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<b>Pro-pedophile activism</b> or <b>Pro-paedophile activism</b> (Commonwealth usage) encompasses pro-<a href="/web/20071017042143/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pedophilia" title="Pedophilia">pedophile</a> organizations and activists that argue for certain changes of criminal laws and cultural response in order to allow pedophiles to <a href="/web/20071017042143/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Child_sexual_abuse" title="Child sexual abuse">sexually abuse</a><sup id="_ref-0" class="reference"><a href="#_note-0" title="">[1]</a></sup> children<sup id="_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#_note-1" title="">[2]</a></sup><sup id="_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#_note-2" title="">[3]</a></sup>. The obverse movement is <a href="/web/20071017042143/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-pedophile_activism" title="Anti-pedophile activism">anti-pedophile activism</a>, which aims to protect children from predatory pedophiles<sup id="_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#_note-3" title="">[4]</a></sup><sup id="_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#_note-4" title="">[5]</a></sup>. Goals of pro-pedophile activism also include removing the legal protection parents have to prevent their children falling into the hands of pedophiles<sup id="_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#_note-5" title="">[6]</a></sup>, social acceptance of <a href="/web/20071017042143/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adult" title="Adult">adults'</a><a href="/web/20071017042143/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sexual_attraction" title="Sexual attraction">sexual attraction</a> to <a href="/web/20071017042143/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Child" title="Child">children</a>, social acceptance of <a href="/web/20071017042143/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sexual_activity" title="Sexual activity">sexual activity</a> between adults and children, and changes in institutions of concern to pedophiles, such as <a href="/web/20071017042143/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abolition_of_age_of_consent_laws" title="Abolition of age of consent laws">changing age of consent laws</a> or mental illness classifications.<sup class="noprint Template-Fact"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources&nbsp;since September 2007" style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/web/20071017042143/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">citation needed</a></i>]</span></sup>Some pro-pedophile groups are involved in opposing vigilante groups that target anyone with a sexual attraction to children.<sup id="_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#_note-6" title="">[7]</a></sup><sup id="_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#_note-7" title="">[8]</a></sup></p><p>Some pro-pedophile activists advocate social acceptance of what they consider to be adult romantic love <sup id="_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#_note-8" title="">[9]</a></sup> and sexual attraction to minors, as well as the legalization of what they believe to be non-abusive and mutually consenting adult-minor sexual activity, activity that is currently defined in most legal contexts as child sexual abuse. Other goals of pro-pedophile activism may, but do not necessarily, include the redefinition of contemporary authority relations between adults and minors, and the changing of institutions of concern to pedophiles, such as <a href="/web/20071017042143/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Age_of_consent" title="Age of consent">age of consent</a> laws and <a href="/web/20071017042143/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mental_disorder" title="Mental disorder">mental disorder</a> classifications.<sup id="_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#_note-9" title="">[10]</a></sup><sup id="_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#_note-10" title="">[11]</a></sup></p><p>Increasing public focus and disapproval of pedophilia has motivated more stringent legislation and stricter criminal penalties regarding <a href="/web/20071017042143/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Child_pornography" title="Child pornography">child pornography</a>, <a href="/web/20071017042143/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Child_sexual_abuse" title="Child sexual abuse">child sexual abuse</a>, and the use of the internet to facilitate these activities.<sup class="noprint Template-Fact"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources&nbsp;since October 2007" style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/web/20071017042143/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">citation needed</a></i>]</span></sup> To consider pro-pedophile activism as a valid political or civil rights activist movement is also unpopular. The movement faces virulent opposition. <sup id="_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#_note-11" title="">[12]</a></sup> Camille Paglia said, "These days, especially in America, boy-love is not only scandalous and criminal but somehow in bad taste."<sup id="_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#_note-12" title="">[13]</a></sup></p>
{|  id="toc" class="toc" summary="Contents" 
| <div id="toctitle"><h2>Contents</h2></div><ul><li class="toclevel-1"><a href="#Medical_definitions_of_pedophilia"><span class="tocnumber">1</span><span class="toctext">Medical definitions of pedophilia</span></a></li><li class="toclevel-1"><a href="#Legal_status_of_sexual_activity_between_adults_and_children"><span class="tocnumber">2</span><span class="toctext">Legal status of sexual activity between adults and children</span></a></li><li class="toclevel-1"><a href="#History"><span class="tocnumber">3</span><span class="toctext">History</span></a><ul><li class="toclevel-2"><a href="#Early_developments"><span class="tocnumber">3.1</span><span class="toctext">Early developments</span></a></li><li class="toclevel-2"><a href="#Publishing_of_Sex_met_kinderen"><span class="tocnumber">3.2</span><span class="toctext">Publishing of Sex met kinderen</span></a></li><li class="toclevel-2"><a href="#1979_Dutch_petition"><span class="tocnumber">3.3</span><span class="toctext">1979 Dutch petition</span></a></li><li class="toclevel-2"><a href="#Decline_of_the_movement"><span class="tocnumber">3.4</span><span class="toctext">Decline of the movement</span></a></li><li class="toclevel-2"><a href="#Recent_developments"><span class="tocnumber">3.5</span><span class="toctext">Recent developments</span></a></li><li class="toclevel-2"><a href="#Terminology_and_symbols_used_by_the_movement"><span class="tocnumber">3.6</span><span class="toctext">Terminology and symbols used by the movement</span></a><ul><li class="toclevel-3"><a href="#Terminology_used_by_the_movement"><span class="tocnumber">3.6.1</span><span class="toctext">Terminology used by the movement</span></a></li><li class="toclevel-3"><a href="#Symbols_used_by_the_movement"><span class="tocnumber">3.6.2</span><span class="toctext">Symbols used by the movement</span></a></li></ul></li><li class="toclevel-2"><a href="#Ethics_proposed_by_the_movement"><span class="tocnumber">3.7</span><span class="toctext">Ethics proposed by the movement</span></a></li></ul></li><li class="toclevel-1"><a href="#Activities"><span class="tocnumber">4</span><span class="toctext">Activities</span></a></li><li class="toclevel-1"><a href="#Perspectives_of_pro-pedophile_activists"><span class="tocnumber">5</span><span class="toctext">Perspectives of pro-pedophile activists</span></a><ul><li class="toclevel-2"><a href="#Harris_Mirkin"><span class="tocnumber">5.1</span><span class="toctext">Harris Mirkin</span></a></li><li class="toclevel-2"><a href="#Study_by_Mary_de_Young"><span class="tocnumber">5.2</span><span class="toctext">Study by Mary de Young</span></a></li><li class="toclevel-2"><a href="#Other_pro-pedophilia_views"><span class="tocnumber">5.3</span><span class="toctext">Other pro-pedophilia views</span></a></li></ul></li><li class="toclevel-1"><a href="#Scientific_claims"><span class="tocnumber">6</span><span class="toctext">Scientific claims</span></a><ul><li class="toclevel-2"><a href="#Questioning_assumptions_about_pedophiles"><span class="tocnumber">6.1</span><span class="toctext">Questioning assumptions about pedophiles</span></a></li><li class="toclevel-2"><a href="#Re-categorization_of_data"><span class="tocnumber">6.2</span><span class="toctext">Re-categorization of data</span></a></li><li class="toclevel-2"><a href="#.22Socially_Representative.22_sampling_and_change_in_ethos"><span class="tocnumber">6.3</span><span class="toctext">"Socially Representative" sampling and change in ethos</span></a></li><li class="toclevel-2"><a href="#Other_papers_supporting_some_activist_opinions"><span class="tocnumber">6.4</span><span class="toctext">Other papers supporting some activist opinions</span></a></li><li class="toclevel-2"><a href="#Rind_et_al._controversy"><span class="tocnumber">6.5</span><span class="toctext">Rind et al. controversy</span></a></li></ul></li><li class="toclevel-1"><a href="#Controversy_and_public_reaction_to_the_movement"><span class="tocnumber">7</span><span class="toctext">Controversy and public reaction to the movement</span></a><ul><li class="toclevel-2"><a href="#Criticism_of_the_movement"><span class="tocnumber">7.1</span><span class="toctext">Criticism of the movement</span></a></li><li class="toclevel-2"><a href="#Skepticism_that_the_movement_does_not_support_child_abuse"><span class="tocnumber">7.2</span><span class="toctext">Skepticism that the movement does not support child abuse</span></a><ul><li class="toclevel-3"><a href="#Child_abuse_cases_in_relation_to_members_of_NAMBLA"><span class="tocnumber">7.2.1</span><span class="toctext">Child abuse cases in relation to members of NAMBLA</span></a></li><li class="toclevel-3"><a href="#Criminal_cases_in_relation_to_other_pedophile_activists"><span class="tocnumber">7.2.2</span><span class="toctext">Criminal cases in relation to other pedophile activists</span></a></li></ul></li></ul></li><li class="toclevel-1"><a href="#See_also"><span class="tocnumber">8</span><span class="toctext">See also</span></a><ul><li class="toclevel-2"><a href="#Advocate_groups"><span class="tocnumber">8.1</span><span class="toctext">Advocate groups</span></a></li><li class="toclevel-2"><a href="#Opponent_groups"><span class="tocnumber">8.2</span><span class="toctext">Opponent groups</span></a></li></ul></li><li class="toclevel-1"><a href="#Notes_and_references"><span class="tocnumber">9</span><span class="toctext">Notes and references</span></a><ul><li class="toclevel-2"><a href="#Notes"><span class="tocnumber">9.1</span><span class="toctext">Notes</span></a></li><li class="toclevel-2"><a href="#References"><span class="tocnumber">9.2</span><span class="toctext">References</span></a></li></ul></li><li class="toclevel-1"><a href="#External_links"><span class="tocnumber">10</span><span class="toctext">External links</span></a></li></ul>
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//]]></script><p><a name="Medical_definitions_of_pedophilia" id="Medical_definitions_of_pedophilia"></a></p><h2><span class="mw-headline">Medical definitions of pedophilia</span></h2><p>The <a href="/web/20071017042143/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ICD-10" title="ICD-10">ICD-10</a>, an international classification of diseases published by the <a href="/web/20071017042143/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Health_Organization" title="World Health Organization">World Health Organization</a>, lists pedophilia as a <a href="/web/20071017042143/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paraphilia" title="Paraphilia">paraphilia</a>, and refers to the <a href="/web/20071017042143/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diagnostic_and_Statistical_Manual_of_Mental_Disorders" title="Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders">Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders</a> (DSM), mentioned below, for its definition.</p><p>The <a href="/web/20071017042143/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Psychiatric_Association" title="American Psychiatric Association">American Psychiatric Association</a> (APA) Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition Text Revision (DSM-IV-TR), describes pedophilia as a paraphilia. <sup id="_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#_note-13" title="">[14]</a></sup><sup id="_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#_note-14" title="">[15]</a></sup> The diagnosis criteria for Pedophilia are:</p><p>A. Over a period of at least 6 months, recurrent, intense sexually arousing fantasies, sexual urges, or behaviors involving sexual activity with a prepubescent child or children (generally age 13 years or younger);</p><p>B. The person has acted on these sexual urges, or the sexual urges or fantasies cause marked distress or interpersonal difficulty;</p><p>C. The person is at least age 16 years and at least 5 years older than the child or children in criterion A.</p><p>In addition, the APA released a statement in 2003 regarding the diagnostic criteria for pedophilia:</p><blockquote class="toccolours" style="float:none; padding: 10px 15px 10px 15px; display:table;"><p>The DSM is the standard classification of mental disorders used by mental health professionals and provides clear, objective descriptions of mental illnesses, based upon scientific research. Pedophilia is categorized in the DSM-IV-TR as one of several paraphilic mental disorders. The essential features of a Paraphilia are recurrent, intense sexually arousing fantasies, sexual urges, or behaviors that generally involve nonhuman subjects, children, or other nonconsenting adults, or the suffering or humiliation of oneself or one’s partner.<br><br>
An adult who engages in sexual activity with a child is performing a criminal and immoral act and this is never considered normal or socially acceptable behavior. Darrel A. Regier, M.D., M.P.H., Director, American Psychiatric Association’s Division of Research states, “there are no plans or processes set up that would lead to the removal of the Paraphilias from their consideration as legitimate mental disorders.”<sup id="_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#_note-15" title="">[16]</a></sup></p></blockquote><p><a name="Legal_status_of_sexual_activity_between_adults_and_children" id="Legal_status_of_sexual_activity_between_adults_and_children"></a></p><h2><span class="mw-headline">Legal status of sexual activity between adults and children</span></h2><dl><dd><div class="noprint"><i>Main article: <a href="/web/20071017042143/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Age_of_consent" title="Age of consent">Age of consent</a></i></div></dd></dl><p>The age of consent varies from country to country, but no country's age of consent is below 12.</p><p><a name="History" id="History"></a></p><h2><span class="mw-headline">History</span></h2><p>Regarding the foundation of positions that in some ways mirror later pro-pedophile activism, <a href="/web/20071017042143/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Stacy_McCain" title="Robert Stacy McCain">Robert Stacy McCain</a> writes: "Academic defenses of sex between adults and children date back at least to Alfred Kinsey's famous 1948 and 1952 reports on human sexuality, in which the Indiana University professor claimed that 'children are sexual from birth.' Critics say that pro-pedophilia activism cannot be dismissed as an irrelevant fringe movement because it has real-life consequences."<sup id="_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#_note-16" title="">[17]</a></sup> In the 1970s, the movement established itself in continental <a href="/web/20071017042143/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Europe" title="Western Europe">Western Europe</a>, particularly in the Netherlands.<sup id="_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#_note-17" title="">[18]</a></sup><sup id="_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#_note-18" title="">[19]</a></sup> At that time the <a href="/web/20071017042143/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_American_Man/Boy_Love_Association" title="North American Man/Boy Love Association">North American Man/Boy Love Association</a> was also a leading gay youth and <a href="/web/20071017042143/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pederasty" title="Pederasty">pederast</a> rights activist group.<sup id="_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#_note-19" title="">[20]</a></sup></p><p><a name="Early_developments" id="Early_developments"></a></p><h3><span class="mw-headline">Early developments</span></h3><div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:152px;"><a href="/web/20071017042143/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:FritsBernard2.jpg" class="image" title="A young Frits Bernard."><img alt="A young Frits Bernard." src="/web/20071017042143im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/86/FritsBernard2.jpg/150px-FritsBernard2.jpg" class="thumbimage" border="0" height="222" width="150"></a><div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify" style="float:right"><a href="/web/20071017042143/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:FritsBernard2.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"><img src="/web/20071017042143im_/http://en.wikipedia.org/skins-1.5/common/images/magnify-clip.png" alt="" height="11" width="15"></a></div>
A young <a href="/web/20071017042143/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frits_Bernard" title="Frits Bernard">Frits Bernard</a>.</div></div></div><p>Psychologist and sexologist Dr. <a href="/web/20071017042143/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frits_Bernard" title="Frits Bernard">Frits Bernard</a><sup id="_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#_note-20" title="">[21]</a></sup> has stated that he and others formed the <i>Enclave kring</i> ("Enclave circle") in <a href="/web/20071017042143/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hague" title="The Hague">The Hague</a>, the Netherlands in the 1950s.<sup id="_ref-dutch_0" class="reference"><a href="#_note-dutch" title="">[22]</a></sup> They built upon pre-1940 member information of the surviving Dutch branch of German <a href="/web/20071017042143/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnus_Hirschfeld" title="Magnus Hirschfeld">Magnus Hirschfeld</a>'s sexologist <i>Wissenschaftlich-Humanitäres Komitee (WHK)</i> (<a href="/web/20071017042143/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientific-Humanitarian_Committee" title="Scientific-Humanitarian Committee">Scientific-Humanitarian Committee</a>) provided by former <i>WHK</i> member Arent von Santhorst (see interview with Bernard led by ethnologist and political scientist Dr. Joachim S. Hohmann).<sup id="_ref-hohmann_0" class="reference"><a href="#_note-hohmann" title="">[23]</a></sup> Bernard, through this Dutch <i>WHK</i> connection, built upon contacts he had established in 1940 for the same purpose with Dutch <i>WHK</i> president, donzel Dr. J. A. Schorer and sexologist Dr. Benno Premsela. Bernard apparently was aware that the German <i>WHK</i> along with its international organization <i><a href="/web/20071017042143/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institut_f%C3%BCr_Sexualwissenschaft" title="Institut für Sexualwissenschaft">Institut für Sexualwissenschaft</a></i>, ("Institute for Sexuology"), had published articles on adult-minor sexual interactions prior to 1933.<sup id="_ref-dutch_1" class="reference"><a href="#_note-dutch" title="">[22]</a></sup> However the German invasion of the Netherlands in 1940 prevented any further co-operation until the end of <a href="/web/20071017042143/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>.<sup id="_ref-dutch_2" class="reference"><a href="#_note-dutch" title="">[22]</a></sup> One of the very first German occupation regulations in the Netherlands was public declaration of enforcement of German Penal Code sections 175 regarding same-sex activities and 176 regarding adult-child sex interactions in <i>Verordnungsblatt Nr. 81</i> dating July 31st 1940.<sup id="_ref-brongersma_0" class="reference"><a href="#_note-brongersma" title="">[24]</a></sup><i>WHK</i> members von Santhorst and Bob Angelo (alias Niek Engelschman, later a pedophile activist) had destroyed all Dutch <i>WHK</i> documents to prevent Nazi investigations,<sup id="_ref-hohmann_1" class="reference"><a href="#_note-hohmann" title="">[23]</a></sup> and member information was re-constructed after the war by von Santhorst in order to form the <i>Enclave kring</i>.<sup id="_ref-hohmann_2" class="reference"><a href="#_note-hohmann" title="">[23]</a></sup></p><p>The <i>Enclave kring,</i> as built upon the pre-war Dutch <i>WHK</i> model, defined itself as a "movement" consisting of "institutions and organizations"<sup id="_ref-dutch_3" class="reference"><a href="#_note-dutch" title="">[22]</a></sup> serving purposes such as: "to break down prejudice about the issues of erotic contacts and relationships between minors and adults, and to provide information and advice as well as to initiate a direct assistance program."<sup id="_ref-dutch_4" class="reference"><a href="#_note-dutch" title="">[22]</a></sup> A publishing company of the same name serving these purposes was founded in 1958.<sup id="_ref-dutch_5" class="reference"><a href="#_note-dutch" title="">[22]</a></sup> According to Bernard,<sup id="_ref-dutch_6" class="reference"><a href="#_note-dutch" title="">[22]</a></sup> the <i>Enclave kring</i> developed into an international organization (gaining support in Western Europe, New York, Japan, and Hong Kong), and Bernard himself made lecture tours in some of these places.<sup id="_ref-dutch_7" class="reference"><a href="#_note-dutch" title="">[22]</a></sup> Results of these efforts of the <i>Enclave kring</i> included more positive feedback about pedophile activism in various publications independent from the <i>Enclave kring</i> such as the Dutch <i>Vriendschap</i> ("Friendship", published since 1859), German <i>Der Weg zu Freundschaft und Toleranz</i> ("A way to friendship and tolerance"), Danish <i>Amigo</i>, and Dutch <i>Verstandig Ouderschap</i> ("Reasonable parenthood") by the 1960s.<sup id="_ref-dutch_8" class="reference"><a href="#_note-dutch" title="">[22]</a></sup></p><p><a name="Publishing_of_Sex_met_kinderen" id="Publishing_of_Sex_met_kinderen"></a></p><h3><span class="mw-headline">Publishing of <i>Sex met kinderen</i></span></h3><div class="thumb tleft"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:131px;"><a href="/web/20071017042143/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:EdwardBrongersma.jpg" class="image" title="Lawyer and Dutch senator Edward Brongersma."><img alt="Lawyer and Dutch senator Edward Brongersma." src="/web/20071017042143im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/6/63/EdwardBrongersma.jpg" class="thumbimage" border="0" height="160" width="129"></a><div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify" style="float:right"><a href="/web/20071017042143/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:EdwardBrongersma.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"><img src="/web/20071017042143im_/http://en.wikipedia.org/skins-1.5/common/images/magnify-clip.png" alt="" height="11" width="15"></a></div>
