View source for Robert Baden-Powell, 1st Baron Baden-Powell

{{cleanup}}


'''Robert Stephenson Smyth Baden-Powell, 1st Baron Baden-Powell''',Robert Stephenson Smyth Baden-Powell, 1st Baron Baden-Powell, Template:Post-nominals (Template:IPAc-en Baden as in maiden; Powell as in Noel) (22 February 1857 – 8 January 1941), also known as B-P or Lord Baden-Powell, was a lieutenant-general in the British Army, writer, founder of the Scout Movement and first Chief Scout of The Boy Scouts Association.

After having been educated at Charterhouse School in Surrey, Baden-Powell served in the British Army from 1876 until 1910 in India and Africa. In 1899, during the Second Boer War in South Africa, Baden-Powell successfully defended the town in the Siege of Mafeking. Several of his military books, written for military reconnaissance and scout training in his African years, were also read by boys. Based on those earlier books, he wrote Scouting for Boys, published in 1908 by Sir Arthur Pearson, for youth readership. In 1907, he held the first Brownsea Island Scout camp, which is now seen as the beginning of Scouting.

The first Scout Rally was held at The Crystal Palace in 1909, at which appeared a number of girls dressed in Scout uniform, who told B-P that they were the "Girl Scouts", whereupon B-P and his sister Agnes Baden-Powell formed the Girl Guides Movement. After his marriage on 30 October 1912 to Olave St Clair Soames, Baden-Powell and his wife actively gave guidance to the Scouting and Girl Guiding Movements. Baden-Powell lived his last years in Nyeri, Kenya, where he died and was buried in 1941.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.pinetreeweb.com/bp-pix25.htm |title=B-P Gallery: |publisher=Pinetreeweb.com |date=16 May 1997 |accessdate=15 July 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://thescoutingpages.org.uk/statues.html |title=The Scouting Pages |publisher=The Scouting Pages |date=9 August 1907 |accessdate=15 July 2014}}</ref>

== Early life ==
Baden-Powell was born as Robert Stephenson Smyth Powell, or more familiarly as Stephe Powell, at 6 Stanhope Street (now 11 Stanhope Terrace), Paddington in London, on 22 February 1857.[3] He was named after his godfather, Robert Stephenson, the railway and civil engineer;[4] his third name was his mother's maiden name. His father Reverend Baden Powell, a Savilian Professor of Geometry at Oxford University, already had four teenage children from the second of his two previous marriages. On 10 March 1846 at St Luke's Church, Chelsea, Reverend Powell married Henrietta Grace Smyth (3 September 1824 – 13 October 1914), eldest daughter of Admiral William Henry Smyth and 28 years his junior. Quickly they had Warington (early 1847), George (late 1847), Augustus (1849) and Francis (1850). After three further children who died when very young, they had Stephe, Agnes (1858) and Baden (1860). The three youngest children and the often ill Augustus were close friends. Reverend Powell died when Stephe was three, and as tribute to his father and to set her own children apart from their half-siblings and cousins, the mother changed the family name to Baden-Powell. Subsequently, Stephe was raised by his mother, a strong woman who was determined that her children would succeed. Baden-Powell would say of her in 1933 "The whole secret of my getting on, lay with my mother.""<ref name="jeal" /><ref name="palstra">{{cite book |first=Theo P.M. |last=Palstra |title=Baden-Powell, zijn leven en werk |trans_title=Baden-Powell, His Life and Work, a True Story |publisher=De Nationale Padvindersraad |location=Den Haag |date=April 1967 |language=nl}}</ref><ref name="drewery">{{cite book |first=Mary |last=Drewery |title=Baden-Powell: The Man Who Lived Twice |publisher=[[Hodder & Stoughton]] |location=London |year=1975 |isbn=0-340-18102-8}}</ref>

