-09-20. 
  7. Gay sex at 16 legal, Man. Pink News (2006-08-14). Retrieved on 2007-09-20.
  8. David Thorstad (1998). Speech to the Semana Cultural Lesbica-Gay. NAMBLA.
  9. The Psychology of Sexual Predation & Pedophilia O'Connor, Dr. Tom. North Carolina Wesleyan College, October 13, 2005.
  10. "Boy joins a sordid online world through his Webcam." Eichenwald, Kurt. New York Times, December 23, 2005.
  11. Brabant, Malcolm. "Lost Greek boy may be sex victim", BBC News, Athens, 2007-02-06. Retrieved on 2007-09-20. 
  12. Leonard, Christopher. "Child porn charges added to Mo. case", Associated Press, 2007-03-07. Retrieved on 2007-09-20. 
  13. Georges Dumézil, Preface in Homosexuality in Greek Myth by Bernard Sergent, Boston, 1984
  14. "Kathryn Rutz, vice president for editorial development at Haworth, said in an e-mail message that the press had received about 20 e-mail messages in the 24-36 hours after the WorldNetDaily article appeared, and that the flurry of messages prompted a “vigorous” discussion among the press’s top officials. “Issues on the table,” she said, “included freedom of speech, consequences of negative publicity, personal objections to the subject matter, and resistance to what might appear to be caving in to a particular group with its own right-wing agenda.” Ultimately, Rutz said, the decision to cancel the book was based on the fact that “the final article by Bruce Rind is construed by some as being sympathetic to pederasty,” which she emphasized that the press does not “in any way support or endorse.” Rutz said the decision “can on one level be considered a business decision. Our customer base is large and the number of disciplines we cover is large. Because 95 percent of our customers would likely be opposed to anything even remotely construed as sexual abuse apologetics, publishing this paper would be a bad business decision.”"Doug Lederman, "Pressure Prompts Publisher to Punt," in Inside Higher Ed Sept. 27, 2005 [2]
  15. Article in the Halifax The Chronicle Herald[3]
  16. Thornton Edwards, "A Dictionary of Albanian Religion, Mythology and Folk Culture. - book review" Folklore, April, 2002
  17. Janet Afary & Kevin Anderson, Foucault and the Iranian Revolution: Gender and the Seductions of Islamism, (University of Chicago Press, 2005
  18. Pedophilia Chic Weekly Standard, June 17, 1996
Academic
  1. ^Andrews, Walter and Kalpakli, Mehmet. 2005 The Age of Beloveds: Love and the Beloved in Early-Modern Ottoman and European Culture and Society, (p.11)Duke University Press.
  2. ^Bauserman, R. & Rind, B. 1997. "Psychological Correlates of Male Child and Adolescent Sexual Experiences with Adults: A Review of the Nonclinical Literature," Archives of Sexual Behavior 26:105-141.
  3. ^Beitchman, J. H., Zucker, K. J., Hood, J. E., DaCosta, G. A., and Akman, D. 1991. "A Review of the Short-term Effects of Child Sexual Abuse," Child Abuse & Neglect 15:537-556.
  4. ^Beitchman, J. H., Zucker, K. J., Hood, J. E., DaCosta, G. A., Akman, D. and Cassavia, E. 1992. "A Review of the Long-term Effects of Child Sexual Abuse," Child Abuse & Neglect 16:101-118.
  5. ^Browne, A. and Finkelhor, D. 1986. "Initial and Long-term Effects: A Review of the Research" in D. Finkelhor (Ed.), A Sourcebook on Child Sexual Abuse (pp. 143-179). London: Sage.
  6. ^Constantine, L. L. 1981. "The Effects of Early Sexual Experience: A Review and Synthesis of Research" In L. L. Constantine and F. M. Martinson (Eds.), Children and Sex (pp. 217-244). Boston: Little, Brown and Company.
  7. ^Kilpatrick, A. 1987. "Childhood Sexual Experiences: Problems and Issues in Studying Long-range Effects," The Journal of Sex Research 23:173-196.
  8. ^Rind, B., Bauserman, R., and Tromovitch, P. 1998. "A Meta-Analytic Examination of Assumed Properties of Child Sexual Abuse Using College Samples," Psychological Bulletin 124(1):22-53.
General
Europe
  • Questioning Power Hierarchies: Michael Davidson and Literary Pederasty in Italy by Sergio Rigoletto [18]
Japan
  • Cartographies of desire: male-sexuality in Japanese discourse, 1600-1950, by Gregory Pflugfelder, Berkeley: University of California Press, 1999. ISBN 0-520-20909-5
  • Japanese pederasty and homosexuality, by K.A. Adams, in the Journal of Psychohistory, 2002 Summer;30(1):54-66
The Western Hemisphere
Muslim Lands
  • Maarten Schild. The Irresistible Beauty of Boys - Middle Eastern attitudes about boy-love. Paidika, Vol.1, No.3.
  • Khaled El-Rouayheb. Before Homosexuality in the Arab-Islamic World, 1500-1800 Chicago, 2005

External links

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