Lawyer and Dutch senator <a href="/web/20071017042143/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Brongersma" title="Edward Brongersma">Edward Brongersma</a>.</div></div></div><p>In 1972, Bernard published the book <i>Sex met kinderen</i> ("Sex with children", published not by the <i>Enclave kring</i> but the independent Dutch sexual reform organisation <i>NVSH</i>).<sup id="_ref-dutch_9" class="reference"><a href="#_note-dutch" title="">[22]</a></sup> The book outlined the history of the <i>Enclave kring</i> and international research in adult-child sexual interaction, partly spurred by the activism of the <i>Enclave kring</i>, partly independent from it, up to that point. According to Bernard citing historian Dr. E. O. Born, this book "had an <i>[public]</i> effect throughout Europe and abroad."<sup id="_ref-dutch_10" class="reference"><a href="#_note-dutch" title="">[22]</a></sup> It laid the foundation for the 1970s pedophile activism movement in Western Europe.<sup id="_ref-dutch_11" class="reference"><a href="#_note-dutch" title="">[22]</a></sup><sup id="_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#_note-21" title="">[25]</a></sup></p><p>In the 1970s, most organized pedophile activity was centered in the Netherlands and to a lesser degree in Western Europe. Here, a number of researchers, among them Bernard, social psychologist Theo Sandfort, lawyer and politician <a href="/web/20071017042143/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Brongersma" title="Edward Brongersma">Edward Brongersma</a> and psychiatrist Frans Gieles, wrote a significant number of papers on the topic, both from theoretical and practical standpoints. A number of papers were produced discussing the effects of adult-child sexual interactions. The data for these papers came mainly from analyzing pedophiles, but also from adults and young people who, as children or <a href="/web/20071017042143/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adolescence" title="Adolescence">adolescents</a>, had been involved in sexual relationships with adults. In a 1988 interview,<sup id="_ref-leopardi_0" class="reference"><a href="#_note-leopardi" title="">[26]</a></sup> Bernard said that up to that point he himself as part of his psychological work, and also as an authorized expert witness in a number of court cases, had talked to and analyzed "more than a thousand pedophile adults and about three-thousand children and adolescents who had had <i>[sexual]</i> contacts with adults."</p><p><a name="1979_Dutch_petition"></a></p><h3><span class="mw-headline">1979 Dutch petition</span></h3><p>On <a href="/web/20071017042143/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/June_22" title="June 22">June 22</a>, <a href="/web/20071017042143/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1979" title="1979">1979</a>, a petition along with a letter with the same content was sent to the Dutch minister of justice and simultaneously was brought before the Dutch parliament, both petition and letter demanding legalization of mutual sexual activities between children and pedophile adults.</p><p>The petition was authored by the <i><a href="/web/20071017042143/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_Society_for_Sexual_Reform" title="Dutch Society for Sexual Reform">Dutch Society for Sexual Reform</a></i> (NVSH), the <i>Coornhert League for Penal Law Reform</i>, the <i>Humanitarian Confederation</i>, and "radio priest" Alje Klamer. It was signed by social welfare and public mental health organizations such as the <i>General Probation Association</i>, the <a href="/web/20071017042143/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COC_Nederland" title="COC Nederland"><i>Netherlands Association for the Integration of Homosexuality</i> (COC)</a>, and the official <i>Netherlands Feminism Association</i>. The petition also achieved considerable success within the Dutch parliament, being endorsed unanimously by the executives of the ruling <a href="/web/20071017042143/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labour_Party_%28Netherlands%29" title="Labour Party (Netherlands)"><i>Labour Party</i></a> as well as the executives of four minority parties in the <a href="/web/20071017042143/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tweede_Kamer" title="Tweede Kamer">Dutch Lower House</a> (the <a href="/web/20071017042143/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratisch_Socialisten_%2770" title="Democratisch Socialisten '70"><i>Democratic Socialist party</i></a>, the <a href="/web/20071017042143/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacifistisch-Socialistische_Partij" title="Pacifistisch-Socialistische Partij"><i>Pacifist Socialist party</i></a>, the <a href="/web/20071017042143/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democrats_66" title="Democrats 66"><i>Democratic party</i></a>, and the <a href="/web/20071017042143/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politieke_Partij_Radicalen" title="Politieke Partij Radicalen"><i>Radical party</i></a>).<sup id="_ref-brongersma_1" class="reference"><a href="#_note-brongersma" title="">[24]</a></sup></p><p>The section of child and youth psychiatry of <i>The Netherlands Society for Psychiatry</i>, as Jan Schuijer wrote, was "apparently alarmed by the success of the petition," and publicly opposed the demands for decriminalization claiming it would undermine parental authority.<sup id="_ref-tolerance_0" class="reference"><a href="#_note-tolerance" title="">[27]</a></sup></p><p>In 1980, the <a href="/web/20071017042143/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COC_Nederland" title="COC Nederland">COC</a>, the largest gay association in the Netherlands, publicly declared pedophilia a gay issue,<sup id="_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#_note-22" title="">[28]</a></sup> and declared further that gay liberation would never be complete without the sexual liberation of children and pedophiles. From 1979 through 1981, the last positive progress of pedophile activism in the Western world was achieved when the <i>Dutch Protestant Foundation for Responsible Family Development</i> (PSVG) sold and distributed tens of thousands of copies of a booklet entitled Pedophilia<sup id="_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#_note-23" title="">[29]</a></sup> (originally illustrated with photos) in and to Dutch elementary schools.<sup id="_ref-grenzen_0" class="reference"><a href="#_note-grenzen" title="">[30]</a></sup></p><p><a name="Decline_of_the_movement" id="Decline_of_the_movement"></a></p><h3><span class="mw-headline">Decline of the movement</span></h3><div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:151px;"><a href="/web/20071017042143/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Piexchange.jpg" class="image" title="A 1980 PIE sticker."><img alt="A 1980 PIE sticker." src="/web/20071017042143im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e4/Piexchange.jpg" class="thumbimage" border="0" height="146" width="149"></a><div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify" style="float:right"><a href="/web/20071017042143/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Piexchange.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"><img src="/web/20071017042143im_/http://en.wikipedia.org/skins-1.5/common/images/magnify-clip.png" alt="" height="11" width="15"></a></div>
A 1980 PIE sticker.</div></div></div><p>In the late 1970s, the center of activity briefly shifted to the <a href="/web/20071017042143/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> and the <a href="/web/20071017042143/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> with the 1974 formation of the <a href="/web/20071017042143/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paedophile_Information_Exchange" title="Paedophile Information Exchange">Paedophile Information Exchange</a> (PIE) in <a href="/web/20071017042143/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland">Scotland</a> (later based in <a href="/web/20071017042143/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London" title="London">London</a>), and the 1978 formation of the <a href="/web/20071017042143/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_American_Man/Boy_Love_Association" title="North American Man/Boy Love Association">North American Man/Boy Love Association</a> (NAMBLA) in <a href="/web/20071017042143/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston" title="Boston">Boston</a>: "In 1978, the Boston protests spawned an authentic pedophile activist movement, the North American Man-Boy Love Association [...] NAMBLA claimed to be in the tradition of an earlier gay rights movement, the Mattachine Society, which had been intolerably controversial in its day but was now seen as an honored forerunner of mainstream gay activism."<sup id="_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#_note-24" title="">[31]</a></sup> Both of these groups achieved relative notoriety in the early 1980s due to a public outcry against them. In an aforementioned 1988 interview, Bernard credited this to severely aggressive and radical behaviour of pedophile activism outside of continental Europe, <sup id="_ref-leopardi_1" class="reference"><a href="#_note-leopardi" title="">[26]</a></sup> while on the other hand stating his regret of what he called significant ignorance in sexual matters in general in the US.<sup id="_ref-leopardi_2" class="reference"><a href="#_note-leopardi" title="">[26]</a></sup> The PIE capitulated to public pressure and disbanded in 1985, however NAMBLA continued to exist. A 2005 newspaper article quoted an undercover police officer as saying that, in 1995, NAMBLA had about 1,100 members.<sup id="_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#_note-25" title="">[32]</a></sup></p><p>On <a href="/web/20071017042143/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/February_5" title="February 5">February 5</a>, <a href="/web/20071017042143/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1987" title="1987">1987</a>, Bernard appeared as a guest on the <a href="/web/20071017042143/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phil_Donahue" title="Phil Donahue">Phil Donahue</a> show and advocated pedophile activism, accompanied by a 23-year-old male who had allegedly been involved in a sexual relationship with an adult as a child.<sup id="_ref-leopardi_3" class="reference"><a href="#_note-leopardi" title="">[26]</a></sup></p><p>In the 1980s, a number of other pedophile advocacy groups formed including <a href="/web/20071017042143/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MARTIJN" title="MARTIJN">MARTIJN</a> (1982), situated in the Netherlands, and the <a href="/web/20071017042143/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danish_Pedophile_Association" title="Danish Pedophile Association">Danish Pedophile Association</a> (DPA) (1985). This was followed in the early 1990s by the formation of Ipce (then the "International Pedophile and Child Emancipation," IPCE), an umbrella organization for pedophile activist groups. Although MARTIJN and Ipce continued to function, DPA disbanded in early 2004.</p><p>Post-1982, the objections to pro-pedophile activism in continental Western Europe did not appear as heated as in English-speaking countries. Formerly active pro-pedophilia organizations did not get significant or memorable negative public press, but just seemed to lose interest in maintaining their public activities any longer. For the most part, the issue retreated from public awareness. Bernard (born in 1920) retired from his occupation as a psychologist, as an expert witness, and from all of his offices in international organizations in 1985.<sup id="_ref-leopardi_4" class="reference"><a href="#_note-leopardi" title="">[26]</a></sup> Even earlier, the number of NVSH members drastically decreased to below 10,000 (at times it had had up to 240,000 members) yielding a serious financial crisis.<sup id="_ref-grenzen_1" class="reference"><a href="#_note-grenzen" title="">[30]</a></sup></p><p>Meanwhile, law enforcement's efforts to combat child pornography and sexual contact with minors became more aggressive. In the Netherlands, emerging feminist and victim organizations as well as juvenile police units still supported decriminalization as of 1982 <sup id="_ref-tolerance_1" class="reference"><a href="#_note-tolerance" title="">[27]</a></sup>. However, Dutch police (such as Hans Heesters of the Amsterdam police's youth and moral bureau) and law officials were increasingly educated by the <a href="/web/20071017042143/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FBI" title="FBI">FBI</a> on "FBI methods of tracking down the makers and collectors of <a href="/web/20071017042143/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Child_pornography" title="Child pornography">child pornography</a>" (virtually and effectively "guidelines <i>[that]</i> target those who engage in sexual contacts with underage minors").<sup id="_ref-tolerance_2" class="reference"><a href="#_note-tolerance" title="">[27]</a></sup> In 1989, then-resident Dutch minister of justice Korthals Althes publicly stated that weekly meetings on these matters with the FBI and British government had been established in 1985.<sup id="_ref-grenzen_2" class="reference"><a href="#_note-grenzen" title="">[30]</a></sup> Beginning in 1984, the <a href="/web/20071017042143/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/US_Congress" title="US Congress">US Congress</a> and the <a href="/web/20071017042143/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/US_Senate" title="US Senate">US Senate</a> (via the <i><a href="/web/20071017042143/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Permanent_Subcommittee_on_Investigations" title="Permanent Subcommittee on Investigations">Permanent Subcommittee on Investigations</a> of the Committee on Governmental Affairs</i>, led at that time by Republican <a href="/web/20071017042143/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Roth" title="William Roth">William Roth</a>) disseminated information through US and international press channels accusing the Netherlands of ranking "among the most important exporters of child pornography to the US" and stating that children were publicly auctioned in Amsterdam for <a href="/web/20071017042143/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prostitution" title="Prostitution">prostitution</a> and <a href="/web/20071017042143/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pornography" title="Pornography">pornography</a>. An investigation entitled <i>Workgroup child-pornography</i>, established by minister of justice Althas and published in August 1986, questioned the extent of these accusations, ultimately declaring them "unsustainable."<sup id="_ref-tolerance_3" class="reference"><a href="#_note-tolerance" title="">[27]</a></sup><sup id="_ref-grenzen_3" class="reference"><a href="#_note-grenzen" title="">[30]</a></sup></p><p><a name="Recent_developments" id="Recent_developments"></a></p><h3><span class="mw-headline">Recent developments</span></h3><p>After the <i><a href="/web/20071017042143/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Lesbian_and_Gay_Association" title="International Lesbian and Gay Association">International Lesbian and Gay Association</a></i> was granted consultative member status within the <a href="/web/20071017042143/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a><i><a href="/web/20071017042143/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_and_Social_Council" title="Economic and Social Council">Economic and Social Council</a></i> in 1994, the United States (including President <a href="/web/20071017042143/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Clinton" title="Bill Clinton">Bill Clinton</a>) publicly threatened to cancel its annual financial contributions of US$1 Million to the UN because <i>ILGA</i> had four pronouncedly pedophile activist member groups: <i>NAMBLA</i>, <i>MARTIJN</i>, US-based <i>Project TRUTH</i>, and German <i>Verein für Sexuelle Gleichberechtigung</i> (VSG, "Association for Sexual Equality"). As a result, the UN status of <i>ILGA</i> was suspended and <i>ILGA</i> expelled all four organizations. The German <i>Bundesverband Homosexualität</i> (BVH, "National Homosexuality Association") called for international protests on <i>ILGA</i> for expelling these groups, in spite of the fact that <i>BVH</i> never before had been observed as sympathizing with pedophile activism.<sup id="_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#_note-26" title="">[33]</a></sup><sup id="_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#_note-27" title="">[34]</a></sup><sup id="_ref-grenzen_4" class="reference"><a href="#_note-grenzen" title="">[30]</a></sup></p><p>In the coming years, pro-pedophile advocacy began to make use of the <a href="/web/20071017042143/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet" title="Internet">Internet</a>: "For socially isolated pedophiles, the search for 'human companionship' was a salient concern, and Internet technology provided a virtual solution to the absence of physical convergence settings."<sup id="_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#_note-28" title="">[35]</a></sup> This use of the Internet as a space for advocacy and as a "convergence setting" began with the establishment in 1995 of <i>BoyChat</i>, a message board for "boylovers." In 1997, participants on BoyChat and other online resources formed Free Spirits, an umbrella organization with the mission of raising money and providing Internet hosting services: "Web sites such as Free Spirits can be viewed as 'convergence settings' in the sense that they provide structure and continuity in [the] face of any given individual, group or network instabilities."<sup id="_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#_note-29" title="">[36]</a></sup> Ipce (formerly "International Pedophile and Child Emancipation"<sup id="_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#_note-30" title="">[37]</a></sup>) is a leading activist site. The <a href="/web/20071017042143/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montreal" title="Montreal">Montreal</a> Ganymede Collective was formed in Montreal by Free Spirits members in 1998 as a forum for pedophiles to meet in the real world.<sup id="_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#_note-31" title="">[38]</a></sup></p><p><a name="Terminology_and_symbols_used_by_the_movement" id="Terminology_and_symbols_used_by_the_movement"></a></p><h3><span class="mw-headline">Terminology and symbols used by the movement</span></h3><p><a name="Terminology_used_by_the_movement" id="Terminology_used_by_the_movement"></a></p><h4><span class="mw-headline">Terminology used by the movement</span></h4><ul><li><b>Child-lover, Boy-lover, Girl-lover.</b> These are terms of self-identifications used by pedophiles.<sup id="_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#_note-32" title="">[39]</a></sup><sup id="_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#_note-33" title="">[40]</a></sup></li></ul><ul><li><b>Pedosexual.</b> Some members of the movement use the term <i>pedosexual</i>, positing that pedophilia should be seen as a distinct sexual orientation as with homosexuality and heterosexuality. It has also been used simply as a synonym for <i>pedophile</i>.<sup id="_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#_note-34" title="">[41]</a></sup></li></ul><p><a name="Symbols_used_by_the_movement" id="Symbols_used_by_the_movement"></a></p><h4><span class="mw-headline">Symbols used by the movement</span></h4><div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:82px;"><a href="/web/20071017042143/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:GLogo.png" class="image" title="GLogo - Symbol of Girllove"><img alt="GLogo - Symbol of Girllove" src="/web/20071017042143im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fa/GLogo.png/80px-GLogo.png" class="thumbimage" border="0" height="71" width="80"></a><div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify" style="float:right"><a href="/web/20071017042143/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:GLogo.png" class="internal" title="Enlarge"><img src="/web/20071017042143im_/http://en.wikipedia.org/skins-1.5/common/images/magnify-clip.png" alt="" height="11" width="15"></a></div>