After attending [[Rose Hill School]], [[Royal Tunbridge Wells|Tunbridge Wells]], during which his favourite brother Augustus died, Stephe Baden-Powell was awarded a scholarship to [[Charterhouse School|Charterhouse]], a prestigious [[public school (England)|public school]]. His first introduction to Scouting skills was through stalking and cooking game while avoiding teachers in the nearby woods, which were strictly out-of-bounds. He also played the piano and violin, was an [[Ambidexterity|ambidextrous]] artist, and enjoyed acting. Holidays were spent on [[yachting]] or [[canoeing]] expeditions with his brothers.<ref name="jeal" />

== Military career ==
In 1876, R.S.S. Baden-Powell, as he styled himself then, joined the [[13th Light Dragoons|13th Hussars]] in India with the rank of lieutenant. He enhanced and honed his military scouting skills amidst the [[Zulu people|Zulu]] in the early 1880s in the [[KwaZulu-Natal|Natal province]] of South Africa, where his regiment had been posted, and where he was [[Mentioned in Despatches]]. During one of his travels, he came across a large string of wooden beads, worn by the Zulu king [[Dinuzulu kaCetshwayo|Dinizulu]], which was later incorporated into the [[Wood Badge]] training programme he started after he founded the Scouting Movement. Baden-Powell's skills impressed his superiors and he was [[Brevet (military)|brevetted Major]] as Military Secretary and senior [[Aide-de-camp]] of the Commander-in-Chief and Governor of [[Malta]], his uncle General Sir [[Henry Augustus Smyth]].<ref name="jeal" /> He was posted in Malta for three years, also working as intelligence officer for the [[Mediterranean Sea|Mediterranean]] for the Director of Military Intelligence.<ref name="jeal" /> He frequently travelled disguised as a [[Insect collecting|butterfly collector]], incorporating plans of military installations into his drawings of butterfly wings.<ref name="butterfly">{{cite web |last=Baden-Powell |first=Sir Robert |title=My Adventures As A Spy |publisher=Pine Tree Web |year=1915 |url=http://pinetreeweb.com/bp-adventure02.htm |accessdate=17 June 2009}}</ref>

[[File:Robert Baden-Powell in South Africa, 1896 (2).jpg|thumb|Baden-Powell in 1896]]
Baden-Powell returned to Africa in 1896, and served in the [[Second Matabele War]], in the expedition to relieve [[British South Africa Company]] personnel under siege in [[Bulawayo]].<ref name="matabele">{{cite book |first=Robert |last=Baden-Powell |title=The Matabele Campaign, 1896 |publisher=Greenwood Press |year=1897 |isbn=0-8371-3566-4}}</ref> This was a formative experience for him not only because he commanded reconnaissance missions into enemy territory in the [[Matobo National Park|Matopos Hills]], but because many of his later Boy Scout ideas took hold here.<ref name="proctor">{{cite journal |first=Tammy M. |last=Proctor |date=July 2000 |title=A Separate Path: Scouting and Guiding in Interwar South Africa |journal=Comparative Studies in Society and History |volume=42 |issue=3 |issn=0010-4175}}</ref> It was during this campaign that he first met and befriended the American scout [[Frederick Russell Burnham]], who introduced Baden-Powell to stories of the [[American Old West]] and ''woodcraft'' (i.e., [[scoutcraft]]), and here that he wore his signature [[Stetson]] campaign hat and [[neckerchief]] for the first time.<ref name="jeal" />

Baden-Powell was accused of illegally executing a prisoner of war in 1896, the [[Northern Ndebele people|Matabele]] chief Uwini, who had been promised his life would be spared if he surrendered. Uwini was shot by firing squad under Baden-Powell's instructions. Baden-Powell was cleared by the intervention of a military inquiry but the colonial civil authorities wanted a civil investigation and trial. Baden-Powell later claimed he was "released without a stain on my character." Baden-Powell was also accused of allowing native African warriors under his command to massacre enemy prisoners including women, children and non-combatants.{{citation needed|reason=Section on Uwini differs far from the account by Jeal.|date=December 2014}}