GLogo - Symbol of Girllove</div></div></div><ul><li>A blue spiral-shaped triangle symbol, or <b>"BLogo"</b>, symbolizes a boy (small triangle) surrounded by an older male (larger triangle).<sup id="_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#_note-35" title="">[42]</a></sup> It was designed by an anonymous artist with the pseudonym "Kalos".<sup id="_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#_note-36" title="">[43]</a></sup></li></ul><ul><li>A similar logo, a heart within a heart, or <b>"GLogo"</b> was later developed by some pedophiles attracted to girls to symbolize a "bond of love" between adults and girls.<sup class="noprint Template-Fact"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources&nbsp;since October 2007" style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/web/20071017042143/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">citation needed</a></i>]</span></sup></li></ul><p><a name="Ethics_proposed_by_the_movement" id="Ethics_proposed_by_the_movement"></a></p><h3><span class="mw-headline">Ethics proposed by the movement</span></h3><p>Some pedophile activists have proposed <a href="/web/20071017042143/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethics" title="Ethics">ethical</a> frameworks for sexual interaction with children.<sup id="_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#_note-37" title="">[44]</a></sup><sup id="_ref-martijn_0" class="reference"><a href="#_note-martijn" title="">[45]</a></sup> Such frameworks stress the consent of the child, their ability to withdraw from the relationship, and having open, rather than secret relationships, as key factors.<sup id="_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#_note-38" title="">[46]</a></sup><sup id="_ref-martijn_1" class="reference"><a href="#_note-martijn" title="">[45]</a></sup></p><p>Some<sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span title="Weasel Words&nbsp;since October 2007" style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/web/20071017042143/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Avoid_weasel_words" title="Wikipedia:Avoid weasel words">Who?</a></i>]</span></sup> of the people involved in these efforts believe that such ethical guidelines can only work in jurisdictions where adult–child sex is legal and therefore do not address the ethical issues of having an illegal relationship with a minor.<sup class="noprint Template-Fact"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources&nbsp;since October 2007" style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/web/20071017042143/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">citation needed</a></i>]</span></sup> Instead, illegal activity is discouraged, such as in the <i>Boylove Code of Ethics</i><sup id="_ref-rossman_0" class="reference"><a href="#_note-rossman" title="">[47]</a></sup> which states that a pedophile should "do everything possible to protect his young friend from any harm, including exposure or embarrassment from arrest". MARTIJN's statement is unequivocal: "MARTIJN Association advises everyone to observe the law."<sup id="_ref-martijn_2" class="reference"><a href="#_note-martijn" title="">[45]</a></sup></p><p>Not all groups associated with the movement support these ethical boundaries. For example, the group <i>Krumme 13</i> ("Crooked 13")<sup id="_ref-iol_0" class="reference"><a href="#_note-iol" title="">[48]</a></sup> counseled convicted child-molesters to continue their activities once released. According to German AG Pädo<sup id="_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#_note-39" title="">[49]</a></sup> and IOCE,<sup id="_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#_note-40" title="">[50]</a></sup><sup id="_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#_note-41" title="">[51]</a></sup> two other pedophile activist groups, Krumme 13's jailed leader was not trusted in the pedophile community, and the group was detrimental to the pedophile movement.</p><p><a name="Activities" id="Activities"></a></p><h2><span class="mw-headline">Activities</span></h2><div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:132px;"><a href="/web/20071017042143/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:K13-Aufkleber.jpg" class="image" title="Krumme 13 logo"><img alt="Krumme 13 logo" src="/web/20071017042143im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/K13-Aufkleber.jpg/130px-K13-Aufkleber.jpg" class="thumbimage" border="0" height="131" width="130"></a><div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify" style="float:right"><a href="/web/20071017042143/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:K13-Aufkleber.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"><img src="/web/20071017042143im_/http://en.wikipedia.org/skins-1.5/common/images/magnify-clip.png" alt="" height="11" width="15"></a></div>
Krumme 13 logo</div></div></div><p>Some pro-pedophile activists attempt to create a culture of support to pedophiles who are afraid to discuss their attractions for fear of being <a href="/web/20071017042143/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criminalization" title="Criminalization">criminalized</a> and <a href="/web/20071017042143/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ostracism" title="Ostracism">ostracized</a>. To this end, some pro-pedophile organizations provide online <a href="/web/20071017042143/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Counseling" title="Counseling">counseling</a> and <a href="/web/20071017042143/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suicide_prevention" title="Suicide prevention">suicide prevention</a> services.<sup id="_ref-freespirits_0" class="reference"><a href="#_note-freespirits" title="">[52]</a></sup> Organizations, like the <i><a href="/web/20071017042143/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krumme_13" title="Krumme 13">Krumme 13</a></i>, have been accused of encouraging pedophiles to act out their desires, thus break laws regarding <a href="/web/20071017042143/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Child_sexual_abuse" title="Child sexual abuse">child sexual abuse</a> and the legal <a href="/web/20071017042143/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Age_of_Consent" title="Age of Consent">Age of Consent</a>.<sup id="_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#_note-42" title="">[53]</a></sup> Other organizations strongly encourage others to take care in not breaking local laws.<sup id="_ref-martijn_3" class="reference"><a href="#_note-martijn" title="">[45]</a></sup><sup id="_ref-bkgirls_0" class="reference"><a href="#_note-bkgirls" title="">[54]</a></sup></p><p>Much online pedophile activism takes place on message boards, the most prominent ones being based in <a href="/web/20071017042143/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montreal%2C_Canada" title="Montreal, Canada">Montreal, Canada</a>.<sup id="_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#_note-43" title="">[55]</a></sup> Some pedophile activists now have <a href="/web/20071017042143/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blog" title="Blog">blogs</a>.<sup id="_ref-stegle_0" class="reference"><a href="#_note-stegle" title="">[56]</a></sup> Many of these blogs, especially those at blogger (owned by <a href="/web/20071017042143/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google" title="Google">Google</a>) have been removed for alleged <a href="/web/20071017042143/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terms_of_Service" title="Terms of Service">Terms of Service</a> violations.<sup class="noprint Template-Fact"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources&nbsp;since May 2007" style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/web/20071017042143/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">citation needed</a></i>]</span></sup><a href="/web/20071017042143/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MARTIJN" title="MARTIJN">MARTIJN</a>, as well as publishing a magazine called <i>OK</i> and providing support for pedophiles, is also involved in overt activism, distributing flyers and pamphlets at public gatherings and <a href="/web/20071017042143/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gay_pride" title="Gay pride">gay pride</a> marches.<sup id="_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#_note-44" title="">[57]</a></sup></p><p><a href="/web/20071017042143/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robin_Sharpe" title="Robin Sharpe">Robin Sharpe</a>, a <a href="/web/20071017042143/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canadian</a> pedophile, successfully challenged some aspects of child pornography laws in the <a href="/web/20071017042143/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_Supreme_Court" title="Canadian Supreme Court">Canadian Supreme Court</a> in 2002, arguing that his fictional writings were not illegal because they had artistic merit.<sup id="_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#_note-45" title="">[58]</a></sup></p><p>Various groups also promote "holidays" intended to spread understanding and acceptance of pedophilia. International Boylove Day occurs on the first Saturday after the summer <a href="/web/20071017042143/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solstice" title="Solstice">solstice</a> and some people also celebrate on the first Saturday after the winter solstice.<sup id="_ref-ibld_0" class="reference"><a href="#_note-ibld" title="">[59]</a></sup> Alice Day is celebrated by female-attracted pedophiles, on <a href="/web/20071017042143/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/April_25" title="April 25">April 25</a>.<sup id="_ref-yani_0" class="reference"><a href="#_note-yani" title="">[60]</a></sup> This is the day <a href="/web/20071017042143/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lewis_Carroll" title="Lewis Carroll">Lewis Carroll</a> met <a href="/web/20071017042143/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alice_Liddell" title="Alice Liddell">Alice Liddell</a>, the girl for whom he wrote <i><a href="/web/20071017042143/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alice%27s_Adventures_in_Wonderland" title="Alice's Adventures in Wonderland">Alice's Adventures in Wonderland</a></i>, on <a href="/web/20071017042143/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/April_25" title="April 25">April 25</a>, <a href="/web/20071017042143/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1856" title="1856">1856</a>.</p><p><a name="Perspectives_of_pro-pedophile_activists" id="Perspectives_of_pro-pedophile_activists"></a></p><h2><span class="mw-headline">Perspectives of pro-pedophile activists</span></h2><p><a name="Harris_Mirkin" id="Harris_Mirkin"></a></p><h3><span class="mw-headline">Harris Mirkin</span></h3><p>In his article "The Pattern of Sexual Politics: Feminism, Homosexuality and Pedophilia,"<sup id="_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#_note-46" title="">[61]</a></sup><a href="/web/20071017042143/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harris_Mirkin" title="Harris Mirkin">Harris Mirkin</a>, Associate Professor and Chair of Political Science at the University of Missouri, Kansas City, asserts that the refusal to even consider the possibility that pro-pedophile activism could be considered a valid political or civil rights activist movement is partly a politicized act meant to preclude any examination of the arguments put forth by pro-pedophile activists. His argument has been summarized as follows:</p><blockquote class="toccolours" style="float:none; padding: 10px 15px 10px 15px; display:table;"><p>According to [Mirkin's analysis of the general pattern of sexual politics,] "battles about sexual ideologies occur in two phases," the first of which is a period of "pre-debate" in which the struggle exists "before the issues become politically visible." [...] Mirkin asserts that, in this "pre-debate" phase, material evidence and formulated arguments are "harder to detect," because "dominant groups deny that there is anything to discuss, asserting that existing arrangements are self-evident and intuitively good." The second phase, on the other hand, involves "a visible political fight." "The battle to prevent the battle," according to Mirkin, "is probably the most significant and hard fought of the ideological battles. At issue is the question of the legitimacy of the subordinate groups, since illegitimate groups are not recognized as putting forth valid claims." The mechanisms employed to "prevent the battle" require that "sexual dissidents (deviants) are not heard by the dominant society," a refusal to hear that is tied to the fact that, during the first phase, "sexual issues are not viewed as legal conflicts. Sex is viewed as separate from politics, and the deviant group is not seen as being entitled to legal or political rights." Because of this, the legal system "rarely challenges the dominant ideology [...] and does not protect deviant sexual speech and action." Such a legal stance allows for "sharp limits [to be] placed on [the deviant group's] speech and art on the grounds that they are disgusting, pornographic, dangerous to the social order and seductive of the innocent". In essence, such "deviants" are refused the very mechanisms of speech — whether those involve words or images — for the only legitimate form that such speech can take is that which affirms "the correctness of the dominant paradigm, demonizing and ridiculing those who question it and trivializing their arguments."<sup id="_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#_note-47" title="">[62]</a></sup></p></blockquote><p>Mirkin's article has drawn criticism, primarily for its resemblance to an <a href="/web/20071017042143/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apologia" title="Apologia">apologia</a>:</p><blockquote class="toccolours" style="float:none; padding: 10px 15px 10px 15px; display:table;"><p>Intellectual defenses of pedophilia [such as Mirkin's (considered directly before these statements in this article)] are "a huge concern" because they can function as "a green light" to would-be child molesters, says Claire Reeves, president and founder of Mothers Against Sexual Abuse (MASA). "Adults who might have a propensity to hurt a child might say, 'See, it's not harmful. These people are Ph.D.s, they must know,'" Reeves says, adding that she began warning about the pedophilia movement in 1995.<sup id="_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#_note-48" title="">[63]</a></sup><sup id="_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#_note-49" title="">[64]</a></sup><sup id="_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#_note-50" title="">[65]</a></sup><sup id="_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#_note-51" title="">[66]</a></sup></p></blockquote><p><a name="Study_by_Mary_de_Young" id="Study_by_Mary_de_Young"></a></p><h3><span class="mw-headline">Study by Mary de Young</span></h3><p>In 1989, <a href="/web/20071017042143/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sociologist" title="Sociologist">sociologist</a><a href="/web/20071017042143/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_de_Young" title="Mary de Young">Mary de Young</a> reviewed the literature published by pedophile organizations for public dissemination. She found that pedophile organizations she studied used the following strategies to promote public acceptance of pedophilia or the legalization of adult-child sex:</p><ul><li><b>Adoption of value-neutral terminology</b>. According to Herdt, an anthropologist who has studied sex between adults and children in other cultures, pedophile advocates should replace "dull and reductionistic" terms like pedophilia and abuse when discussing sex between "a person who has not achieved adulthood and one who has". Moreover, words like "child" or "childhood", which have <a href="/web/20071017042143/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Developmental_psychology" title="Developmental psychology">psychologically developmental</a> meaning, should be "resisted at all costs".<sup id="_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#_note-52" title="">[67]</a></sup> See also <i>Promoting "objective" research</i>.</li></ul><ul><li><b>Redefining the term child sexual abuse</b>. Another recurring theme among those seeking to gain social acceptance for pedophilia is the need to redefine or restrict the usage of the term "child sexual abuse", recommending a child's "willing encounter with positive reactions" be called "adult-child sex" instead of "abuse" (<a href="/web/20071017042143/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rind_et_al" title="Rind et al">Rind et al</a>. 1998). For example, Gerald Jones (1990), an Affiliated Scholar at the Institute for the Study of Women and Men in Society at the <a href="/web/20071017042143/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Southern_California" title="University of Southern California">University of Southern California</a>, suggested that "intergenerational intimacy" should not be considered synonymous with child sexual abuse. According to Jones, the "crucial difference has to do with mutuality and control" (p. 278). Jones suggested, "Intergenerational attraction on the part of some adults could constitute a lifestyle 'orientation', rather than a pathological maladjustment" (p. 288).</li></ul><ul><li><b>Promoting the idea that children can consent to sexual activity with adults</b>. The reconceptualization of children as willing sexual participants along with the decriminalization of consensual sexual relations is perhaps the key change sought by pedophile advocates. In his book <i>Paedophilia: The Radical Case</i>, activist <a href="/web/20071017042143/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_O%27Carroll" title="Tom O'Carroll">Tom O'Carroll</a> claims "What there most definitely needs to be [in determining consent] is the child's willingness to take part in the activity in question; whatever social or legal rules are operated, they must not be such as to allow unwilling children to be subjected to sexual acts. But there is no need whatever for a child to know 'the consequences' of engaging in harmless sex play, simply because it is exactly that: harmless."<sup id="_ref-ocarroll3_0" class="reference"><a href="#_note-ocarroll3" title="">[68]</a></sup> Many other pedophile activists, amongst them David Riegel, Frans Gieles and <a href="/web/20071017042143/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lindsay_Ashford" title="Lindsay Ashford">Lindsay Ashford</a>, actively campaign against the idea that children are unable to consent to <a href="/web/20071017042143/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sex" title="Sex">sex</a>.</li></ul><ul><li><b>Questioning the assumption of harm.</b> The most common stance against child-adult sex is the assumption that it causes psychological harm to the minor. This claim is taken as true at face value, and any criticism about it is taken as a defense of pedophile activity. This remains to be one of the biggest barriers against pedophile activism, and advocates of pedophilia have attempted to change these barriers in a variety of ways. For example, pedophile activists have argued that there is little or no harm from child-adult sex. Some support their arguments by citing various studies that have argued that the negative outcomes attributed to adult-child sexual relations can usually be better explained by other factors, such as a poor family environment or incest.<sup id="_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#_note-53" title="">[69]</a></sup><ul><li>Riegel (2000) asserted: "The acts themselves harm no one, the emotional and psychological harm comes from the 'after the fact' interference, counseling, therapy, etc., that attempt to artificially create a 'victim' and a 'perpetrator' where neither exists" (p. 21).</li><li>Similar arguments are made by SafeHaven Foundation, an organization for "responsible boylovers". On their website, they wrote, "The child abuse industry ... takes a boy who has enjoyed pleasurable and completely consensual sexual experiences with another boy or man, and traumatizes him in an attempt to convince him that what he did was 'wrong'". In addition, SafeHaven argues that, "many of the supposed traumas elicited by psychotherapy turn out to be nothing more than the result of the False Memory Syndrome" (SafeHaven Foundation, 2001).<sup id="_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#_note-54" title="">[70]</a></sup></li><li>In <i>Pedophilia: The Radical Case</i>, <a href="/web/20071017042143/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_O%27Carroll" title="Tom O'Carroll">Tom O'Carroll</a> writes: "The disparity in size and power between parent and child creates a <i>potential</i> for abuse. But, on the basis that parent–child relationships are generally positive we accept that inequality is simply in the nature of the thing. I would like to see paedophilic relationships looked at in a similar light."<sup id="_ref-ocarroll_0" class="reference"><a href="#_note-ocarroll" title="">[71]</a></sup></li><li><a href="/web/20071017042143/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Brongersma" title="Edward Brongersma">Edward Brongersma</a>, in "Boy-Lovers and Their Influence on Boys," where he reported the result of interviews with participants in adult–child relationships wrote, "within a relationship, sex is usually only a secondary element."<sup id="_ref-brongersma_2" class="reference"><a href="#_note-brongersma" title="">[24]</a></sup></li></ul></li></ul><ul><li><b>Promoting "objective" research.</b> Pedophile advocate Edward Brongersma, have argued that investigators of child sexual abuse have biased views (Brongersma, 1990), also calling for a less "emotional" approach to the subject (e.g., Geraci, 1994, p. 17; Jones, 1990). Brongersma and Jones have cited Theo Sandfort's (1987) research on boys' relationships with pedophiles,<sup id="_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#_note-55" title="">[72]</a></sup> published in the peer-reviewed <i>Journal of Sex Research</i>, as an example of what they consider "objective" research (e.g., Brongersma, 1990, p. 168; Jones, 1990, p. 286). However, critics suggest that the study was "politically motivated to 'reform' legislation" (Mrazek, 1990, p. 318). Robert Bauserman (1990, see also <a href="/web/20071017042143/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pedophile_activism#Rind_et_al._controversy" title="Pedophile activism">Rind et al. controversy</a>), in turn, has argued that Mrazek's criticisms are "vaporously distorted, irrelevant, or just plain false".<sup id="_ref-bauserman_0" class="reference"><a href="#_note-bauserman" title="">[73]</a></sup></li></ul><ul><li><b>Declassification of pedophilia as <a href="/web/20071017042143/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mental_illness" title="Mental illness">mental illness</a>.</b> Activists of the movement quote Moser and Kleinplatz (2003), who suggest that all <a href="/web/20071017042143/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paraphilia" title="Paraphilia">paraphilia</a> be removed from the <a href="/web/20071017042143/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diagnostic_and_Statistical_Manual_of_Mental_Disorders" title="Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders">Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders</a> (DSM).<sup id="_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#_note-56" title="">[74]</a></sup></li></ul><p>Other academics specifically criticizing the DSM diagnosis of pedophilia include sexologist <a href="/web/20071017042143/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Green" title="Richard Green">Richard Green</a> (2002)<sup id="_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#_note-57" title="">[75]</a></sup> and professor of psychiatry William O´Donohue (2000)<sup id="_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#_note-58" title="">[76]</a></sup>.</p><p><a name="Other_pro-pedophilia_views" id="Other_pro-pedophilia_views"></a></p><h3><span class="mw-headline">Other pro-pedophilia views</span></h3><p>Views not mentioned by DeYoung, but often opined by activists include:</p><ul><li><b>Promoting understanding of the difference between pedophilia and sexual activity.</b> Some activists wish to explain the difference between pedophilia and adults' sexual activity with children.</li></ul><ul><li><b>Promoting the testimonies of people who claim no harm from sex as a minor.</b> Some activist websites collect and publish anecdotal material that, according to them, is from various people, mainly adults, who, having been sexually involved with an adult as a minor, claim to have enjoyed or suffered no ill effects from this experience. <sup id="_ref-ocarroll2_0" class="reference"><a href="#_note-ocarroll2" title="">[77]</a></sup><sup id="_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#_note-59" title="">[78]</a></sup></li></ul><ul><li><b>Referring to experiences of situations where adult-child sex interactions are not illegal, both historical and ethnical.</b> Pedophile activists often point to situations where adult-child sex interactions are not illegal (though not necessarily common) and no negative effects are observed. Most refer to ancient Greece, while some employ ethnological studies. A few also refer to post-antiquity historical situations in the Western world where such conditions existed.<sup id="_ref-brongersma2_0" class="reference"><a href="#_note-brongersma2" title="">[79]</a></sup></li></ul><ul><li><b>Invoking ideas of continuity between pedophile and other minority activists.</b> Some activists argue that pedophile activism, feminism, gay activism, and anti-racism all relate to the experiences of suppressed and misunderstood groups. This argument is made by Harris Mirkin, in the article quoted above.<sup id="_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#_note-60" title="">[80]</a></sup> Other scholars, such as <a href="/web/20071017042143/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camille_Paglia" title="Camille Paglia">Camille Paglia</a>, have asserted that gay rights (from which much of pedophile activism diverged) should never have rejected the pederastic themes which some activists claim were the "giveaways" required to make homosexual culture acceptable.<sup id="_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#_note-61" title="">[81]</a></sup></li></ul><ul><li><b>Pointing to juvenile sexual activity in the animal kingdom and invoking evolutionary arguments.</b> Other species are sometimes used as examples of beneficial or normalized sexual contact between grown animals and infants or adolescents. One popular case is that of a close relative to humans, the <a href="/web/20071017042143/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bonobo" title="Bonobo">Bonobo</a>, where infant-initiated sexual touching is part of everyday life, and intercourse is sometimes initiated by the young.<sup id="_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#_note-62" title="">[82]</a></sup> Elsewhere, it is argued that, in evolutionary terms, it makes sense for prepubescent humans to be educated in affective sexual intimacy before the age of fertility (hence the development of reproductive potential).<sup id="_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#_note-63" title="">[83]</a></sup></li></ul><p>Other goals of pro-pedophile activism may, but do not necessarily include a redefining of contemporary authority relations between adults and minors and the changing of institutions of concern to pedophiles, such as <a href="/web/20071017042143/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Age_of_consent" title="Age of consent">age of consent</a> laws and <a href="/web/20071017042143/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mental_disorder" title="Mental disorder">mental disorder</a> classification.<sup id="_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#_note-64" title="">[84]</a></sup><sup id="_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#_note-65" title="">[85]</a></sup></p><p><a name="Scientific_claims" id="Scientific_claims"></a></p><h2><span class="mw-headline">Scientific claims</span></h2><p><a name="Questioning_assumptions_about_pedophiles" id="Questioning_assumptions_about_pedophiles"></a></p><h3><span class="mw-headline">Questioning assumptions about pedophiles</span></h3><p>Members of the movement have referred to a few scientific studies which document the percentage of people that responds to pedophilic stimuli, including papers such as Hall et. al., in which 26.25% of male volunteers exhibited equal or greater sexual arousal to pedophilic audio stimuli, and 33% for pedophilic imagery.<sup id="_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#_note-66" title="">[86]</a></sup></p><p>Activists argue there is a distinction between pedophiles and child molesters, citing, for example, Fagan, Wise, Schmidt and Berlin, who wrote, "Pedophilia is a diagnosis applicable to only a portion of individuals who sexually abuse children. Information has been drawn from published research about pedophilia and child sexual abuse in general to present the current state of knowledge. Despite a sizeable body of published, peer-reviewed articles about topics such as child sexual abuse, child molestation, and sexual offenders, data and our knowledge base about pedophilia have significant limitations."<sup id="_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#_note-67" title="">[87]</a></sup></p><p>Activists question assumptions about personality correlates of pedophilia as a condition.<sup id="_ref-mhamicmythsfacts_0" class="reference"><a href="#_note-mhamicmythsfacts" title="">[88]</a></sup> Some cite Okami and Goldberg, who stated in 1992, "The scientific support for the belief that pedophiles are passive, dependent, unassertive, isolated, and socially awkward is weak. Almost all studies are based on offenders against minors rather than on pedophiles. They typically find that such offenders are similar to other kinds of offenders."<sup id="_ref-okamigoldberg_0" class="reference"><a href="#_note-okamigoldberg" title="">[89]</a></sup> Some also cite Langevin, who wrote in 1983 that, "The data also do not support the theories that pedophilia is due to fixation at an immature stage of development, to an inability to relate to women, to mental retardation, or to senility," and noted that, "One non-clinical study suggests that studies of clinical samples may be biased toward finding pathology which is not an inherent part of the sexual anomaly. There may be well-adjusted pedophiles living in the community... Even when characteristic traits are found, they may be due to society’s reactions rather than be causes or correlates of pedophilia."<sup id="_ref-langevin_0" class="reference"><a href="#_note-langevin" title="">[90]</a></sup></p><p>Pro-pedophile activists claim that pedophiles' feelings toward children include other emotions besides sexual attraction.<sup id="_ref-mhamicviolent_0" class="reference"><a href="#_note-mhamicviolent" title="">[91]</a></sup> Some activists again cite Okami and Goldberg, who wrote, "Several studies have shown that men whose sexual preference is for children often have a complex set of attitudes, beliefs, and feelings about children in which sexual desire may be subordinate. They often interact with children in ways that include many non-sexual aspects, including affection, which children experience positively."<sup id="_ref-okamigoldberg_1" class="reference"><a href="#_note-okamigoldberg" title="">[89]</a></sup> They concluded that, "An unknown percentage of true pedophiles may never act on their sexual feelings, and many sex offenders against minors are not pedophiles. Pedophiles probably cannot be studied due to social stigma and mandatory reporting laws."<sup id="_ref-okamigoldberg_2" class="reference"><a href="#_note-okamigoldberg" title="">[89]</a></sup></p><p><a name="Re-categorization_of_data" id="Re-categorization_of_data"></a></p><h3><span class="mw-headline">Re-categorization of data</span></h3><p>Some pedophile activists attempt to refute scientific research that finds sexual contact between adults and children as predominantly harmful by stating that there is a variety of different categories for adult-child sex interactions that are commonly not acknowledged by mainstream scientific research. They claim that studies showing harm from adult-child sexual contact might have shown that some types of contact are harmless, if only the studies had carefully categorized the contacts into more narrow categories, such as "consensual" contact versus "non-consensual" contact.<sup id="_ref-brongersma_3" class="reference"><a href="#_note-brongersma" title="">[24]</a></sup><sup id="_ref-califa_0" class="reference"><a href="#_note-califa" title="">[92]</a></sup><sup id="_ref-carrolingian_0" class="reference"><a href="#_note-carrolingian" title="">[93]</a></sup><sup id="_ref-cloud_0" class="reference"><a href="#_note-cloud" title="">[94]</a></sup><sup id="_ref-constantine_0" class="reference"><a href="#_note-constantine" title="">[95]</a></sup><sup id="_ref-frederiksen_0" class="reference"><a href="#_note-frederiksen" title="">[96]</a></sup><sup id="_ref-Ree_0" class="reference"><a href="#_note-Ree" title="">[97]</a></sup></p><p><a name=".22Socially_Representative.22_sampling_and_change_in_ethos"></a></p><h3><span class="mw-headline">"Socially Representative" sampling and change in ethos</span></h3><p>Some activists claim that "sexual abuse" studies, by their very definition and aims, self-select the categories of interaction that involve negative experiences, even in those cases where medical or legal samples have been avoided and a sample more representative of the general population has been used. For example, Edward Brongersma criticizes these studies for being tainted by three problems that result in what he terms "Inadequate Research" — "First Source of Error: Sexual Activity as the Decisive Test," "Second Source of Error: Mingling Boy-Lovers and Girl-Lovers," and "Third Source of Error: Bias." The result, for Brongersma, is that "The influence a man may have on a boy in a man/boy-relationship is a difficult subject to broach: empirical research is conspicuous by its virtual absence and theory has been highly distorted by social prejudice and the seeming inability of most investigators to make proper distinctions. Thus an outsider who wishes to gain some insight into what really happens in a sexually expressed relationship between a man and a boy has very little to go on."<sup id="_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#_note-68" title="">[98]</a></sup></p><p>Some also claim that there is political pressure<sup id="_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#_note-69" title="">[99]</a></sup> on scientists not to produce results that are contrary to the political consensus, leading to fundamental biases in research techniques (such as the confusion of correlation and causality).<sup id="_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#_note-70" title="">[100]</a></sup> Other criticisms such as the use of confusing terminology, confusion of morality and ideology with science, and the generalisation of clinical and criminal samples to society as a whole are mirrored by the Male Homosexual Attracton to Minors Information Center.<sup id="_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#_note-71" title="">[101]</a></sup></p><p><a name="Other_papers_supporting_some_activist_opinions" id="Other_papers_supporting_some_activist_opinions"></a></p><h3><span class="mw-headline">Other papers supporting some activist opinions</span></h3><p>Ben Spiecker and Jan Steutel, in a paper entitled <i>Paedophilia, Sexual Desire and Perversity,</i> argued that consent is possible in some older prepubescent children. They concluded, however, that, "Paedophile sex is a form of exploitation because it endangers the long-term welfare of the child. Consequently, paedophilia involves desires towards behaviour that is morally wrong, but only in some forms of paedophilia are these desires perverse."<sup id="_ref-spiecker_0" class="reference"><a href="#_note-spiecker" title="">[102]</a></sup> In <i>Intergenerational Sexual Contact: A Continuum Model of Participants and Experiences</i>, Joan Nelson wrote, "De Young (1982) reports that 20% of her 'victims' appeared to be 'virtually indifferent to their molestation' Instead, they tended to be traumatized by the reaction of adults to its discovery."<sup id="_ref-nelson_0" class="reference"><a href="#_note-nelson" title="">[103]</a></sup> Theo Sandfort's 1980 study in which 25 boys aged 10 - 16 and involved in <a href="/web/20071017042143/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pederasty" title="Pederasty">pederasty</a> were interviewed concluded that, "Except on the basis of violation of moral standards, there was nothing in what these boys said that would justify punishment. …[The laws] should be so drawn up that the kind of sexual contacts which these 25 boys experienced would fall outside of their application."<sup id="_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#_note-72" title="">[104]</a></sup></p><p><a name="Rind_et_al._controversy" id="Rind_et_al._controversy"></a></p><h3><span class="mw-headline">Rind et al. controversy</span></h3><dl><dd><div class="noprint"><i>Main article: <a href="/web/20071017042143/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rind_et_al._%281998%29" title="Rind et al. (1998)">Rind et al. (1998)</a></i></div></dd></dl><p>A <a href="/web/20071017042143/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meta-analysis" title="Meta-analysis">meta-analysis</a> of studies using college students by Bruce Rind, Philip Tromovitch and Robert Bauserman published by the <a href="/web/20071017042143/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Psychological_Association" title="American Psychological Association">American Psychological Association</a> in 1998 found a weak correlation between sex abuse in childhood and the later instability of the child's adult psyche. It noted that a significant percentage reported their reactions to sex abuse as positive in the short term and concludes that for research purposes some cases of child sex abuse would be better labeled "adult-child sex". The article stated in the addendum that "CSA does not cause intense harm on a pervasive basis regardless of gender in the college population" (Rind et al., 1998, p. 46), but warns "The current findings are relevant to moral and legal positions only to the extent that these positions are based on the presumption of psychological harm" (p. 47).</p><p>The paper faced multiple academic disputations, including sample bias, non-standardization of variables, statistical errors, and researchers' personal bias.<sup id="_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#_note-73" title="">[105]</a></sup><sup id="_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#_note-74" title="">[106]</a></sup><sup id="_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#_note-75" title="">[107]</a></sup><sup id="_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#_note-76" title="">[108]</a></sup><sup id="_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#_note-77" title="">[109]</a></sup> The article's authors have published replies to these claims.<sup id="_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#_note-78" title="">[110]</a></sup><sup id="_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#_note-79" title="">[111]</a></sup></p><p>In addition to academic criticism, the article received massive criticism from <a href="/web/20071017042143/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_conservatism" title="American conservatism">conservative</a> activists and groups, including radio personality <a href="/web/20071017042143/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laura_Schlessinger" title="Laura Schlessinger">Laura Schlessinger</a>. She and others called the article an attempt to normalize pedophilia. Congressman <a href="/web/20071017042143/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_DeLay" title="Tom DeLay">Tom DeLay</a> and others sought a formal congressional action against the APA for the article. In 1999 Congress unanimously passed a bill stating that "children are a precious gift and responsibility given to parents by God" and that the study was "severely flawed", although it did not cite any specific errors.<sup id="_ref-congress_0" class="reference"><a href="#_note-congress" title="">[112]</a></sup></p><p><a name="Controversy_and_public_reaction_to_the_movement" id="Controversy_and_public_reaction_to_the_movement"></a></p><h2><span class="mw-headline">Controversy and public reaction to the movement</span></h2><p>Nearly all national governments conform to <a href="/web/20071017042143/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a> protocols for age-of-consent legislation and the criminalization of <a href="/web/20071017042143/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Child_pornography" title="Child pornography">child pornography</a>. From 2000 to 2004, over 130 nations signed a United Nations accord to criminalize child pornography. The U.N. convention on legal age for marriage has been in force since 1964.<sup id="_ref-OHCHR_0" class="reference"><a href="#_note-OHCHR" title="">[113]</a></sup></p><p>Members of the movement assert that they do not support child abuse or illegal activity.<sup id="_ref-bkgirls_1" class="reference"><a href="#_note-bkgirls" title="">[54]</a></sup><sup id="_ref-martijn_4" class="reference"><a href="#_note-martijn" title="">[45]</a></sup><sup id="_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#_note-80" title="">[114]</a></sup> Public reaction to this claim has been skeptical.</p><p><a name="Criticism_of_the_movement" id="Criticism_of_the_movement"></a></p><h3><span class="mw-headline">Criticism of the movement</span></h3><p>The <a href="/web/20071017042143/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ICD-10" title="ICD-10">ICD-10</a> and <a href="/web/20071017042143/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DSM_IV" title="DSM IV">DSM IV</a>, which are medical diagnosis manuals, describe pedophilia as a paraphilia and mental disorder of adults or older youths, if it causes clinically significant distress or impairment in social, occupational, or other important areas of functioning.</p><p>Law enforcement officials and psychologists have asserted that the movement's online support groups help some pedophiles to justify engaging in adult-child sexual contact. They claim that adults arrested for child molestation frequently cite the positions of the movement as justification for their actions (Finkelhor, 1984).<sup id="_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#_note-81" title="">[115]</a></sup><sup id="_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#_note-82" title="">[116]</a></sup><sup id="_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#_note-83" title="">[117]</a></sup> In an interview with KCTV5<sup id="_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#_note-84" title="">[118]</a></sup>, <a href="/web/20071017042143/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phill_Kline" title="Phill Kline">Phill Kline</a>, Kansas <a href="/web/20071017042143/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attorney_General" title="Attorney General">Attorney General</a>, characterized the goal of certain pedophile activists to change age-of-consent laws as "twisted." Some psychologists consider various positions of the movement to be the “cognitive distortions” characteristic of sexual abusers.<sup id="_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#_note-85" title="">[119]</a></sup></p><p>For example, in August 2006, <i><a href="/web/20071017042143/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i> published the results of a four-month investigation of online pedophile communications and activities.<sup id="_ref-nytimes_0" class="reference"><a href="#_note-nytimes" title="">[120]</a></sup> The newspaper described how “pedophiles view themselves as the vanguard of a nascent movement seeking legalization of child pornography and the loosening of age-of-consent laws.” And while "pedophiles often maintain that the discussion sites are little more than support groups,” the newspaper asserted that, “[r]epeatedly in these conversations, pedophiles said the discussions had helped them accept their attractions and had even allowed them to have sex with a child without guilt."