After [[Rhodesia]], Baden-Powell served in the Fourth [[Anglo-Ashanti Wars|Ashanti War]] in [[Gold Coast (British colony)|Gold Coast]]. In 1897, at the age of 40, he was brevetted [[colonel]] (the youngest colonel in the British Army) and given command of the [[5th (Princess Charlotte of Wales's) Dragoon Guards|5th Dragoon Guards]] in India.<ref name="barrett">{{cite book |first=C.R.B. |last=Barrett |title=History of The XIII. Hussars |publisher=William Blackwood and Sons |location=Edinburgh and London |year=1911 |url=http://www.pinetreeweb.com/bp-hussars.htm |accessdate=2 January 2007}}</ref> A few years later he wrote a small manual, entitled ''Aids to Scouting,'' a summary of lectures he had given on the subject of military scouting, much of it a written explanation of the lessons he had learned from Burnham, to help train recruits.<ref name="arrow">{{cite web |title=First Scouting Handbook |publisher=Order of the Arrow, Boy Scouts of America |url=http://history.oa-bsa.org/node/3019 |accessdate=30 July 2013}}</ref> Using this and other methods he was able to train them to think independently, use their initiative, and survive in the wilderness.
[[File:SA-S654b-Boer War-Mafeking-10 Shillings (1900).jpg|thumb|[[w:Siege of Mafeking|Siege of Mafeking]], 10 Shillings (1900), [[w:Second Boer War|Boer War]] currency issued by authority of Colonel [[w:Robert Baden-Powell, 1st Baron Baden-Powell|Robert Baden-Powell]].]]
Baden-Powell returned to South Africa before the [[Second Boer War]] and was engaged in further military actions against the Zulus. He organised the [[Legion of Frontiersmen]]{{Citation needed|date=October 2013}} to assist the regular army. Although instructed to maintain a mobile mounted force on the frontier with the Boer republic, Baden-Powell amassed stores and a garrison at Mafeking. While engaged in this, he and much of his intended mobile force was at [[Mafeking]] when it was surrounded by a Boer army, at times in excess of 8,000 men.

Baden-Powell was the garrison commander during the subsequent [[Siege of Mafeking]], which lasted 217 days. Although Baden-Powell could have destroyed his stores and had sufficient forces to break out throughout much of the siege, especially since the Boers lacked adequate artillery to shell the town or its forces, he remained in the town to the point of his intended mounted soldiers eating their horses. The garrison held out until relieved, in part thanks to cunning deceptions devised by Baden-Powell. Fake minefields were planted and his soldiers pretended to avoid non-existent [[barbed wire]] while moving between trenches.<ref>{{cite book |first=Jon |last=Latimer |title=Deception in War |location=London |publisher=John Murray |year=2001 |pages=32–5}}</ref> Baden-Powell did most of the reconnaissance work himself.<ref name="boer">{{cite web |last=Conan-Doyle |first=Arthur |authorlink=Arthur Conan Doyle |year=1901 |title=The Siege of Mafeking |publisher=Pine Tree Web |url=http://www.pinetreeweb.com/conan-doyle-mafeking.htm |accessdate=17 November 2006}}</ref> In one instance noting that the Boers had not removed the rail line, Baden-Powell loaded an armoured locomotive with sharpshooters and successfully sent it down the rails into the heart of the Boer encampment and back again in a strategic attempt to decapitate the Boer leadership.

[[File:Baden Powell.jpg|thumb|left|Baden-Powell on a patriotic postcard in 1900]]
Contrary views of Baden-Powell's actions during the siege argue that his success in resisting the Boers was secured at the expense of the lives of the native African soldiers and civilians, including members of his own African garrison. Pakenham stated that Baden-Powell drastically reduced the rations to the native garrison.<ref name="pakenham">{{cite book |last=Pakenham |first=Thomas |authorlink=Thomas Pakenham (historian) |title=The Boer War |year=1979 |publisher=Avon Books |location=New York |isbn=0-380-72001-9}}</ref> However, in 2001, after subsequent research, Pakenham decidedly retreated from this position.<ref name="jeal" /><ref name="pakenham2">{{cite book |first=Thomas |last=Pakenham |title=The Siege of Mafeking |year=2001}}</ref>

During the siege, the [[Mafeking Cadet Corps]] of white boys below fighting age stood guard, carried messages, assisted in hospitals, and so on, freeing grown men to fight. Baden-Powell did not form the Cadet Corps himself, and there is no evidence that he took much notice of them during the Siege. But he was sufficiently impressed with both their courage and the equanimity with which they performed their tasks to use them later as an object lesson in the first chapter of ''Scouting for Boys''.