</p><p><a name="Skepticism_that_the_movement_does_not_support_child_abuse" id="Skepticism_that_the_movement_does_not_support_child_abuse"></a></p><h3><span class="mw-headline">Skepticism that the movement does not support child abuse</span></h3><p>Many child abuse prevention advocates, law enforcement officials, and journalists note that various child molestation convicts were also members of the movement. Those involved with the movement have responded by claiming that this was either not true, the acts were victimless "crimes" (before intervention), or that the movement could have even helped them avoid crossing the line into abuse by giving them a more positive <a href="/web/20071017042143/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Identity_%28social_science%29" title="Identity (social science)">identity</a> than society does.<sup id="_ref-uittenbogaard_0" class="reference"><a href="#_note-uittenbogaard" title="">[121]</a></sup><sup id="_ref-sandfort_0" class="reference"><a href="#_note-sandfort" title="">[122]</a></sup><sup id="_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#_note-86" title="">[123]</a></sup> Some claim that dwelling on these arrests attempts to smear the movement through guilt-by-association. Nonetheless, mainstream observers remain skeptical that ardent advocates of adult-child romance and sex stay within the law – citing these arrests as evidence.<sup id="_ref-sfman_0" class="reference"><a href="#_note-sfman" title="">[124]</a></sup></p><p>Concerning the recent sex scandals involving Catholic priests in the US, some pedophile activists say that these scandals only or prominently involved minor partners that during the times of sexual interactions were adolescent and thus, these scandals have nothing to do with pedophile activism.<sup id="_ref-goldstein_0" class="reference"><a href="#_note-goldstein" title="">[125]</a></sup><sup id="_ref-mattingly_0" class="reference"><a href="#_note-mattingly" title="">[126]</a></sup><sup id="_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#_note-87" title="">[127]</a></sup></p><p><a name="Child_abuse_cases_in_relation_to_members_of_NAMBLA" id="Child_abuse_cases_in_relation_to_members_of_NAMBLA"></a></p><h4><span class="mw-headline">Child abuse cases in relation to members of NAMBLA</span></h4><p>Many of these incidents giving grounds to skepticism involve members of <a href="/web/20071017042143/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NAMBLA" title="NAMBLA">NAMBLA</a>, the organization most widely known to the U.S. public. Some claim that these activities are limited to members of this organization and are not representative of the larger movement.<sup class="noprint Template-Fact"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources&nbsp;since February 2007" style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/web/20071017042143/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">citation needed</a></i>]</span></sup> Dutch psychologist and pedophile activist <a href="/web/20071017042143/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frits_Bernard" title="Frits Bernard">Frits Bernard</a> has argued that <i>NAMBLA</i> at least started out as an <i>ephebophile</i>, not a pedophile activism organization as identifiable by its original political and social reform program, and that its program remained like that at least until 1982 when Bernard made his statement.<sup id="_ref-bernard_0" class="reference"><a href="#_note-bernard" title="">[128]</a></sup></p><p>Incidents include:</p><ul><li>Rev. Paul Shanley, a priest accused of abusing children as young as six years old over a period of three decades, allegedly participated in early movement workshops and advocacy, according to contemporaneous accounts of the events obtained by the <a href="/web/20071017042143/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_Globe" title="Boston Globe">Boston Globe</a>.<sup id="_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#_note-88" title="">[129]</a></sup><sup id="_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#_note-89" title="">[130]</a></sup> Pedophile activists have sought to cast doubt on Shanley's conviction.<sup id="_ref-guide_0" class="reference"><a href="#_note-guide" title="">[131]</a></sup></li></ul><ul><li>Charles Jaynes was convicted of murdering a 10-year-old boy then having intercourse with his body in 1997;<sup id="_ref-rubenstein_0" class="reference"><a href="#_note-rubenstein" title="">[132]</a></sup> the parents of the boy filed a $200 million wrongful death suit against NAMBLA, <i><a href="/web/20071017042143/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curley_v._NAMBLA" title="Curley v. NAMBLA">Curley v. NAMBLA</a></i>, claiming that while being heterosexual, "immediately prior" to the murder, "Charles Jaynes accessed NAMBLA's Web site at the Boston Public Library".<sup id="_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#_note-90" title="">[133]</a></sup> By 2005, $1 million and five years had been spent to prove this claim.<sup id="_ref-oreilly_0" class="reference"><a href="#_note-oreilly" title="">[134]</a></sup> The <a href="/web/20071017042143/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ACLU" title="ACLU">ACLU</a> protested against associating NAMBLA with this case and represented them, asking the case to be dismissed.<sup id="_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#_note-91" title="">[135]</a></sup><sup id="_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#_note-92" title="">[136]</a></sup></li></ul><ul><li>John David Smith, a San Francisco man convicted of sexually assaulting an 11-year-old boy he was babysitting, met an undercover investigator through his activities as a NAMBLA member. According to the investigator, Smith used his contacts with NAMBLA to trade child pornography and arrange sex with children.<sup id="_ref-sfman_1" class="reference"><a href="#_note-sfman" title="">[124]</a></sup><sup id="_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#_note-93" title="">[137]</a></sup></li></ul><ul><li>Johnathan Tampico was convicted of child molestation in 1989 and paroled in 1992 on condition of not possessing child pornography. After breaking his parole, he was found after a broadcast of <a href="/web/20071017042143/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/America%27s_Most_Wanted" title="America's Most Wanted">America's Most Wanted</a>. He was arrested and convicted on child pornography charges. In his sentencing, the court found that Tampico was a member of NAMBLA, that NAMBLA supported a foster home in Thailand that sexually exploited children, and that Tampico and others traveled to Thailand in order to have unlimited access to young boys at the foster home, as evidenced by a number of Polaroid pictures, provided by Thai officials, depicting Tampico with young Thai boys sitting on his lap.<sup id="_ref-tampico_0" class="reference"><a href="#_note-tampico" title="">[138]</a></sup><sup id="_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#_note-94" title="">[139]</a></sup></li></ul><ul><li>James C. Parker, a New York man who, according to court records, told the police that he was a member of NAMBLA, was arrested in 2000 and convicted in 2001 of committing sodomy with an underage boy.<sup id="_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#_note-95" title="">[140]</a></sup></li></ul><p><a name="Criminal_cases_in_relation_to_other_pedophile_activists" id="Criminal_cases_in_relation_to_other_pedophile_activists"></a></p><h4><span class="mw-headline">Criminal cases in relation to other pedophile activists</span></h4><ul><li><a href="/web/20071017042143/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_O%27Carroll" title="Tom O'Carroll">Tom O'Carroll</a>, author of <i>Pedophilia: a Radical Case</i> and a founder of the Paedophile Information Exchange, admitted to two counts of distributing indecent images in September 2006, and in December 20, 2006, he was jailed for 2 1/2 years at London’s Middlesex Crown Court.<sup id="_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#_note-96" title="">[141]</a></sup> Whilst he admits to the illegal activity itself, O'Carroll defends his actions on an ethical basis.<sup id="_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#_note-97" title="">[142]</a></sup></li></ul><ul><li>Ad van den Berg, co-founder and treasurer of the pro-pedophile <a href="/web/20071017042143/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partij_voor_Naastenliefde%2C_Vrijheid_en_Diversiteit" title="Partij voor Naastenliefde, Vrijheid en Diversiteit">Partij voor Naastenliefde, Vrijheid en Diversiteit</a> political party in the <a href="/web/20071017042143/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a>, was convicted of molesting an 11-year old boy in 1987. <sup id="_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#_note-98" title="">[143]</a></sup></li></ul><ul><li>The late <a href="/web/20071017042143/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Brongersma" title="Edward Brongersma">Edward Brongersma</a>, a <a href="/web/20071017042143/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch" title="Dutch">Dutch</a><a href="/web/20071017042143/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lawyer" title="Lawyer">lawyer</a>, <a href="/web/20071017042143/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politician" title="Politician">politician</a> and <a href="/web/20071017042143/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journalist" title="Journalist">journalist</a> was sent to <a href="/web/20071017042143/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jail" title="Jail">jail</a> in <a href="/web/20071017042143/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1950" title="1950">1950</a>, for 10 months after having sexual contacts with a male of around 17 years old. Upon his release, he successfully campaigned for a reduction in the legal age, which was first lowered to 16 and then to 12 (with parental consent and no objection from welfare).</li></ul><p><a name="See_also" id="See_also"></a></p><h2><span class="mw-headline">See also</span></h2><ul><li><a href="/web/20071017042143/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abolition_of_age_of_consent_laws" title="Abolition of age of consent laws">Abolition of age of consent laws</a></li><li><a href="/web/20071017042143/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Age_disparity_in_sexual_relationships" title="Age disparity in sexual relationships">Age disparity in sexual relationships</a></li><li><a href="/web/20071017042143/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-pedophile_activism" title="Anti-pedophile activism">Anti-pedophile activism</a></li><li><a href="/web/20071017042143/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Child_sexual_abuse" title="Child sexual abuse">Child sexual abuse</a></li><li><a href="/web/20071017042143/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Child_sexuality" title="Child sexuality">Child sexuality</a></li><li><a href="/web/20071017042143/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chronophilia" title="Chronophilia">Chronophilia</a></li><li><a href="/web/20071017042143/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pedophilia" title="Pedophilia">Pedophilia</a></li><li><a href="/web/20071017042143/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sexual_Morality_and_the_Law" title="Sexual Morality and the Law">Sexual Morality and the Law</a></li><li><a href="/web/20071017042143/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/-philia" title="-philia">list of philias</a></li></ul>
{|  width="100%"  valign="top"
|  width="50%" | <a name="Advocate_groups" id="Advocate_groups"></a><h3><span class="mw-headline">Advocate groups</span></h3><ul><li><a href="/web/20071017042143/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danish_Pedophile_Association" title="Danish Pedophile Association">Danish Pedophile Association</a> (or DPA Gruppe 04)</li><li><a href="/web/20071017042143/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_Society_for_Sexual_Reform" title="Dutch Society for Sexual Reform">Dutch Society for Sexual Reform</a></li><li><a href="/web/20071017042143/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krumme_13" title="Krumme 13">Krumme 13</a></li><li><a href="/web/20071017042143/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_American_Man/Boy_Love_Association" title="North American Man/Boy Love Association">North American Man/Boy Love Association</a> (NAMBLA)</li><li><a href="/web/20071017042143/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paedophile_Information_Exchange" title="Paedophile Information Exchange">Paedophile Information Exchange</a></li><li><a href="/web/20071017042143/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paidika" title="Paidika">Paidika: The Journal of Paedophilia</a></li><li><a href="/web/20071017042143/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partij_voor_Naastenliefde%2C_Vrijheid_%26_Diversiteit" title="Partij voor Naastenliefde, Vrijheid &amp; Diversiteit">Partij voor Naastenliefde, Vrijheid &amp; Diversiteit</a></li><li><a href="/web/20071017042143/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rene_Guyon_Society" title="Rene Guyon Society">Rene Guyon Society</a></li><li><a href="/web/20071017042143/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vereniging_MARTIJN" title="Vereniging MARTIJN">Vereniging MARTIJN</a></li></ul>
|  width="50%" | <a name="Opponent_groups" id="Opponent_groups"></a><h3><span class="mw-headline">Opponent groups</span></h3><ul><li><a href="/web/20071017042143/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Society_for_the_Prevention_of_Cruelty_to_Children" title="National Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Children">National Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Children</a></li><li><a href="/web/20071017042143/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nationale_Alliantie" title="Nationale Alliantie">Nationale Alliantie</a></li><li><a href="/web/20071017042143/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/News_of_the_World" title="News of the World">News of the World</a></li><li><a href="/web/20071017042143/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perverted-Justice" title="Perverted-Justice">Perverted-Justice</a></li><li><a href="/web/20071017042143/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RAINN" title="RAINN">RAINN</a> (Rape, Abuse, and Incest National Network)<sup id="_ref-RAINN_0" class="reference"><a href="#_note-RAINN" title="">[144]</a></sup></li><li><a href="/web/20071017042143/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Redwatch" title="Redwatch">Redwatch</a><sup id="_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#_note-99" title="">[145]</a></sup></li><li><a href="/web/20071017042143/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special_Rapporteur_on_the_sale_of_children%2C_child_prostitution_and_child_pornography" title="Special Rapporteur on the sale of children, child prostitution and child pornography">UN Special Rapporteur (child exploitation)</a></li><li>Stop Martijn<sup id="_ref-indischebuurt_0" class="reference"><a href="#_note-indischebuurt" title="">[146]</a></sup></li></ul>
|}<p><a name="Notes_and_references" id="Notes_and_references"></a></p><h2><span class="mw-headline">Notes and references</span></h2><div style="height: 400px; overflow: auto; padding: 3px; border:1px solid #AAAAAA; reflist"><a name="Notes" id="Notes"></a><h3><span class="mw-headline">Notes</span></h3><div class="references-2column"><ol class="references"><li id="_note-0"><b><a href="#_ref-0" title="">^</a></b><i>The Sexual Exploitation of Children,</i> University of Pennsylvania Center for Youth Policy Studies, U.S. National Institute of Justice, August 2001.</li><li id="_note-1"><b><a href="#_ref-1" title="">^</a></b><a href="/web/20071017042143/http://www.clinicalsocialwork.com/incest.html" class="external free" title="http://www.clinicalsocialwork.com/incest.html" rel="nofollow">http://www.clinicalsocialwork.com/incest.html</a></li><li id="_note-2"><b><a href="#_ref-2" title="">^</a></b><a href="/web/20071017042143/http://www.wnd.com/news/article.asp?ARTICLE_ID=28336" class="external free" title="http://www.wnd.com/news/article.asp?ARTICLE_ID=28336" rel="nofollow">http://www.wnd.com/news/article.asp?ARTICLE_ID=28336</a></li><li id="_note-3"><b><a href="#_ref-3" title="">^</a></b><a href="/web/20071017042143/http://www.thestandard.com/article.php?story=20040227211153249" class="external free" title="http://www.thestandard.com/article.php?story=20040227211153249" rel="nofollow">http://www.thestandard.com/article.php?story=20040227211153249</a></li><li id="_note-4"><b><a href="#_ref-4" title="">^</a></b><a href="/web/20071017042143/http://www.vachss.com/av_dispatches/parade_071402.html" class="external free" title="http://www.vachss.com/av_dispatches/parade_071402.html" rel="nofollow">http://www.vachss.com/av_dispatches/parade_071402.html</a></li><li id="_note-5"><b><a href="#_ref-5" title="">^</a></b><a href="/web/20071017042143/http://www.surfingtheapocalypse.net/cgi-bin/archive.cgi?noframes;read=69831" class="external free" title="http://www.surfingtheapocalypse.net/cgi-bin/archive.cgi?noframes;read=69831" rel="nofollow">http://www.surfingtheapocalypse.net/cgi-bin/archive.cgi?noframes;read=69831</a></li><li id="_note-6"><b><a href="#_ref-6" title="">^</a></b><a href="/web/20071017042143/http://anu.nfshost.com/2007/because-its-not-about-the-children" class="external free" title="http://anu.nfshost.com/2007/because-its-not-about-the-children" rel="nofollow">http://anu.nfshost.com/2007/because-its-not-about-the-children</a></li><li id="_note-7"><b><a href="#_ref-7" title="">^</a></b><a href="/web/20071017042143/http://www.the-signal.com/?module=displaystory&amp;story_id=50916" class="external free" title="http://www.the-signal.com/?module=displaystory&amp;story_id=50916" rel="nofollow">http://www.the-signal.com/?module=displaystory&amp;story_id=50916</a></li><li id="_note-8"><b><a href="#_ref-8" title="">^</a></b><a href="/web/20071017042143/http://www.glgarden.org/kalikokat/pacm_manifesto.htm" class="external free" title="http://www.glgarden.org/kalikokat/pacm_manifesto.htm" rel="nofollow">http://www.glgarden.org/kalikokat/pacm_manifesto.htm</a> Manifesto of Pedophiles Against Child Molestation (P.A.C.M.)</li><li id="_note-9"><b><a href="#_ref-9" title="">^</a></b> "The Case for Abolishing the Age of Consent Laws," an editorial from <i>NAMBLA News</i> (1980), reproduced in <i>We Are Everywhere: A Historical Sourcebook of Gay and Lesbian Politics</i>. Ed. by Mark Blasius and Shane Phelan. London: Routledge, 1997. pgs. 459-67.</li><li id="_note-10"><b><a href="#_ref-10" title="">^</a></b><a href="/web/20071017042143/http://www.behavenet.com/capsules/disorders/pedophiliaTR.htm" class="external text" title="http://www.behavenet.com/capsules/disorders/pedophiliaTR.htm" rel="nofollow">DSM-IV-TR: Pedophilia</a> BehaveNet.com</li><li id="_note-11"><b><a href="#_ref-11" title="">^</a></b> Jenkins, Philip. <i>Pedophiles and Priests: Anatomy of a Contemporary Crisis</i>. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1996. pg. 78: "<i>Pedophile</i> [as a word] implies coercion, exploitation, and even violence, so that to show any tolerance or sympathy for the condition is socially unacceptable."</li><li id="_note-12"><b><a href="#_ref-12" title="">^</a></b> Paglia, Camille. <i>Sexual Personae: Art and Decadence from Nefertiti to Emily Dickinson</i>. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1990. pg. 116.</li><li id="_note-13"><b><a href="#_ref-13" title="">^</a></b><a href="/web/20071017042143/http://www.psych.org/news_room/press_releases/diagnosticcriteriapedophilia.pdf" class="external free" title="http://www.psych.org/news_room/press_releases/diagnosticcriteriapedophilia.pdf" rel="nofollow">http://www.psych.org/news_room/press_releases/diagnosticcriteriapedophilia.pdf</a></li><li id="_note-14"><b><a href="#_ref-14" title="">^</a></b><a href="/web/20071017042143/http://www.medem.com/MedLB/article_detaillb.cfm?article_ID=ZZZUZRUZGLC&amp;sub_cat=355" class="external text" title="http://www.medem.com/MedLB/article_detaillb.cfm?article_ID=ZZZUZRUZGLC&amp;sub_cat=355" rel="nofollow">Medical Library: Pedophilia</a></li><li id="_note-15"><b><a href="#_ref-15" title="">^</a></b> [<a href="/web/20071017042143/http://www.psych.org/news_room/press_releases/diagnosticcriteriapedophilia.pdf" class="external free" title="http://www.psych.org/news_room/press_releases/diagnosticcriteriapedophilia.pdf" rel="nofollow">http://www.psych.org/news_room/press_releases/diagnosticcriteriapedophilia.pdf</a> APA statement for the Diagnostic Criteria of Pedophilia</li><li id="_note-16"><b><a href="#_ref-16" title="">^</a></b> McCain, Robert Stacy. "Sex isn't just for adults anymore." <i>Insight on the News</i>. Vol. 18, Iss. 18 (May 20, 2002). pg. 27.</li><li id="_note-17"><b><a href="#_ref-17" title="">^</a></b><a href="/web/20071017042143/http://www.ipce.info/ipceweb/Library/dutch_movement_text.htm" class="external free" title="http://www.ipce.info/ipceweb/Library/dutch_movement_text.htm" rel="nofollow">http://www.ipce.info/ipceweb/Library/dutch_movement_text.htm</a></li><li id="_note-18"><b><a href="#_ref-18" title="">^</a></b> Brongersma, Edward (1988). "Schutzalter 12 Jahre? - Sex mit Kindern in der niederländischen Gesetzgebung ("Age of Consent 12 years? Dutch legislation on sex with children")", in Leopardi, Angelo: Der pädosexuelle Komplex ("On the topic of pedosexuality") (in German). Frankfurt/Main, Germany: Foerster Verlag, 212. <a href="/web/20071017042143/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Booksources&amp;isbn=3922257666" class="internal">ISBN 3-922257-66-6</a>.