The siege was lifted on 16 May 1900. Baden-Powell was promoted to [[Major-general (United Kingdom)|Major-General]], and became a national hero.<ref name="NPG">{{cite web |title=Robert Baden-Powell: Defender of Mafeking and Founder of the Boy Scouts and the Girl Guides |work=Past Exhibition Archive |publisher=[[National Portrait Gallery, London]] |url=http://www.npg.org.uk/whatson/display/2004/robert-baden-powell.php |accessdate=2 November 2010}}</ref>

Briefly back in the [[United Kingdom]] in October 1901, Baden-Powell was invited to visit [[Edward VII|King Edward VII]] at [[Balmoral Castle|Balmoral]], the monarch's Scottish retreat, and personally invested as Companion of the [[Order of the Bath]] (CB).<ref>{{Cite newspaper The Times |articlename=Court circular|day_of_week=Monday |date=14 October 1901 |page_number=9 |issue=36585| }}</ref>

After organising the [[South African Constabulary]], a colonial police force, he returned to England to take up a post as Inspector General of Cavalry in 1903. While holding this position, Baden-Powell was instrumental in reforming reconnaissance training in British cavalry, giving the force an important advantage in scouting ability over continental rivals.<ref>{{cite web |last=Jones |first=Spencer |title=Scouting for Soldiers: Reconnaissance and the British Cavalry, 1899 – 1914 |publisher=War in History |url=http://wih.sagepub.com/content/18/4/495.abstract |accessdate=27 June 2012}}</ref> In 1907 he was appointed to command the [[Northumbrian Division]] of the newly formed [[Territorial Force]].<ref>Reported as "a Yorkshire division" in ''The Times'', 29 October 1907, p.6; the ''Dictionary of National Biography'' lists it as the [[Northumbrian Division]], which encompassed units from the North and East Ridings of Yorkshire as well as Northumbria proper.</ref>

In 1910 Lieutenant-General Baden-Powell decided to retire from the Army, allegedly on the advice of [[Edward VII of the United Kingdom|King Edward VII]] that he could better serve his country by promoting Scouting.<ref>{{cite book |first1=Robert |last1=Baden-Powell |first2=Robert |last2=Stephenson Smyth Baden-Powell Baden-Powell of Gilwell |first3=Elleke |last3=Boehmer |title=Scouting for Boys: A Handbook for Instruction in Good Citizenship |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2005 |isbn=978-0-19-280246-0 |page=lv |url=http://books.google.com/?id=ej0P_lyMEFkC&pg=PR55 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Lord Robert Baden-Powell "B-P"&nbsp;– Chief Scout of the World |work=The Wivenhoe Encyclopedia |url=http://www.wivenhoe.gov.uk/Orgs/WSGA/about_badenpowell.htm |accessdate=17 November 2006}}</ref>

On the outbreak of [[World War I]] in 1914, Baden-Powell put himself at the disposal of the War Office. No command was given to him. [[Herbert Kitchener, 1st Earl Kitchener|Lord Kitchener]] said: "he could lay his hand on several competent divisional generals but could find no one who could carry on the invaluable work of the Boy Scouts."<ref name="saunders">{{cite book |first=Hilary |last=Saint George Saunders |title=The Left Handshake |chapter=Chapter II, Enterprise, Lord Baden-Powell |year=1948 |url=http://pinetreeweb.com/bp-memorial.htm |accessdate=2 January 2007}}</ref> It was widely rumoured that Baden-Powell was engaged in spying, and intelligence officers took great care to spread the myth.<ref name="matebele">{{cite web |last=Baden-Powell |first=Sir Robert |year=1915 |url=http://www.pinetreeweb.com/bp-adventure01.htm |title=My Adventures as a Spy |publisher=PineTree.web |accessdate=17 November 2006}}</ref>{{clear}}