</li><li id="_note-19"><b><a href="#_ref-19" title="">^</a></b><a href="/web/20071017042143/http://www.glbtq.com/social-sciences/nambla.html" class="external free" title="http://www.glbtq.com/social-sciences/nambla.html" rel="nofollow">http://www.glbtq.com/social-sciences/nambla.html</a></li><li id="_note-20"><b><a href="#_ref-20" title="">^</a></b><a href="/web/20071017042143/http://www.ipce.info/booksreborn/bernard/publications.htm" class="external free" title="http://www.ipce.info/booksreborn/bernard/publications.htm" rel="nofollow">http://www.ipce.info/booksreborn/bernard/publications.htm</a></li><li id="_note-dutch">^ <a href="#_ref-dutch_0" title=""><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a><a href="#_ref-dutch_1" title=""><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a><a href="#_ref-dutch_2" title=""><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a><a href="#_ref-dutch_3" title=""><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a><a href="#_ref-dutch_4" title=""><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a><a href="#_ref-dutch_5" title=""><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a><a href="#_ref-dutch_6" title=""><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a><a href="#_ref-dutch_7" title=""><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a><a href="#_ref-dutch_8" title=""><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a><a href="#_ref-dutch_9" title=""><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a><a href="#_ref-dutch_10" title=""><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a><a href="#_ref-dutch_11" title=""><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a><cite style="font-style:normal">Dr. Frits Bernard (Autumn 1987). "<a href="/web/20071017042143/http://www.ipce.info/ipceweb/Library/dutch_movement_text.htm" class="external text" title="http://www.ipce.info/ipceweb/Library/dutch_movement_text.htm" rel="nofollow">The Dutch Paedophile Emancipation Movement</a>". <i>Paidika: The Journal of Paedophilia</i><b>1</b> (2).</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=The+Dutch+Paedophile+Emancipation+Movement&amp;rft.jtitle=Paidika%3A+The+Journal+of+Paedophilia&amp;rft.date=Autumn+1987&amp;rft.volume=1&amp;rft.issue=2&amp;rft.au=Dr.+Frits+Bernard&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ipce.info%2Fipceweb%2FLibrary%2Fdutch_movement_text.htm">&nbsp;</span></li><li id="_note-hohmann">^ <a href="#_ref-hohmann_0" title=""><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a><a href="#_ref-hohmann_1" title=""><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a><a href="#_ref-hohmann_2" title=""><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a><cite class="book" style="font-style:normal" id="Reference-Hohmann-1980">Hohmann, Joachim S.; Bernard, Frits (1980). in Hohmann, Joachim S.: <i>Pädophilie heute (</i>"Pedophilia today"</cite>) (in German). Frankfurt/Main, Germany: Foerster Verlag, 65. <a href="/web/20071017042143/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Booksources&amp;isbn=3922257100" class="internal">ISBN 3-922257-10-0</a>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=P%C3%A4dophilie+heute+%28%27%27%22Pedophilia+today%22%27%27%29&amp;rft.aulast=Hohmann&amp;rft.aufirst=Joachim+S.&amp;rft.pub=Foerster+Verlag&amp;rft.place=Frankfurt%2FMain%2C+Germany&amp;rft.pages=65">&nbsp;</span></li><li id="_note-brongersma">^ <a href="#_ref-brongersma_0" title=""><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a><a href="#_ref-brongersma_1" title=""><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a><a href="#_ref-brongersma_2" title=""><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a><a href="#_ref-brongersma_3" title=""><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a><cite class="book" style="font-style:normal" id="Reference-Brongersma-1988">Brongersma, Edward (1988). "<i>Schutzalter 12 Jahre? - Sex mit Kindern in der niederländischen Gesetzgebung,</i> ("Age of Consent 12 years? Dutch legislation on sex with children")", in Leopardi, Angelo: <i>Der pädosexuelle Komplex (</i>"On the topic of pedosexuality"</cite>) (in German). Frankfurt/Main, Germany: Foerster Verlag, 212. <a href="/web/20071017042143/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Booksources&amp;isbn=3922257666" class="internal">ISBN 3-922257-66-6</a>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Der+p%C3%A4dosexuelle+Komplex+%28%27%27%22On+the+topic+of+pedosexuality%22%27%27%29&amp;rft.atitle=%27%27Schutzalter+12+Jahre%3F+-+Sex+mit+Kindern+in+der+niederl%C3%A4ndischen+Gesetzgebung%2C%27%27+%28%22Age+of+Consent+12+years%3F+Dutch+legislation+on+sex+with+children%22%29&amp;rft.aulast=Brongersma&amp;rft.aufirst=Edward&amp;rft.pub=Foerster+Verlag&amp;rft.place=Frankfurt%2FMain%2C+Germany&amp;rft.pages=212">&nbsp;</span></li><li id="_note-21"><b><a href="#_ref-21" title="">^</a></b><a href="/web/20071017042143/http://www.paedosexualitaet.de/lib/Baurmann1983.html" class="external text" title="http://www.paedosexualitaet.de/lib/Baurmann1983.html" rel="nofollow">Baurmann's criminological study published by the German Federal Criminal Police Office in 1983 (English translation of its original conclusions summary)</a>.</li><li id="_note-leopardi">^ <a href="#_ref-leopardi_0" title=""><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a><a href="#_ref-leopardi_1" title=""><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a><a href="#_ref-leopardi_2" title=""><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a><a href="#_ref-leopardi_3" title=""><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a><a href="#_ref-leopardi_4" title=""><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a><cite class="book" style="font-style:normal" id="Reference-Leopardi-1988">Leopardi, Angelo; Bernard, Frits (1988). in Leopardi, Angelo: <i>Der pädosexuelle Komplex (</i>"On the topic of pedosexuality"</cite>) (in German). Frankfurt/Main, Germany: Foerster Verlag, 297ff. <a href="/web/20071017042143/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Booksources&amp;isbn=3922257666" class="internal">ISBN 3-922257-66-6</a>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Der+p%C3%A4dosexuelle+Komplex+%28%27%27%22On+the+topic+of+pedosexuality%22%27%27%29&amp;rft.aulast=Leopardi&amp;rft.aufirst=Angelo&amp;rft.pub=Foerster+Verlag&amp;rft.place=Frankfurt%2FMain%2C+Germany&amp;rft.pages=297ff">&nbsp;</span></li><li id="_note-tolerance">^ <a href="#_ref-tolerance_0" title=""><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a><a href="#_ref-tolerance_1" title=""><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a><a href="#_ref-tolerance_2" title=""><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a><a href="#_ref-tolerance_3" title=""><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a><cite style="font-style:normal">Jan Schuijer (1990). "Tolerance at arm's length: The Dutch experience". <i>Journal of Homosexuality</i><b>20</b>: 218.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Tolerance+at+arm%27s+length%3A+The+Dutch+experience&amp;rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Homosexuality&amp;rft.date=1990&amp;rft.volume=20&amp;rft.au=Jan+Schuijer&amp;rft.pages=218">&nbsp;</span></li><li id="_note-22"><b><a href="#_ref-22" title="">^</a></b><cite style="font-style:normal">Theo Sandfort (1990). "<a href="/web/20071017042143/http://www.ipce.info/library_3/files/sbn90.htm" class="external text" title="http://www.ipce.info/library_3/files/sbn90.htm" rel="nofollow">Boy Relationships: Different Concepts for a Diversity of Phenomena</a>". <i>Journal of Homosexuality</i><b>20</b>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Boy+Relationships%3A+Different+Concepts+for+a+Diversity+of+Phenomena&amp;rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Homosexuality&amp;rft.date=1990&amp;rft.volume=20&amp;rft.au=Theo+Sandfort&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ipce.info%2Flibrary_3%2Ffiles%2Fsbn90.htm">&nbsp;</span></li><li id="_note-23"><b><a href="#_ref-23" title="">^</a></b><a href="/web/20071017042143/http://www.ipce.info/library_3/files/psvg_81_en.htm" class="external text" title="http://www.ipce.info/library_3/files/psvg_81_en.htm" rel="nofollow">Pedophilia</a></li><li id="_note-grenzen">^ <a href="#_ref-grenzen_0" title=""><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a><a href="#_ref-grenzen_1" title=""><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a><a href="#_ref-grenzen_2" title=""><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a><a href="#_ref-grenzen_3" title=""><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a><a href="#_ref-grenzen_4" title=""><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a><cite class="book" style="font-style:normal" id="Reference-Bernard-1997">Bernard, Frits (1997). <i>Pädophilie ohne Grenzen (</i>"Anti-authoritarian pedophilia"</cite>) (in German). Frankfurt/Main, Germany: Foerster Verlag, 36. <a href="/web/20071017042143/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Booksources&amp;isbn=3922257836" class="internal">ISBN 3-922257-83-6</a>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=P%C3%A4dophilie+ohne+Grenzen+%28%27%27%22Anti-authoritarian+pedophilia%22%27%27%29&amp;rft.aulast=Bernard&amp;rft.aufirst=Frits&amp;rft.pub=Foerster+Verlag&amp;rft.place=Frankfurt%2FMain%2C+Germany&amp;rft.pages=36">&nbsp;</span></li><li id="_note-24"><b><a href="#_ref-24" title="">^</a></b> Jenkins, Philip. <i>Decade of Nightmares: The End of the Sixties and the Making of Eighties America</i>. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2006. pg. 124.</li><li id="_note-25"><b><a href="#_ref-25" title="">^</a></b> Soto, <a href="/web/20071017042143/http://www.signonsandiego.com/uniontrib/20050218/news_1n18manboy.html" class="external text" title="http://www.signonsandiego.com/uniontrib/20050218/news_1n18manboy.html" rel="nofollow">"FBI Targets Pedophilia Advocates"</a>, <i>San Diego Union-Tribune</i>, Feb. 18, 2005.</li><li id="_note-26"><b><a href="#_ref-26" title="">^</a></b><a href="/web/20071017042143/http://paedosexualitaet.de/hist/ILGAexp/index.html" class="external text" title="http://paedosexualitaet.de/hist/ILGAexp/index.html" rel="nofollow">Expulsion of organizations marked as pedophile from ILGA</a> (HTML).</li><li id="_note-27"><b><a href="#_ref-27" title="">^</a></b><a href="/web/20071017042143/http://paedosexualitaet.de/org/Martijn.html" class="external text" title="http://paedosexualitaet.de/org/Martijn.html" rel="nofollow">Vereniging Martijn</a> (HTML).</li><li id="_note-28"><b><a href="#_ref-28" title="">^</a></b> Tremblay, Pierre. "Convergence Settings for Non-predatory 'Boy Lovers.'" <i>Situational Prevention of Child Sexual Abuse</i> (<i>Crime Prevention Studies</i>, vol. 19). Ed. by Richard Wortley and Stephen Smallbone. Monsey, NY: Criminal Justice Press, 2006. pgs. 145-68 (pg. 145).</li><li id="_note-29"><b><a href="#_ref-29" title="">^</a></b> Tremblay, pg. 156.</li><li id="_note-30"><b><a href="#_ref-30" title="">^</a></b> www.ipce.info/newsletters/nl_e_3.html</li><li id="_note-31"><b><a href="#_ref-31" title="">^</a></b> Tremblay, pg. 156.</li><li id="_note-32"><b><a href="#_ref-32" title="">^</a></b> Spilka, Mark, <a href="/web/20071017042143/http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0029-5132%28199323%2927%3A1%3C103%3AWDKW%3E2.0.CO%3B2-7&amp;size=LARGE&amp;origin=JSTOR-enlargePage" class="external text" title="http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0029-5132%28199323%2927%3A1%3C103%3AWDKW%3E2.0.CO%3B2-7&amp;size=LARGE&amp;origin=JSTOR-enlargePage" rel="nofollow">What Does Kincaid Want?</a>, a review of James R. Kincaid's <i>Child-Loving: The Erotic Child and Victorian Culture</i>, page 1, retrieved <a href="/web/20071017042143/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/May_24" title="May 24">May 24</a>, <a href="/web/20071017042143/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2007" title="2007">2007</a>, example of use of term "child-love"</li><li id="_note-33"><b><a href="#_ref-33" title="">^</a></b><cite style="font-style:normal">Forde, Patrick; Andrew Patterson (November 1988). "<a href="/web/20071017042143/http://www.aic.gov.au/publications/tandi/ti97.pdf" class="external text" title="http://www.aic.gov.au/publications/tandi/ti97.pdf" rel="nofollow">Paedophile Internet Activity</a>". <i>Trends And Issues In Crime And Criminal Justice</i> (97). Australian Institute of Criminology. Retrieved on <a href="/web/20071017042143/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2007" title="2007">2007</a>-<a href="/web/20071017042143/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/May_24" title="May 24">05-24</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Paedophile+Internet+Activity&amp;rft.jtitle=Trends+And+Issues+In+Crime+And+Criminal+Justice&amp;rft.date=November+1988&amp;rft.issue=97&amp;rft.aulast=Forde&amp;rft.aufirst=Patrick&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aic.gov.au%2Fpublications%2Ftandi%2Fti97.pdf">&nbsp;</span> "For the purposes of this observation...."</li><li id="_note-34"><b><a href="#_ref-34" title="">^</a></b><cite class="book" style="font-style:normal">Rencken, Robert (2000). <i><a href="/web/20071017042143/http://eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/custom/portlets/recordDetails/detailmini.jsp?_nfpb=true&amp;_&amp;ERICExtSearch_SearchValue_0=ED439307&amp;ERICExtSearch_SearchType_0=eric_accno&amp;accno=ED439307" class="external text" title="http://eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/custom/portlets/recordDetails/detailmini.jsp?_nfpb=true&amp;_&amp;ERICExtSearch_SearchValue_0=ED439307&amp;ERICExtSearch_SearchType_0=eric_accno&amp;accno=ED439307" rel="nofollow">Brief and Extended Interventions in Sexual Abuse. Second Edition.</a></i>. Alexandria, VA, USA: American Counseling Association, 240.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Brief+and+Extended+Interventions+in+Sexual+Abuse.+Second+Edition.&amp;rft.aulast=Rencken&amp;rft.aufirst=Robert&amp;rft.date=2000&amp;rft.pub=American+Counseling+Association&amp;rft.place=Alexandria%2C+VA%2C+USA&amp;rft.pages=240&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Feric.ed.gov%2FERICWebPortal%2Fcustom%2Fportlets%2FrecordDetails%2Fdetailmini.jsp%3F_nfpb%3Dtrue%26_%26ERICExtSearch_SearchValue_0%3DED439307%26ERICExtSearch_SearchType_0%3Deric_accno%26accno%3DED439307">&nbsp;</span></li><li id="_note-35"><b><a href="#_ref-35" title="">^</a></b><a href="/web/20071017042143/http://www.greenbelt.com/news/98/12/02.htm" class="external free" title="http://www.greenbelt.com/news/98/12/02.htm" rel="nofollow">http://www.greenbelt.com/news/98/12/02.htm</a></li><li id="_note-36"><b><a href="#_ref-36" title="">^</a></b><a href="/web/20071017042143/http://www.iin.oea.org/proy_trafico_ninos_internet/avances.2005.pdf" class="external free" title="http://www.iin.oea.org/proy_trafico_ninos_internet/avances.2005.pdf" rel="nofollow">http://www.iin.oea.org/proy_trafico_ninos_internet/avances.2005.pdf</a></li><li id="_note-37"><b><a href="#_ref-37" title="">^</a></b> Gieles, Frans (1998). <a href="/web/20071017042143/http://www.ipce.info/ipceweb/Library/i_did_not_know.htm" class="external text" title="http://www.ipce.info/ipceweb/Library/i_did_not_know.htm" rel="nofollow">"I didn't know how to deal with it": Young people speak out about their sexual contacts with adults</a> (HTML).</li><li id="_note-martijn">^ <a href="#_ref-martijn_0" title=""><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a><a href="#_ref-martijn_1" title=""><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a><a href="#_ref-martijn_2" title=""><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a><a href="#_ref-martijn_3" title=""><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a><a href="#_ref-martijn_4" title=""><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> MARTIJN (1982). <a href="/web/20071017042143/http://www.martijn.org/page.php?id=200000" class="external text" title="http://www.martijn.org/page.php?id=200000" rel="nofollow">MARTIJN: What we stand for</a> (HTML).</li><li id="_note-38"><b><a href="#_ref-38" title="">^</a></b> Gieles, Frans (1998). <a href="/web/20071017042143/http://www.ipce.info/ipceweb/Library/i_did_not_know.htm" class="external text" title="http://www.ipce.info/ipceweb/Library/i_did_not_know.htm" rel="nofollow">"I didn't know how to deal with it": Young people speak out about their sexual contacts with adults</a> (HTML).</li><li id="_note-rossman"><b><a href="#_ref-rossman_0" title="">^</a></b> Rossman, Parker (1976). <a href="/web/20071017042143/http://www.daretospeak.net/paiderastia/ethics.html" class="external text" title="http://www.daretospeak.net/paiderastia/ethics.html" rel="nofollow">A Boylove Code of Ethics</a> (HTML). <i>Sexual Experience Between Men and Boys</i>.</li><li id="_note-iol"><b><a href="#_ref-iol_0" title="">^</a></b> "<a href="/web/20071017042143/http://www.iol.co.za/index.php?click_id=3&amp;art_id=qw1064876580961B265&amp;set_id=1" class="external text" title="http://www.iol.co.za/index.php?click_id=3&amp;art_id=qw1064876580961B265&amp;set_id=1" rel="nofollow">Sex is good for children - German ex-cop</a>", IOL, September 30, 2003.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adc&amp;rft.type=newspaperArticle&amp;rft.subject=News&amp;rft.title=Sex+is+good+for+children+-+German+ex-cop&amp;rft.identifier=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iol.co.za%2Findex.php%3Fclick_id%3D3%26art_id%3Dqw1064876580961B265%26set_id%3D1&amp;rft.publisher=IOL&amp;rft.date=September+30%2C+2003">&nbsp;</span></li><li id="_note-39"><b><a href="#_ref-39" title="">^</a></b><a href="/web/20071017042143/http://www.ag-paedo.de/fg-paedo/p17ahs.html" class="external free" title="http://www.ag-paedo.de/fg-paedo/p17ahs.html" rel="nofollow">http://www.ag-paedo.de/fg-paedo/p17ahs.html</a></li><li id="_note-40"><b><a href="#_ref-40" title="">^</a></b><a href="/web/20071017042143/http://www.ipce.info/newsletters/nl_e_12/part_7.htm" class="external free" title="http://www.ipce.info/newsletters/nl_e_12/part_7.htm" rel="nofollow">http://www.ipce.info/newsletters/nl_e_12/part_7.htm</a></li><li id="_note-41"><b><a href="#_ref-41" title="">^</a></b><a href="/web/20071017042143/http://www.ipce.info/newsletters/nl_e_12/part_6.htm" class="external free" title="http://www.ipce.info/newsletters/nl_e_12/part_6.htm" rel="nofollow">http://www.ipce.info/newsletters/nl_e_12/part_6.htm</a></li><li id="_note-freespirits"><b><a href="#_ref-freespirits_0" title="">^</a></b><a href="/web/20071017042143/http://lifeline.ivan.net/" class="external text" title="http://lifeline.ivan.net/" rel="nofollow"><b>LifeLine</b> is a real-time support chat</a>.</li><li id="_note-42"><b><a href="#_ref-42" title="">^</a></b><a href="/web/20071017042143/http://www.iol.co.za/index.php?click_id=3&amp;art_id=qw1064876580961B265&amp;set_id=1" class="external free" title="http://www.iol.co.za/index.php?click_id=3&amp;art_id=qw1064876580961B265&amp;set_id=1" rel="nofollow">http://www.iol.co.za/index.php?click_id=3&amp;art_id=qw1064876580961B265&amp;set_id=1</a></li><li id="_note-bkgirls">^ <a href="#_ref-bkgirls_0" title=""><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a><a href="#_ref-bkgirls_1" title=""><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a><a href="/web/20071017042143/http://www.bkgirls.net/bkfaq.html" class="external free" title="http://www.bkgirls.net/bkfaq.html" rel="nofollow">http://www.bkgirls.net/bkfaq.html</a></li><li id="_note-43"><b><a href="#_ref-43" title="">^</a></b><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.title=A+paradise+for+pedophiles%3A+Montreal%2C+it+seems%2C+is+the+place+to+be+if+you%27re+attracted+to+children&amp;rft.aulast=Patriquin&amp;rft.aufirst=Martin&amp;rft.date=May+28%2C+2007&amp;rft.pages=20-21&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.macleans.ca%2Farticle.jsp%3Fcontent%3D20070528_105309_105309"><cite id="CITEREFPatriquin2007">Patriquin, Martin (May 28, 2007), "<a href="/web/20071017042143/http://www.macleans.ca/article.jsp?content=20070528_105309_105309" class="external text" title="http://www.macleans.ca/article.jsp?content=20070528_105309_105309" rel="nofollow">A paradise for pedophiles: Montreal, it seems, is the place to be if you're attracted to children</a>", <i>Maclean's</i>: 20-21<span class="printonly">, &lt;<a href="/web/20071017042143/http://www.macleans.ca/article.jsp?content=20070528_105309_105309" class="external free" title="http://www.macleans.ca/article.jsp?content=20070528_105309_105309" rel="nofollow">http://www.macleans.ca/article.jsp?content=20070528_105309_105309</a>&gt;</span></cite></span></li><li id="_note-stegle"><b><a href="#_ref-stegle_0" title="">^</a></b><a href="/web/20071017042143/http://stegl.info/" class="external text" title="http://stegl.info/" rel="nofollow">Seattle-Tacoma-Everett Girl Love</a> retrieved <a href="/web/20071017042143/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/May_26" title="May 26">May 26</a>, <a href="/web/20071017042143/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2007" title="2007">2007</a></li><li id="_note-44"><b><a href="#_ref-44" title="">^</a></b><a href="/web/20071017042143/http://www.ipce.info/newsletters/e_17/martijn.htm" class="external free" title="http://www.ipce.info/newsletters/e_17/martijn.htm" rel="nofollow">http://www.ipce.info/newsletters/e_17/martijn.htm</a></li><li id="_note-45"><b><a href="#_ref-45" title="">^</a></b><a href="/web/20071017042143/http://www.cbc.ca/canada/story/2002/03/26/sharpe020326.html" class="external free" title="http://www.cbc.ca/canada/story/2002/03/26/sharpe020326.html" rel="nofollow">http://www.cbc.ca/canada/story/2002/03/26/sharpe020326.html</a></li><li id="_note-ibld"><b><a href="#_ref-ibld_0" title="">^</a></b><a href="/web/20071017042143/http://www.ibld.net/history.html" class="external text" title="http://www.ibld.net/history.html" rel="nofollow">A brief history of International BoyLove Day</a>.</li><li id="_note-yani"><b><a href="#_ref-yani_0" title="">^</a></b><a href="/web/20071017042143/http://yani.glgarden.org/Archive/04-2003/nfcommunity.html" class="external text" title="http://yani.glgarden.org/Archive/04-2003/nfcommunity.html" rel="nofollow">Alice Day</a>.</li><li id="_note-46"><b><a href="#_ref-46" title="">^</a></b> Mirkin, Harris. "The Pattern of Sexual Politics: Feminism, Homosexuality and Pedophilia." <i>Journal of Homosexuality</i>, 37.2 (1999), pgs. 1-24.