== Scouting movement ==
{{Quote box |border=1px |bgcolor=#f9f9f9 |qalign=center
|quote=<poem>'''Pronunciation of Baden-Powell'''
{{IPAc-en|ˈ|b|eɪ|d|ən|_|ˈ|p|oʊ|.|əl}}
Man, Nation, Maiden
Please call it Baden.
Further, for Powell
Rhyme it with Noel</poem>
|source=—Verse by B-P
}}
On his return from Africa in 1903, Baden-Powell found that his military training manual, ''Aids to Scouting'', had become a best-seller, and was being used by teachers and youth organisations.<ref name="best-seller">{{cite web |last=Peterson |first=Robert |title=Marching to a Different Drummer |work=Scouting |publisher=Boy Scouts of America |year=2003 |url=http://www.scoutingmagazine.org/issues/0310/d-wwas.html |accessdate=2 January 2007}}</ref> Following his involvement in the [[Boys' Brigade]] as Brigade Secretary and Officer in charge of its scouting section, with encouragement from his friend, [[William Alexander Smith (Boys' Brigade)|William Alexander Smith]], Baden-Powell decided to re-write ''Aids to Scouting'' to suit a youth readership. In August 1907 he [[Brownsea Island Scout camp|held a camp on Brownsea Island]] to test out his ideas. About twenty boys attended: eight from local Boys' Brigade companies, and about twelve [[Public school (United Kingdom)|public school]] boys, mostly sons of his friends.

Baden-Powell was also influenced by [[Ernest Thompson Seton]], who founded the [[Woodcraft Indians]]. Seton gave Baden-Powell a copy of his book ''The Birch Bark Roll of the Woodcraft Indians'' and they met in 1906.<ref name="SetonInfed">{{cite web |title=Ernest Thompson Seton and Woodcraft |publisher=InFed |year=2002 |url=http://www.infed.org/thinkers/seton.htm |accessdate=7 December 2006}}</ref><ref name="BPInfed">{{cite web |title=Robert Baden-Powell as an Educational Innovator |publisher=InFed |year=2002 |url=http://www.infed.org/thinkers/et-bp.htm |accessdate=7 December 2006}}</ref> The first book on the Scout Movement, Baden-Powell's ''[[Scouting for Boys]]'' was published in six instalments in 1908, and has sold approximately 150 million copies as the [[List of best-selling books|fourth best-selling book]] of the 20th century.<ref>Extrapolation for global range of other language publications, and related to the number of Scouts, make a realistic estimate of 100 to 150 million books. Details from {{cite book |first=Tim |last=Jeal |authorlink=Tim Jeal |title=Baden-Powell |location=London |publisher=[[Hutchinson (publisher)|Hutchinson]] |isbn=0-09-170670-X}}</ref>

[[File:Butt, Baden-Powell, Taft, Bryce2.jpg|thumb|Reviewing the Boy Scouts of Washington D.C. from the portico of the [[White House]]: Baden-Powell, President [[William Howard Taft|Taft]], British ambassador [[James Bryce, 1st Viscount Bryce|Bryce]] (1912)]]
Boys and girls spontaneously formed Scout troops and the Scouting Movement had inadvertently started, first as a national, and soon an international phenomenon. The Scouting Movement was to grow up in friendly parallel relations with the Boys' Brigade. [[Crystal Palace Rally|A rally for all Scouts]] was held at [[The Crystal Palace|Crystal Palace]] in London in 1909, at which Baden-Powell discovered the first [[Girl Guide and Girl Scout|Girl Scouts]]. The Girl Guide Movement was subsequently formalised in 1910 under the auspices of Baden-Powell's sister, Agnes Baden-Powell. Baden-Powell's friend [[Juliette Gordon Low]] was encouraged by him to bring the Movement to the United States, where she founded the [[Girl Scouts of the USA]].

In 1920, the [[1st World Scout Jamboree]] took place in [[Olympia, London|Olympia]] in West Kensington, and Baden-Powell was acclaimed [[Chief Scout (United Kingdom)|Chief Scout]] of the World. Baden-Powell was created a [[Baronet]] in 1921 and [[Baron Baden-Powell]], of Gilwell, in the County of Essex, on 17 September 1929, [[Gilwell Park]] being the International Scout Leader training centre.<ref name="ThePeerage">{{cite web |title=Family history, Person Page 876 |publisher=The Peerage |url=http://www.thepeerage.com/p876.htm#i8753 |accessdate=1 January 2007}}</ref> After receiving this honour, Baden-Powell mostly styled himself "Baden-Powell of Gilwell".

[[File:Scouting pioneers.jpg|thumb|left|upright|Three Scouting pioneers: Robert Baden-Powell ''(seated)'', [[Ernest Thompson Seton|Ernest T. Seton]] ''(left)'', and [[Daniel Carter Beard|Dan Beard]] ''(right)'']]
In 1929, during the [[3rd World Scout Jamboree]], he received as a present a new 20-horsepower [[Rolls-Royce Limited|Rolls-Royce]] car (chassis number GVO-40, registration OU 2938) and an Eccles [[travel trailer|Caravan]].<ref name="jamroll">{{cite web  |title=What ever happened to Baden-Powell's Rolls Royce? |url=http://www.jamroll.org/|accessdate=8 November 2008}}</ref> This combination well served the Baden-Powells in their further travels around Europe. The caravan was nicknamed Eccles and is now on display at Gilwell Park. The car, nicknamed Jam Roll, was sold after his death by [[Olave Baden-Powell]] in 1945. Jam Roll and Eccles were reunited at Gilwell for the [[21st World Scout Jamboree]] in 2007. Recently it has been purchased on behalf of Scouting and is owned by a charity, B-P Jam Roll Ltd. Funds are being raised to repay the loan that was used to purchase the car.<ref name="jamroll" /><ref>{{cite web |title="Johnny" Walker's Scouting Milestones |url=http://scoutguidehistoricalsociety.com/jamroll.htm|date=20 July 2008|accessdate=21 February 2014}}</ref> Baden-Powell also had a positive impact on improvements in youth education.<ref name="education">{{cite web |title=Baden-Powell as an Educational Innovator |work=Infed Thinkers |url=http://www.infed.org/thinkers/et-bp.htm |accessdate=4 February 2006}}</ref> Under his dedicated command the world Scouting movement grew. By 1922 there were more than a million Scouts in 32 countries; by 1939 the number of Scouts was in excess of 3.3&nbsp;million.<ref name="nagy">{{cite book |first=László |last=Nagy |authorlink=László Nagy (Scouting) |title=250&nbsp;million Scouts |publisher=[[World Scout Foundation]] |location=Geneva |year=1985}}</ref>

At the [[5th World Scout Jamboree]] in 1937, Baden-Powell gave his farewell to Scouting, and retired from public Scouting life. 22 February, the joint birthday of Robert and Olave Baden-Powell, continues to be marked as [[World Thinking Day|Founder's Day]] by Scouts and [[Thinking Day]] by Guides to remember and celebrate the work of the Chief Scout and Chief Guide of the World.

In his final letter to the Scouts, Baden-Powell wrote:
<blockquote>...&nbsp;I have had a most happy life and I want each one of you to have a happy life too. I believe that God put us in this jolly world to be happy and enjoy life. Happiness does not come from being rich, nor merely being successful in your career, nor by self-indulgence. One step towards happiness is to make yourself healthy and strong while you are a boy, so that you can be useful and so you can enjoy life when you are a man. Nature study will show you how full of beautiful and wonderful things God has made the world for you to enjoy. Be contented with what you have got and make the best of it. Look on the bright side of things instead of the gloomy one. But the real way to get happiness is by giving out happiness to other people. Try and leave this world a little better than you found it and when your turn comes to die, you can die happy in feeling that at any rate you have not wasted your time but have done your best. 'Be Prepared' in this way, to live happy and to die happy&nbsp;— stick to your Scout Promise always&nbsp;— even after you have ceased to be a boy&nbsp;— and God help you to do it.<ref name="finalspeech">{{cite web |last=Baden-Powell |first=Sir Robert |url=http://guidinguk.freeservers.com/B-P.html |title=B-P's final letter to the Scouts |publisher=Girl Guiding UK |accessdate=4 August 2007}}</ref></blockquote>{{clear}}