</li><li id="_note-47"><b><a href="#_ref-47" title="">^</a></b> Kaylor, Michael Matthew. <i>Secreted Desires: The Major Uranians: Hopkins, Pater and Wilde</i>. Brno, CZ: Masaryk University Press, 2006. pg. xi. (This volume appears as "full text" at books.google.com and is provided by Masaryk University as an open-access PDF at <a href="/web/20071017042143/http://www.phil.muni.cz:8088/wkaa/w-publikace" class="external free" title="http://www.phil.muni.cz:8088/wkaa/w-publikace" rel="nofollow">http://www.phil.muni.cz:8088/wkaa/w-publikace</a></li><li id="_note-48"><b><a href="#_ref-48" title="">^</a></b> McCain, pg. 27.</li><li id="_note-49"><b><a href="#_ref-49" title="">^</a></b> See also Anonymous. "Missouri legislature makes punitive budget cuts". <i>Academe</i>. Vol. 88, Iss. 5 (Sep/Oct 2002). pg. 10.</li><li id="_note-50"><b><a href="#_ref-50" title="">^</a></b> See also <a href="/web/20071017042143/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Menand" title="Louis Menand">Louis Menand</a>. "The talk of the town: Silly ideas." <i>The New Yorker</i>. Vol. 78, Iss. 11 (May 13, 2002). pg. 33</li><li id="_note-51"><b><a href="#_ref-51" title="">^</a></b> See also <a href="/web/20071017042143/http://www.ipce.info/library_3/files/star_tribune.htm" class="external text" title="http://www.ipce.info/library_3/files/star_tribune.htm" rel="nofollow">Some in mainstream contend certain cases of adult-minor sex should be acceptable</a> Mark O'Keefe, Newhouse News Service (2002) See: David Smith</li><li id="_note-52"><b><a href="#_ref-52" title="">^</a></b> Geraci, J. (1994). Interview: Gilbert Herdt. <i>Paidika: The Journal of Paedophilia</i>, 3 (2), 2-17.</li><li id="_note-ocarroll3"><b><a href="#_ref-ocarroll3_0" title="">^</a></b> O'Carroll, Tom. <a href="/web/20071017042143/http://www.ipce.info/host/radicase/chap08.htm" class="external text" title="http://www.ipce.info/host/radicase/chap08.htm" rel="nofollow">Paedophilia: The Radical Case - Chapter 8: 'Consent' and 'Willingness'</a> (HTML).</li><li id="_note-53"><b><a href="#_ref-53" title="">^</a></b><a href="/web/20071017042143/http://www.narth.com/docs/denial.html" class="external free" title="http://www.narth.com/docs/denial.html" rel="nofollow">http://www.narth.com/docs/denial.html</a></li><li id="_note-54"><b><a href="#_ref-54" title="">^</a></b><a href="/web/20071017042143/http://www.safet.net/info/index.html" class="external free" title="http://www.safet.net/info/index.html" rel="nofollow">http://www.safet.net/info/index.html</a>.</li><li id="_note-ocarroll"><b><a href="#_ref-ocarroll_0" title="">^</a></b> O'Carroll, Tom (1980). <a href="/web/20071017042143/http://www.ipce.net/host/radicase/chap09.htm" class="external text" title="http://www.ipce.net/host/radicase/chap09.htm" rel="nofollow">Chapter 9: Power and Equality</a> (HTML). <i>Paedophilia: The Radical Case</i>.</li><li id="_note-55"><b><a href="#_ref-55" title="">^</a></b><a href="/web/20071017042143/http://www.mhamic.org/sources/sandfort.htm" class="external free" title="http://www.mhamic.org/sources/sandfort.htm" rel="nofollow">http://www.mhamic.org/sources/sandfort.htm</a></li><li id="_note-bauserman"><b><a href="#_ref-bauserman_0" title="">^</a></b><cite style="font-style:normal">Bauserman R. (1990). "<a href="/web/20071017042143/http://www.paedosexualitaet.de/lib/Bauserman1990.html" class="external text" title="http://www.paedosexualitaet.de/lib/Bauserman1990.html" rel="nofollow">Objectivity and Ideology: Criticism of Theo Sandfort's Research on Man-Boy Sexual Relations</a>". <i>Journal of Homosexuality</i><b>20</b> (1/2).</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Objectivity+and+Ideology%3A+Criticism+of+Theo+Sandfort%27s+Research+on+Man-Boy+Sexual+Relations&amp;rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Homosexuality&amp;rft.date=1990&amp;rft.volume=20&amp;rft.issue=1%2F2&amp;rft.au=Bauserman+R.&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.paedosexualitaet.de%2Flib%2FBauserman1990.html">&nbsp;</span></li><li id="_note-56"><b><a href="#_ref-56" title="">^</a></b><a href="/web/20071017042143/http://hfp.puellula.org/Manifesto.html" class="external free" title="http://hfp.puellula.org/Manifesto.html" rel="nofollow">http://hfp.puellula.org/Manifesto.html</a></li><li id="_note-57"><b><a href="#_ref-57" title="">^</a></b><a href="/web/20071017042143/http://www2.hu-berlin.de/sexology/BIB/pedophilia.htm" class="external free" title="http://www2.hu-berlin.de/sexology/BIB/pedophilia.htm" rel="nofollow">http://www2.hu-berlin.de/sexology/BIB/pedophilia.htm</a></li><li id="_note-58"><b><a href="#_ref-58" title="">^</a></b><a href="/web/20071017042143/http://www.springerlink.com/content/x29808w856183157/" class="external free" title="http://www.springerlink.com/content/x29808w856183157/" rel="nofollow">http://www.springerlink.com/content/x29808w856183157/</a></li><li id="_note-ocarroll2"><b><a href="#_ref-ocarroll2_0" title="">^</a></b> O'Carroll, Tom. <a href="/web/20071017042143/http://www.ipce.info/host/radicase/chap04.htm" class="external text" title="http://www.ipce.info/host/radicase/chap04.htm" rel="nofollow">Paedophilia - The Radical Case - Chapter 4: Paedophilia in Action</a> (HTML).</li><li id="_note-59"><b><a href="#_ref-59" title="">^</a></b><a href="/web/20071017042143/http://www.cerius.org/child/index.htm" class="external free" title="http://www.cerius.org/child/index.htm" rel="nofollow">http://www.cerius.org/child/index.htm</a></li><li id="_note-brongersma2"><b><a href="#_ref-brongersma2_0" title="">^</a></b><cite class="book" style="font-style:normal" id="Reference-Brongersma-1988">Brongersma, Edward (1988). "<i>Schutzalter 12 Jahre? - Sex mit Kindern in der niederländischen Gesetzgebung</i> ("Age of Consent 12 years? Dutch legislation on sex with children")", in Leopardi, Angelo: <i>Der pädosexuelle Komplex (</i>"On the topic of pedosexuality"</cite>) (in German). Frankfurt/Main, Germany: Foerster Verlag, 210. <a href="/web/20071017042143/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Booksources&amp;isbn=3922257666" class="internal">ISBN 3-922257-66-6</a>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Der+p%C3%A4dosexuelle+Komplex+%28%27%27%22On+the+topic+of+pedosexuality%22%27%27%29&amp;rft.atitle=%27%27Schutzalter+12+Jahre%3F+-+Sex+mit+Kindern+in+der+niederl%C3%A4ndischen+Gesetzgebung%27%27+%28%22Age+of+Consent+12+years%3F+Dutch+legislation+on+sex+with+children%22%29&amp;rft.aulast=Brongersma&amp;rft.aufirst=Edward&amp;rft.pub=Foerster+Verlag&amp;rft.place=Frankfurt%2FMain%2C+Germany&amp;rft.pages=210">&nbsp;</span></li><li id="_note-60"><b><a href="#_ref-60" title="">^</a></b> Mirkin, Harris. "The Pattern of Sexual Politics: Feminism, Homosexuality and Pedophilia." <i>Journal of Homosexuality</i>. 37.2 (1999), 1-24.</li><li id="_note-61"><b><a href="#_ref-61" title="">^</a></b><a href="/web/20071017042143/http://home.wanadoo.nl/ipce/library_two/files/paglia_guide.htm" class="external free" title="http://home.wanadoo.nl/ipce/library_two/files/paglia_guide.htm" rel="nofollow">http://home.wanadoo.nl/ipce/library_two/files/paglia_guide.htm</a></li><li id="_note-62"><b><a href="#_ref-62" title="">^</a></b><a href="/web/20071017042143/http://www.ipce.info/library_3/files/90_waal.htm" class="external free" title="http://www.ipce.info/library_3/files/90_waal.htm" rel="nofollow">http://www.ipce.info/library_3/files/90_waal.htm</a></li><li id="_note-63"><b><a href="#_ref-63" title="">^</a></b><a href="/web/20071017042143/http://newgon.com/original.php" class="external free" title="http://newgon.com/original.php" rel="nofollow">http://newgon.com/original.php</a></li><li id="_note-64"><b><a href="#_ref-64" title="">^</a></b> "The Case for Abolishing the Age of Consent Laws," an editorial from <i>NAMBLA News</i> (1980), reproduced in <i>We Are Everywhere: A Historical Sourcebook of Gay and Lesbian Politics</i>. Ed. by Mark Blasius and Shane Phelan. London: Routledge, 1997. pgs. 459-67.</li><li id="_note-65"><b><a href="#_ref-65" title="">^</a></b><a href="/web/20071017042143/http://www.behavenet.com/capsules/disorders/pedophiliaTR.htm" class="external text" title="http://www.behavenet.com/capsules/disorders/pedophiliaTR.htm" rel="nofollow">DSM-IV-TR: Pedophilia</a> BehaveNet.com</li><li id="_note-66"><b><a href="#_ref-66" title="">^</a></b><a href="/web/20071017042143/http://www.ipce.info/ipceweb/Library/97-048_article.html" class="external text" title="http://www.ipce.info/ipceweb/Library/97-048_article.html" rel="nofollow">Hall et al</a></li><li id="_note-67"><b><a href="#_ref-67" title="">^</a></b><a href="/web/20071017042143/http://jama.ama-assn.org/cgi/content/full/288/19/2458" class="external free" title="http://jama.ama-assn.org/cgi/content/full/288/19/2458" rel="nofollow">http://jama.ama-assn.org/cgi/content/full/288/19/2458</a></li><li id="_note-mhamicmythsfacts"><b><a href="#_ref-mhamicmythsfacts_0" title="">^</a></b> Kramer, Richard. <a href="/web/20071017042143/http://mhamic.org/myths/mythsintro.htm" class="external text" title="http://mhamic.org/myths/mythsintro.htm" rel="nofollow">MHAMic - Myths and Facts - Introduction</a> (HTML).</li><li id="_note-okamigoldberg">^ <a href="#_ref-okamigoldberg_0" title=""><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a><a href="#_ref-okamigoldberg_1" title=""><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a><a href="#_ref-okamigoldberg_2" title=""><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a><cite style="font-style:normal">P. Okami; A. Goldberg (November 03 1992). "<a href="/web/20071017042143/http://mhamic.org/sources/okami&amp;goldberg.htm" class="external text" title="http://mhamic.org/sources/okami&amp;goldberg.htm" rel="nofollow">Personality Correlates of Pedophilia: Are They Reliable Indicators?</a>". <i>Journal of Sex Research</i>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Personality+Correlates+of+Pedophilia%3A+Are+They+Reliable+Indicators%3F&amp;rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Sex+Research&amp;rft.date=November+03+1992&amp;rft.au=P.+Okami%3B+A.+Goldberg&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmhamic.org%2Fsources%2Fokami%26goldberg.htm">&nbsp;</span></li><li id="_note-langevin"><b><a href="#_ref-langevin_0" title="">^</a></b><cite style="font-style:normal">R. Langevin (1983). "<a href="/web/20071017042143/http://mhamic.org/sources/langevin.htm" class="external text" title="http://mhamic.org/sources/langevin.htm" rel="nofollow">Sexual strands: Understanding and treating sexual anomalies in men</a>".</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Sexual+strands%3A+Understanding+and+treating+sexual+anomalies+in+men&amp;rft.date=1983&amp;rft.au=R.+Langevin&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmhamic.org%2Fsources%2Flangevin.htm">&nbsp;</span></li><li id="_note-mhamicviolent"><b><a href="#_ref-mhamicviolent_0" title="">^</a></b> Kramer, Richard. <a href="/web/20071017042143/http://mhamic.org/myths/violent.htm" class="external text" title="http://mhamic.org/myths/violent.htm" rel="nofollow">MHAMic - Myths and Facts - Violent and Aggressive</a> (HTML). <i>"Researchers who have examined the thoughts and feelings of men attracted to boys report that many find emotional contact as important as, or more important than, sexual activity."</i></li><li id="_note-califa"><b><a href="#_ref-califa_0" title="">^</a></b> Califia, Pat (1994). <a href="/web/20071017042143/http://www.ipce.info/ipceweb/Library/califa_aoc_frame.htm" class="external text" title="http://www.ipce.info/ipceweb/Library/califa_aoc_frame.htm" rel="nofollow">The Age of Consent: The Great Kiddy-Porn Panic of '77</a> (HTML). <i>The Culture of Radical Sex</i>.</li><li id="_note-carrolingian"><b><a href="#_ref-carrolingian_0" title="">^</a></b> "Carrolingian" (2002). <a href="/web/20071017042143/http://www.ipce.info/library_3/files/carr/carr_2.htm" class="external text" title="http://www.ipce.info/library_3/files/carr/carr_2.htm" rel="nofollow">Paedophile Ideology</a> (HTML). <i>Understanding Paedophilia For The Law</i>.</li><li id="_note-cloud"><b><a href="#_ref-cloud_0" title="">^</a></b> Cloud, John. "<a href="/web/20071017042143/http://www.ipce.info/library_3/files/cloud_ped_time.htm" class="external text" title="http://www.ipce.info/library_3/files/cloud_ped_time.htm" rel="nofollow">Pedophilia</a>", Time Magazine, April 29, 2002.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adc&amp;rft.type=newspaperArticle&amp;rft.subject=News&amp;rft.aufirst=John&amp;rft.aulast=Cloud&amp;rft.title=Pedophilia&amp;rft.identifier=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ipce.info%2Flibrary_3%2Ffiles%2Fcloud_ped_time.htm&amp;rft.publisher=Time+Magazine&amp;rft.date=April+29%2C+2002">&nbsp;</span></li><li id="_note-constantine"><b><a href="#_ref-constantine_0" title="">^</a></b><cite style="font-style:normal">Larry L. Constantine (1977). "<a href="/web/20071017042143/http://www.ipce.info/library_3/files/const_rights_frame.htm" class="external text" title="http://www.ipce.info/library_3/files/const_rights_frame.htm" rel="nofollow">The Sexual Rights Of Children: Implications Of A Radical Perspective</a>". <i>International Conference on Love and Attraction</i>: 255-262.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=proceeding&amp;rft.btitle=International+Conference+on+Love+and+Attraction&amp;rft.atitle=The+Sexual+Rights+Of+Children%3A+Implications+Of+A+Radical+Perspective&amp;rft.au=Larry+L.+Constantine&amp;rft.date=1977&amp;rft.pages=255-262&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ipce.info%2Flibrary_3%2Ffiles%2Fconst_rights_frame.htm">&nbsp;</span></li><li id="_note-frederiksen"><b><a href="#_ref-frederiksen_0" title="">^</a></b> Frederiksen, Arne (1999). <a href="/web/20071017042143/http://www.ipce.info/ipceweb/Library/frederiksen.htm" class="external text" title="http://www.ipce.info/ipceweb/Library/frederiksen.htm" rel="nofollow">Pedophilia, Science, and Self-deception: A Criticism of Sex Abuse Research</a> (HTML).</li><li id="_note-Ree"><b><a href="#_ref-Ree_0" title="">^</a></b><cite style="font-style:normal">van Ree, Frank. "<a href="/web/20071017042143/http://www.ipce.info/ipceweb/Library/vanreekoin25_taboe.htm" class="external text" title="http://www.ipce.info/ipceweb/Library/vanreekoin25_taboe.htm" rel="nofollow">Abuse by Definition? The Taboo as Excuse</a>". <i>KOINOS</i><b>25</b>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Abuse+by+Definition%3F+The+Taboo+as+Excuse&amp;rft.jtitle=KOINOS&amp;rft.volume=25&amp;rft.au=van+Ree%2C+Frank&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ipce.info%2Fipceweb%2FLibrary%2Fvanreekoin25_taboe.htm">&nbsp;</span></li><li id="_note-68"><b><a href="#_ref-68" title="">^</a></b> Brongersma, Edward. "Boy-Lovers and Their Influence on Boys: Distorted Research and Anecdotal Observations," in <i>Male Intergenerational Intimacy: Historical, Socio-Psychological and Legal Perspectives</i>. Ed. by Theo Sandfort, Edward Brongersma, and A. X. van Naerssen. Binghamton, NY: Haworth Press, 1991. [published simultaneously as <i>Journal of Homosexuality</i>, Vol. 20, Nos. 1/2]. pgs. 145-74 (pgs.145-46).</li><li id="_note-69"><b><a href="#_ref-69" title="">^</a></b><a href="/web/20071017042143/http://www.paedosexualitaet.de/science/pressure.html" class="external free" title="http://www.paedosexualitaet.de/science/pressure.html" rel="nofollow">http://www.paedosexualitaet.de/science/pressure.html</a></li><li id="_note-70"><b><a href="#_ref-70" title="">^</a></b><a href="/web/20071017042143/http://www.paedosexualitaet.de/science/causality.html" class="external free" title="http://www.paedosexualitaet.de/science/causality.html" rel="nofollow">http://www.paedosexualitaet.de/science/causality.html</a></li><li id="_note-71"><b><a href="#_ref-71" title="">^</a></b><a href="/web/20071017042143/http://www.mhamic.org/problems/summary.htm" class="external free" title="http://www.mhamic.org/problems/summary.htm" rel="nofollow">http://www.mhamic.org/problems/summary.htm</a></li><li id="_note-spiecker"><b><a href="#_ref-spiecker_0" title="">^</a></b><cite style="font-style:normal">Ben Spiecker; Jan Steutel (September 01 1997). "<a href="/web/20071017042143/http://www.ipce.info/ipceweb/Library/99-126_spieck_steu.htm" class="external text" title="http://www.ipce.info/ipceweb/Library/99-126_spieck_steu.htm" rel="nofollow">Paedophilia, Sexual Desire and Perversity</a>". <i>Journal of Moral Education</i>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Paedophilia%2C+Sexual+Desire+and+Perversity&amp;rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Moral+Education&amp;rft.date=September+01+1997&amp;rft.au=Ben+Spiecker%3B+Jan+Steutel&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ipce.info%2Fipceweb%2FLibrary%2F99-126_spieck_steu.htm">&nbsp;</span></li><li id="_note-nelson"><b><a href="#_ref-nelson_0" title="">^</a></b><cite style="font-style:normal">Joan Nelson (1989). "<a href="/web/20071017042143/http://www.ipce.info/ipceweb/Library/nelson.htm" class="external text" title="http://www.ipce.info/ipceweb/Library/nelson.htm" rel="nofollow">Intergenerational Sexual Contact: A Continuum Model of Participants and Experiences</a>". <i>Journal of Sex Education &amp; Therapy</i><b>15</b>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Intergenerational+Sexual+Contact%3A+A+Continuum+Model+of+Participants+and+Experiences&amp;rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Sex+Education+%26+Therapy&amp;rft.date=1989&amp;rft.volume=15&amp;rft.au=Joan+Nelson&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ipce.info%2Fipceweb%2FLibrary%2Fnelson.htm">&nbsp;</span></li><li id="_note-72"><b><a href="#_ref-72" title="">^</a></b><a href="/web/20071017042143/http://www.mhamic.org/sources/sandfort.htm" class="external free" title="http://www.mhamic.org/sources/sandfort.htm" rel="nofollow">http://www.mhamic.org/sources/sandfort.htm</a>.</li><li id="_note-73"><b><a href="#_ref-73" title="">^</a></b> [<a href="/web/20071017042143/http://www.leadershipcouncil.org/1/res/dallam/5.html" class="external free" title="http://www.leadershipcouncil.org/1/res/dallam/5.html" rel="nofollow">http://www.leadershipcouncil.org/1/res/dallam/5.html</a> Dallam et al, "Science or Propaganda"</li><li id="_note-74"><b><a href="#_ref-74" title="">^</a></b><a href="/web/20071017042143/http://www.ipce.info/library_3/files/dallam_02.htm" class="external free" title="http://www.ipce.info/library_3/files/dallam_02.htm" rel="nofollow">http://www.ipce.info/library_3/files/dallam_02.htm</a></li><li id="_note-75"><b><a href="#_ref-75" title="">^</a></b><a href="/web/20071017042143/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=pubmed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=10376568" class="external free" title="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=pubmed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=10376568" rel="nofollow">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=pubmed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=10376568</a></li><li id="_note-76"><b><a href="#_ref-76" title="">^</a></b><a href="/web/20071017042143/http://www.ipce.info/library_3/files/rind/rtbval_3.htm" class="external free" title="http://www.ipce.info/library_3/files/rind/rtbval_3.htm" rel="nofollow">http://www.ipce.info/library_3/files/rind/rtbval_3.htm</a></li><li id="_note-77"><b><a href="#_ref-77" title="">^</a></b><a href="/web/20071017042143/http://www.ipce.info/library_3/files/dal.htm" class="external free" title="http://www.ipce.info/library_3/files/dal.htm" rel="nofollow">http://www.ipce.info/library_3/files/dal.htm</a></li><li id="_note-78"><b><a href="#_ref-78" title="">^</a></b><a href="/web/20071017042143/http://home.wanadoo.nl/ipce/library_two/rbt/skept.htm" class="external free" title="http://home.wanadoo.nl/ipce/library_two/rbt/skept.htm" rel="nofollow">http://home.wanadoo.nl/ipce/library_two/rbt/skept.htm</a></li><li id="_note-79"><b><a href="#_ref-79" title="">^</a></b><a href="/web/20071017042143/http://www.ipce.info/library_3/files/rind/rtbval_content.htm" class="external free" title="http://www.ipce.info/library_3/files/rind/rtbval_content.htm" rel="nofollow">http://www.ipce.info/library_3/files/rind/rtbval_content.htm</a></li><li id="_note-congress"><b><a href="#_ref-congress_0" title="">^</a></b> US Congress (1999). <a href="/web/20071017042143/http://frwebgate.access.gpo.gov/cgi-bin/getdoc.cgi?dbname=106_cong_bills&amp;docid=f:hc107enr.txt.pdf" class="external text" title="http://frwebgate.access.gpo.gov/cgi-bin/getdoc.cgi?dbname=106_cong_bills&amp;docid=f:hc107enr.txt.pdf" rel="nofollow">Whereas no segment of our society is more critical to the future of human survival than our children</a> (PDF). <i>106th Congress, Resolution 107</i>.</li><li id="_note-OHCHR"><b><a href="#_ref-OHCHR_0" title="">^</a></b> Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights (1964). <a href="/web/20071017042143/http://193.194.138.190/html/menu3/b/63.htm" class="external text" title="http://193.194.138.190/html/menu3/b/63.htm" rel="nofollow">Convention on Consent to Marriage, Minimum Age for Marriage and Registration of Marriages</a> (HTML).</li><li id="_note-80"><b><a href="#_ref-80" title="">^</a></b><a href="/web/20071017042143/http://nambla.org/welcome.htm" class="external free" title="http://nambla.org/welcome.htm" rel="nofollow">http://nambla.org/welcome.htm</a></li><li id="_note-81"><b><a href="#_ref-81" title="">^</a></b><a href="/web/20071017042143/http://www.nbc10.com/news/9621055/detail.html" class="external free" title="http://www.nbc10.com/news/9621055/detail.html" rel="nofollow">http://www.nbc10.com/news/9621055/detail.html</a></li><li id="_note-82"><b><a href="#_ref-82" title="">^</a></b><a href="/web/20071017042143/http://www.buzzle.com/editorials/8-3-2006-104373.asp" class="external free" title="http://www.buzzle.com/editorials/8-3-2006-104373.asp" rel="nofollow">http://www.buzzle.com/editorials/8-3-2006-104373.asp</a></li><li id="_note-83"><b><a href="#_ref-83" title="">^</a></b><a href="/web/20071017042143/http://education.zdnet.com/?p=424" class="external free" title="http://education.zdnet.com/?p=424" rel="nofollow">http://education.zdnet.com/?p=424</a></li><li id="_note-84"><b><a href="#_ref-84" title="">^</a></b><a href="/web/20071017042143/http://kctv.com/Global/category.asp?C=73283" class="external autonumber" title="http://kctv.com/Global/category.asp?C=73283" rel="nofollow">[1]</a></li><li id="_note-85"><b><a href="#_ref-85" title="">^</a></b><a href="/web/20071017042143/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=pubmed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=12907384" class="external free" title="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=pubmed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=12907384" rel="nofollow">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=pubmed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=12907384</a></li><li id="_note-nytimes"><b><a href="#_ref-nytimes_0" title="">^</a></b> Eichenwald, Kurt. <a href="/web/20071017042143/http://www.nytimes.com/2006/08/21/technology/21pedo.html?pagewanted=1&amp;ei=5088&amp;en=4ca4585011496b35&amp;ex=1313812800&amp;partner=rssnyt&amp;emc=rss" class="external text" title="http://www.nytimes.com/2006/08/21/technology/21pedo.html?pagewanted=1&amp;ei=5088&amp;en=4ca4585011496b35&amp;ex=1313812800&amp;partner=rssnyt&amp;emc=rss" rel="nofollow">On the Web, Pedophiles Extend Their Reach</a> (HTML).