== Personal life ==
[[File:Olave Baden-Powell.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Olave Baden-Powell]]]]
In January 1912, Baden-Powell was en route to New York on a Scouting World Tour, on the ocean liner {{SS|Arcadian}}, when he met [[Olave Baden-Powell|Olave St Clair Soames]].<ref name="olave">{{cite web |last=Baden-Powell |first=Olave |title=Window on My Heart |work=The Autobiography of Olave, Lady Baden-Powell, G.B.E.as told to Mary Drewery |publisher=Hodder & Stoughton |url=http://www.pinetreeweb.com/bp-olave-00.htm |accessdate=16 November 2006}}</ref><ref name="olaverobert">{{cite web |title=Fact Sheet: The Three Baden-Powell's: Robert, Agnes, and Olave  |publisher=Girl Guides of Canada |url=http://www.girlguides.ca/media/pdfs/14-3/14.3.1.7.pdf |archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20080309134457/http://www.girlguides.ca/media/pdfs/14-3/14.3.1.7.pdf |archivedate=9 March 2008 |format=PDF}}</ref> She was 23, while he was 55; they shared the same birthday, 22 February. They became engaged in September of the same year, causing a media sensation due to Baden-Powell's fame. To avoid press intrusion, they married in private on 30 October 1912, at St Peter's Church in [[Parkstone]].<ref name="marriage">{{cite web |title=Olave St Clair Baden-Powell (née Soames), Baroness Baden-Powell; Robert Baden-Powell, 1st Baron Baden-Powell |publisher=National Portrait Gallery, London |url=http://www.npg.org.uk/collections/search/portrait.php?mkey=mw83490 |accessdate=16 November 2006}}</ref> The Scouts of England each donated a penny to buy Baden-Powell a wedding gift, a car (note that this is not the Rolls-Royce they were presented with in 1929). There is a monument to their marriage inside St Mary's Church, [[Brownsea Island]].

[[File:Baden Powell grave1.jpg|thumb|left|[[Baden-Powell grave]]]]
Baden-Powell and Olave lived in [[Pax Hill]] near [[Bentley, Hampshire|Bentley]], Hampshire from about 1919 until 1939.<ref>{{cite web |title=Wey People, the Big Names of the Valley |publisher=Wey River freelance community |url=http://www.weyriver.co.uk/theriver/people_3_names.htm |accessdate=29 April 2007}}</ref> The Bentley house was a gift of her father.<ref name="wade">{{cite web |last=Wade |first=Eileen K. |title=Pax Hill |publisher=PineTree Web |url=http://www.pinetreeweb.com/bp-pax-hill.htm |accessdate=16 November 2006}}</ref> Directly after he had married, Baden-Powell began to suffer persistent headaches, which were considered by his doctor to be of [[psychosomatic illness|psychosomatic]] origin and treated with [[Dream interpretation|dream analysis]].<ref name="jeal" /> The headaches disappeared upon his moving into a makeshift bedroom set up on his balcony.

In 1939, Baden-Powell and Olave moved to a cottage he had commissioned in Nyeri, [[Kenya]], near [[Mount Kenya]], where he had previously been to recuperate. The small one-room house, which he named ''Paxtu'', was located on the grounds of the [[Outspan Hotel]], owned by [[Eric Sherbrooke Walker]], Baden-Powell's first private secretary and one of the first Scout inspectors.<ref name="jeal" /> Walker also owned the [[Treetops Hotel]], approximately 17&nbsp;km out in the [[Aberdare Range|Aberdare Mountains]], often visited by Baden-Powell and people of the [[Happy Valley set]]. The Paxtu cottage is integrated into the Outspan Hotel buildings and serves as a small Scouting museum.