</li><li id="_note-uittenbogaard"><b><a href="#_ref-uittenbogaard_0" title="">^</a></b><cite style="font-style:normal">Uittenbogaard, Marthijn (April 2005). "<a href="/web/20071017042143/http://www.martijn.org/info/OK91_EN_2.html" class="external text" title="http://www.martijn.org/info/OK91_EN_2.html" rel="nofollow">Possible causes of the pedophile witch hunt</a>". <i>OK</i><b>91</b>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Possible+causes+of+the+pedophile+witch+hunt&amp;rft.jtitle=OK&amp;rft.date=April+2005&amp;rft.volume=91&amp;rft.au=Uittenbogaard%2C+Marthijn&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.martijn.org%2Finfo%2FOK91_EN_2.html">&nbsp;</span></li><li id="_note-sandfort"><b><a href="#_ref-sandfort_0" title="">^</a></b> Sandfort, Theo. <a href="/web/20071017042143/http://www.helping-people.info/articles/sandf_constr_quest.htm" class="external text" title="http://www.helping-people.info/articles/sandf_constr_quest.htm" rel="nofollow">Constructive Questions Regarding Paedophilia</a> (HTML).</li><li id="_note-86"><b><a href="#_ref-86" title="">^</a></b><cite style="font-style:normal">Frans Gieles (2001). "<a href="/web/20071017042143/http://www.helping-people.info/lecture.htm" class="external text" title="http://www.helping-people.info/lecture.htm" rel="nofollow">Helping people with pedophilic feelings</a>". <i>15th World Congress of Sexology, Paris, June 2001</i> &amp; the congress of the Nordic Association of Clinical Sexology, Visby, Sweden, September 2001<i>.</i></cite><i><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=proceeding&amp;rft.btitle=15th+World+Congress+of+Sexology%2C+Paris%2C+June+2001%0A%26+the+congress+of+the+Nordic+Association+of+Clinical+Sexology%2C+Visby%2C+Sweden%2C+September+2001&amp;rft.atitle=Helping+people+with+pedophilic+feelings&amp;rft.au=Frans+Gieles&amp;rft.date=2001&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.helping-people.info%2Flecture.htm">&nbsp;</span></i></li><li id="_note-sfman">^ <a href="#_ref-sfman_0" title=""><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a><a href="#_ref-sfman_1" title=""><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> Martin, Glen. "<a href="/web/20071017042143/http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?file=/chronicle/archive/1996/09/05/MN43587.DTL" class="external text" title="http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?file=/chronicle/archive/1996/09/05/MN43587.DTL" rel="nofollow">S.F. Man Held In Sex Assault On Virginia Boy</a>", San Francisco Chronicle, <a href="/web/20071017042143/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1996" title="1996">1996</a>-<a href="/web/20071017042143/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/September_5" title="September 5">09-05</a>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adc&amp;rft.type=newspaperArticle&amp;rft.subject=News&amp;rft.aufirst=Glen&amp;rft.aulast=Martin&amp;rft.title=S.F.+Man+Held+In+Sex+Assault+On+Virginia+Boy&amp;rft.identifier=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sfgate.com%2Fcgi-bin%2Farticle.cgi%3Ffile%3D%2Fchronicle%2Farchive%2F1996%2F09%2F05%2FMN43587.DTL&amp;rft.publisher=San+Francisco+Chronicle&amp;rft.date=%5B%5B1996-09-05%5D%5D">&nbsp;</span></li><li id="_note-goldstein"><b><a href="#_ref-goldstein_0" title="">^</a></b><cite style="font-style:normal">Richard Goldstein (August 20, 2002). "<a href="/web/20071017042143/http://www.ipce.info/library_3/files/advocate.htm" class="external text" title="http://www.ipce.info/library_3/files/advocate.htm" rel="nofollow">The Double Standard</a>". <i>The Advocate</i>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=The+Double+Standard&amp;rft.jtitle=The+Advocate&amp;rft.date=August+20%2C+2002&amp;rft.au=Richard+Goldstein&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ipce.info%2Flibrary_3%2Ffiles%2Fadvocate.htm">&nbsp;</span></li><li id="_note-mattingly"><b><a href="#_ref-mattingly_0" title="">^</a></b> Mattingly, Terry (2002). <a href="/web/20071017042143/http://www.ipce.info/library_3/files/cath_sons.htm" class="external text" title="http://www.ipce.info/library_3/files/cath_sons.htm" rel="nofollow">Fathers, mothers &amp; Catholic sons</a> (HTML).</li><li id="_note-87"><b><a href="#_ref-87" title="">^</a></b> Tierney, John. "<a href="/web/20071017042143/http://www.ipce.info/library_3/files/labels.htm" class="external text" title="http://www.ipce.info/library_3/files/labels.htm" rel="nofollow">Wrong Labels Inflame Fears of Catholics</a>", New York Times, March 22, 2002.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adc&amp;rft.type=newspaperArticle&amp;rft.subject=News&amp;rft.aufirst=John&amp;rft.aulast=Tierney&amp;rft.title=Wrong+Labels+Inflame+Fears+of+Catholics&amp;rft.identifier=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ipce.info%2Flibrary_3%2Ffiles%2Flabels.htm&amp;rft.publisher=New+York+Times&amp;rft.date=March+22%2C+2002">&nbsp;</span></li><li id="_note-bernard"><b><a href="#_ref-bernard_0" title="">^</a></b><cite class="book" style="font-style:normal" id="Reference-Bernard-1982">Bernard, Frits [1976] (1982). <i>Kinderschänder? - Pädophilie, von der Liebe mit Kindern (</i>"Child-molesters? - Pedophilia, on childlove"</cite>), 3rd ed. (in German, orig. 1st ed. in Dutch), Frankfurt/Main, Germany: Foerster Verlag, 126. <a href="/web/20071017042143/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Booksources&amp;isbn=3922257410" class="internal">ISBN 3-922257-41-0</a>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Kindersch%C3%A4nder%3F+-+P%C3%A4dophilie%2C+von+der+Liebe+mit+Kindern+%28%27%27%22Child-molesters%3F+-+Pedophilia%2C+on+childlove%22%27%27%29&amp;rft.aulast=Bernard&amp;rft.aufirst=Frits&amp;rft.edition=3rd+ed.&amp;rft.pub=Foerster+Verlag&amp;rft.place=Frankfurt%2FMain%2C+Germany&amp;rft.pages=126">&nbsp;</span></li><li id="_note-88"><b><a href="#_ref-88" title="">^</a></b> "<a href="/web/20071017042143/http://www.boston.com/globe/spotlight/abuse/documents/shanley_0279.htm" class="external text" title="http://www.boston.com/globe/spotlight/abuse/documents/shanley_0279.htm" rel="nofollow">Shanley quoted in GaysWeek magazine</a>", <a href="/web/20071017042143/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Boston_Globe" title="The Boston Globe">The Boston Globe</a>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adc&amp;rft.type=newspaperArticle&amp;rft.subject=News&amp;rft.title=Shanley+quoted+in+GaysWeek+magazine&amp;rft.identifier=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.boston.com%2Fglobe%2Fspotlight%2Fabuse%2Fdocuments%2Fshanley_0279.htm&amp;rft.publisher=%5B%5BThe+Boston+Globe%5D%5D">&nbsp;</span></li><li id="_note-89"><b><a href="#_ref-89" title="">^</a></b> Tesfaye, Bizuayehu. "<a href="/web/20071017042143/http://www.usatoday.com/news/nation/2004-05-06-shanley_x.htm" class="external text" title="http://www.usatoday.com/news/nation/2004-05-06-shanley_x.htm" rel="nofollow">Shanley, priest at center of clergy abuse scandal, defrocked</a>", <a href="/web/20071017042143/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USA_Today" title="USA Today">USA Today</a>, <a href="/web/20071017042143/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2004" title="2004">2004</a>-<a href="/web/20071017042143/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/May_6" title="May 6">05-06</a>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adc&amp;rft.type=newspaperArticle&amp;rft.subject=News&amp;rft.aufirst=Bizuayehu&amp;rft.aulast=Tesfaye&amp;rft.title=Shanley%2C+priest+at+center+of+clergy+abuse+scandal%2C+defrocked&amp;rft.identifier=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.usatoday.com%2Fnews%2Fnation%2F2004-05-06-shanley_x.htm&amp;rft.publisher=%5B%5BUSA+Today%5D%5D&amp;rft.date=%5B%5B2004-05-06%5D%5D">&nbsp;</span></li><li id="_note-guide"><b><a href="#_ref-guide_0" title="">^</a></b> "<a href="/web/20071017042143/http://www.ipce.info/library_3/files/shanley_guide.htm" class="external text" title="http://www.ipce.info/library_3/files/shanley_guide.htm" rel="nofollow">Sex Terror: What's breathing down your neck?</a>", The Guide, March 2005.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adc&amp;rft.type=newspaperArticle&amp;rft.subject=News&amp;rft.title=Sex+Terror%3A+What%27s+breathing+down+your+neck%3F&amp;rft.identifier=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ipce.info%2Flibrary_3%2Ffiles%2Fshanley_guide.htm&amp;rft.publisher=The+Guide&amp;rft.date=March+2005">&nbsp;</span></li><li id="_note-rubenstein"><b><a href="#_ref-rubenstein_0" title="">^</a></b> Rubenstein, Kathryn. "<a href="/web/20071017042143/http://www.courttv.com/archive/verdicts/sicari.html" class="external text" title="http://www.courttv.com/archive/verdicts/sicari.html" rel="nofollow">Massachusetts v. Salvatore Sicari "Molestation Murder Trial"</a>", Court TV, 2001.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adc&amp;rft.type=newspaperArticle&amp;rft.subject=News&amp;rft.aufirst=Kathryn&amp;rft.aulast=Rubenstein&amp;rft.title=Massachusetts+v.+Salvatore+Sicari+%22Molestation+Murder+Trial%22&amp;rft.identifier=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.courttv.com%2Farchive%2Fverdicts%2Fsicari.html&amp;rft.publisher=Court+TV&amp;rft.date=2001">&nbsp;</span></li><li id="_note-90"><b><a href="#_ref-90" title="">^</a></b><cite style="font-style:normal">Wendy Kaminer (November 20, 2000). "<a href="/web/20071017042143/http://www.prospect.org/print/V11/24/kaminer-w.html" class="external text" title="http://www.prospect.org/print/V11/24/kaminer-w.html" rel="nofollow">Speaking of</a>". <i>The American Prospect</i><b>11</b> (24).</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Speaking+of&amp;rft.jtitle=The+American+Prospect&amp;rft.date=November+20%2C+2000&amp;rft.volume=11&amp;rft.issue=24&amp;rft.au=Wendy+Kaminer&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.prospect.org%2Fprint%2FV11%2F24%2Fkaminer-w.html">&nbsp;</span></li><li id="_note-oreilly"><b><a href="#_ref-oreilly_0" title="">^</a></b> O'Reilly, Bill. "<a href="/web/20071017042143/http://www.billoreilly.com/show;jsessionid=DF269774D262DA202969C34B8A0D52C3?action=viewTVShow&amp;showID=245" class="external text" title="http://www.billoreilly.com/show;jsessionid=DF269774D262DA202969C34B8A0D52C3?action=viewTVShow&amp;showID=245" rel="nofollow">Factor Follow Up Segment: Victim of NAMBLA?</a>", Fox News Channel, April 26, 2005.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adc&amp;rft.type=newspaperArticle&amp;rft.subject=News&amp;rft.aufirst=Bill&amp;rft.aulast=O%27Reilly&amp;rft.title=Factor+Follow+Up+Segment%3A+Victim+of+NAMBLA%3F&amp;rft.identifier=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.billoreilly.com%2Fshow%3Bjsessionid%3DDF269774D262DA202969C34B8A0D52C3%3Faction%3DviewTVShow%26showID%3D245&amp;rft.publisher=Fox+News+Channel&amp;rft.date=April+26%2C+2005">&nbsp;</span></li><li id="_note-91"><b><a href="#_ref-91" title="">^</a></b> Finucane, Martin. "<a href="/web/20071017042143/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/aponline/20000831/aponline171914_000.htm" class="external text" title="http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/aponline/20000831/aponline171914_000.htm" rel="nofollow">ACLU To Represent NAMBLA</a>", The Associated Press, August 31, 2000.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adc&amp;rft.type=newspaperArticle&amp;rft.subject=News&amp;rft.aufirst=Martin&amp;rft.aulast=Finucane&amp;rft.title=ACLU+To+Represent+NAMBLA&amp;rft.identifier=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fwp-srv%2Faponline%2F20000831%2Faponline171914_000.htm&amp;rft.publisher=The+Associated+Press&amp;rft.date=August+31%2C+2000">&nbsp;</span></li><li id="_note-92"><b><a href="#_ref-92" title="">^</a></b> "<a href="/web/20071017042143/http://www.freedomforum.org/templates/document.asp?documentID=14432" class="external text" title="http://www.freedomforum.org/templates/document.asp?documentID=14432" rel="nofollow">ACLU asks federal judge to dismiss case against man-boy sex group</a>", The Associated Press, July 18, 2001.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adc&amp;rft.type=newspaperArticle&amp;rft.subject=News&amp;rft.title=ACLU+asks+federal+judge+to+dismiss+case+against+man-boy+sex+group&amp;rft.identifier=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.freedomforum.org%2Ftemplates%2Fdocument.asp%3FdocumentID%3D14432&amp;rft.publisher=The+Associated+Press&amp;rft.date=July+18%2C+2001">&nbsp;</span></li><li id="_note-93"><b><a href="#_ref-93" title="">^</a></b><a href="/web/20071017042143/http://caselaw.findlaw.com/data2/virginiastatecases/1546974.wp" class="external free" title="http://caselaw.findlaw.com/data2/virginiastatecases/1546974.wp" rel="nofollow">http://caselaw.findlaw.com/data2/virginiastatecases/1546974.wp</a>]</li><li id="_note-tampico"><b><a href="#_ref-tampico_0" title="">^</a></b><a href="/web/20071017042143/http://www.usdoj.gov/osg/briefs/2001/0responses/2001-0571.resp.html" class="external text" title="http://www.usdoj.gov/osg/briefs/2001/0responses/2001-0571.resp.html" rel="nofollow">Tampico v. United States Of America</a> (HTML) (2001).</li><li id="_note-94"><b><a href="#_ref-94" title="">^</a></b><a href="/web/20071017042143/http://caselaw.lp.findlaw.com/scripts/printer_friendly.pl?page=5th/0020178cr0.html" class="external text" title="http://caselaw.lp.findlaw.com/scripts/printer_friendly.pl?page=5th/0020178cr0.html" rel="nofollow">Tampico v. United States Of America</a> (HTML) (2001).</li><li id="_note-95"><b><a href="#_ref-95" title="">^</a></b><a href="/web/20071017042143/http://www.courts.state.ny.us/reporter/slips/16023.htm" class="external text" title="http://www.courts.state.ny.us/reporter/slips/16023.htm" rel="nofollow">The People Of The State Of New York v James C. Parker, Appellant</a> (HTML) (2003).</li><li id="_note-96"><b><a href="#_ref-96" title="">^</a></b><a href="/web/20071017042143/http://www.breakingnews.ie/ireland/?jp=CWSNAUKFCWKF" class="external free" title="http://www.breakingnews.ie/ireland/?jp=CWSNAUKFCWKF" rel="nofollow">http://www.breakingnews.ie/ireland/?jp=CWSNAUKFCWKF</a></li><li id="_note-97"><b><a href="#_ref-97" title="">^</a></b><a href="/web/20071017042143/http://www.inquisition21.com/article~view~69~page_num~11.html" class="external free" title="http://www.inquisition21.com/article~view~69~page_num~11.html" rel="nofollow">http://www.inquisition21.com/article~view~69~page_num~11.html</a></li><li id="_note-98"><b><a href="#_ref-98" title="">^</a></b><a href="/web/20071017042143/http://www.iht.com/articles/2006/07/17/news/dutch.php" class="external text" title="http://www.iht.com/articles/2006/07/17/news/dutch.php" rel="nofollow">"Court refuses to ban Dutch pedophile party"</a><i>Associated Press</i>, July 17, 2006</li><li id="_note-RAINN"><b><a href="#_ref-RAINN_0" title="">^</a></b><a href="/web/20071017042143/http://www.rainn.org/public-policy/legislative-agenda/child-protection" class="external autonumber" title="http://www.rainn.org/public-policy/legislative-agenda/child-protection" rel="nofollow">[2]</a></li><li id="_note-99"><b><a href="#_ref-99" title="">^</a></b><a href="/web/20071017042143/http://www.redwatch.org.uk/noncewatch/assorted.html" class="external free" title="http://www.redwatch.org.uk/noncewatch/assorted.html" rel="nofollow">http://www.redwatch.org.uk/noncewatch/assorted.html</a></li><li id="_note-indischebuurt"><b><a href="#_ref-indischebuurt_0" title="">^</a></b><a href="/web/20071017042143/http://www.xs4all.nl/~afa/alert/engels/sl11_2003.html" class="external autonumber" title="http://www.xs4all.nl/~afa/alert/engels/sl11_2003.html" rel="nofollow">[3]</a></li></ol><a name="References" id="References"></a><h3><span class="mw-headline">References</span></h3><ul><li>Bleibtreu-Ehrenberg, G. (1988). <a href="/web/20071017042143/http://www.bkgirls.net/research/gisela1.html" class="external text" title="http://www.bkgirls.net/research/gisela1.html" rel="nofollow"><i>The Paedophile Impulse: Toward the Development of an Aetiology of Child-Adult Sexual Contacts from an Ethological and Ethnological Viewpoint</i></a></li><li>Brongersma, E. (1990). <i><a href="/web/20071017042143/http://www.ipce.info/library_3/files/brong90_text.htm" class="external text" title="http://www.ipce.info/library_3/files/brong90_text.htm" rel="nofollow">Boy-Lovers and Their Influence on Boys</a></i>. Journal of Homosexuality 20 - 1/2, 1990.</li><li>CLogo Team (2003). <i><a href="/web/20071017042143/http://www.clogo.org/Pedophiles/index.html" class="external text" title="http://www.clogo.org/Pedophiles/index.html" rel="nofollow">Pedophiles</a></i></li><li>Dallam, S. J. (2002), "<a href="/web/20071017042143/http://www.ipce.info/library_3/files/dallam_02.htm" class="external text" title="http://www.ipce.info/library_3/files/dallam_02.htm" rel="nofollow">Science or Propaganda? An examination of Rind, Tromovitch and Bauserman (1998)</a>". <i>Journal of Child Sexual Abuse</i>. <b>9</b>(3/4), 109-134.</li><li>De Young M. (1988). "The indignant page: techniques of neutralization in the publications of pedophile organizations." <i>Child Abuse &amp; Neglect</i>, 12 (<b>4</b>), 583-591.</li><li>De Young, M. (1989). "The world according to NAMBLA: Accounting for deviance". <i>Journal of Sociology &amp; Social Welfare</i>, 16, 111-126.</li><li>Eichewald, Kurt (2006). 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(2002) "Controversial Studies Push Change in Society's View of Pedophilia," <a href="/web/20071017042143/http://newhouse.live.advance.net/archive/story1c032602.html" class="external autonumber" title="http://newhouse.live.advance.net/archive/story1c032602.html" rel="nofollow">[5]</a>.</li><li>Moser C., Kleinplatz P. (2003). <i>DSM-IV-TR and the Paraphilias: An Argument for Removal</i></li><li>Nelson J.A. (1989). "<a href="/web/20071017042143/http://www.ipce.info/ipceweb/Library/nelson.htm" class="external text" title="http://www.ipce.info/ipceweb/Library/nelson.htm" rel="nofollow">Intergenerational Sexual Contact: A Continuum Model of Participants and Experiences</a>". <i>Journal of Sex Education &amp; Therapy</i>, Vol. 15, No.1, 1989, pp.3-12.</li><li>O'Carroll T. (1980). <i><a href="/web/20071017042143/http://www.geocities.com/transrescen/radcase/" class="external text" title="http://www.geocities.com/transrescen/radcase/" rel="nofollow">Paedophilia: The Radical Case</a></i>. Peter Owen, London.</li><li><i>Protestantse Stichting voor Verantwoorde Gezinsvorming</i>, (1981). <a href="/web/20071017042143/http://www.ipce.info/library_3/files/psvg_81_en.htm" class="external text" title="http://www.ipce.info/library_3/files/psvg_81_en.htm" rel="nofollow">Pedophilia</a>. PSVG, The Netherlands.</li><li><i>Paiderastia</i>. <i><a href="/web/20071017042143/http://www.daretospeak.net/paiderastia/ethics.html" class="external text" title="http://www.daretospeak.net/paiderastia/ethics.html" rel="nofollow">A Boylove Code of Ethics</a></i>. Paiderastia.</li><li>Rossman P. (1976) <i>Sexual Experience Between Men and Boys: Exploring the Pederast Underground</i>. Association Press, New York.</li><li>Schuijer, J. (1990). "Tolerance at arm's length: The Dutch experience." <i>Journal of Homosexuality</i>, 20, 199-229.</li><li>Spieker, B.; Steutel, J. 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Coping with psychiatric and psychological testimony, Supplement to the Fifth Edition (Out of Print) (pp. 136-147). Los Angeles, CA: Law and Psychology Press.</li><li><i>Vereniging MARTIJN</i> (2004). <i><a href="/web/20071017042143/http://www.martijn.org/page.php?id=200000" class="external text" title="http://www.martijn.org/page.php?id=200000" rel="nofollow">What we Stand for</a></i>. Vereniging MARTIJN.</li></ul></div></div><p><a name="External_links" id="External_links"></a></p><h2><span class="mw-headline">External links</span></h2>
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|}<ul><li><a href="/web/20071017042143/http://newgon.com/guide.php" class="external text" title="http://newgon.com/guide.php" rel="nofollow">Debate Guide</a> - "Arguments and counter arguments for the sexual emancipation of minors and minor attracted adults"</li><li><a href="/web/20071017042143/http://www.ipce.info/host/radicase/preface.htm" class="external text" title="http://www.ipce.info/host/radicase/preface.htm" rel="nofollow">Paedophilia - The Radical Case</a> - Book by <a href="/web/20071017042143/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_O%27Carroll" title="Tom O'Carroll">Tom O'Carroll</a></li><li><a href="/web/20071017042143/http://agetaboo.org/" class="external text" title="http://agetaboo.org/" rel="nofollow">Age Taboo</a> - "The place for young guys who like younger guys"</li><li><a href="/web/20071017042143/http://www.clogo.org/main.php" class="external text" title="http://www.clogo.org/main.php" rel="nofollow">Clogo</a> - A series of pro activist projects</li><li><a href="/web/20071017042143/http://www.liberatedfromabuse.com/boylove.html" class="external text" title="http://www.liberatedfromabuse.com/boylove.html" rel="nofollow">"Boylove: Semantically Correct?"</a> - An article critical of Pro-pedophile activism</li><li><a href="/web/20071017042143/http://www.corporatesexoffenders.com/" class="external text" title="http://www.corporatesexoffenders.com" rel="nofollow">Corporate Sex Offenders</a> - A campaign against online services that tolerate Pro-pedophile activism</li>