Baden-Powell died on 8 January 1941 and is buried at St. Peter's Cemetery in Nyeri.<ref name="euroscout">{{cite web |title="B-P"&nbsp;– Chief Scout of the World |work=Baden-Powell |publisher=World Organization of the Scout Movement |url=http://www.euro.scout.org/wsrc/fs/bp_e.shtml |archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20070930183638/http://www.euro.scout.org/wsrc/fs/bp_e.shtml |archivedate=30 September 2007 |deadurl=yes}}</ref> His gravestone bears a circle with a dot in the centre "ʘ", which is the trail sign for "Going home", or "I have gone home":<ref>{{Find a Grave |1271 |Robert Stephenson Smyth Baden-Powell}}</ref> When his wife Olave died, her ashes were sent to Kenya and interred beside her husband. Kenya has declared [[Baden-Powell grave|Baden-Powell's grave]] a national monument.<ref name="dualgrave">{{Find a Grave |1272 |Olave St. Clair Baden-Powell}}</ref>

=== Significant family members ===
[[File:Baden-Powell family (1917).jpg|thumb|upright|Baden-Powell with wife and three children, 1917]]
{{Tree list}}
*  '''Robert Stephenson Smyth Baden-Powell''' (1857–1941), m. (1912) [[Olave Baden-Powell|Olave St Clair Soames]] (1889–1977)
** [[Peter Baden-Powell, 2nd Baron Baden-Powell|Arthur Robert Peter Baden-Powell]] (1913–1962) (later 2nd Baron Baden-Powell),<ref name="ThePeerage" /> m. (1936) Carine Crause-Boardman
*** [[Robert Crause Baden-Powell, 3rd Baron Baden-Powell|Robert Crause Baden-Powell]] (b. 1936) (later 3rd Baron Baden-Powell)
*** [[Michael Baden-Powell|David Michael Baden-Powell]] (b. 1940) (current heir to the title)
*** {{Tree list/final branch}} Wendy Dorothy Lilian Baden-Powell (b. 1944)
** Heather Grace Baden-Powell (1915–1986), m. (1940) John Hall King (1913–2004)
*** Michael Robert Hall King (1942–1966), who died in the sinking of {{SS|Heraklion}}
*** {{Tree list/final branch}} Timothy John King (b. 1946)
** {{Tree list/final branch}} [[Betty Clay|Betty St. Clair Baden-Powell]] (1917–2004), m. (1936) Gervas Charles Robert Clay (1907–2009)
*** Gillian Clay
*** Robin Clay
*** Nigel Clay
*** {{Tree list/final branch}} Crispin Clay
{{Tree list/end}}

In addition, when Olave's sister Auriol Davidson (née Soames) died in 1919, Olave and Robert took her three nieces, Christian (1912–1975), Clare (1913–1980), and Yvonne, (1918–1995?), into their family and brought them up as their own children.

=== Personal beliefs ===
[[File:'Are you in this' poster.jpg|thumb|left|upright|A World War I propaganda poster drawn by Baden-Powell]]

[[Tim Jeal]], who wrote the biography ''[[Baden-Powell (book)|Baden-Powell]]'', argued that Baden-Powell's distrust of [[communism]] led to his implicit support, through naïveté, of [[fascism]]. Baden-Powell admired [[Benito Mussolini]] early in the Italian fascist leader's career. In 1939 Baden-Powell noted in his diary: "Lay up all day. Read ''[[Mein Kampf]]''. A wonderful book, with good ideas on education, health, propaganda, organisation etc. – and ideals which [[Adolf Hitler|Hitler]] does not practise himself."<ref name="jeal" />{{rp|550}}

Some early Scouting "Thanks" badges (from 1911) and the Scouting "Medal of Merit" badge  had a [[swastika]] symbol on them.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Gresh |first1=Lois H. |author1-link=Lois H. Gresh |last2=Weinberg |first2=Robert | author2-link=Robert Weinberg (author) |title=Why Did It Have To Be Snakes: From Science to the Supernatural, The Many Mysteries of Indiana Jones |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=tAc7BESPBYkC |publisher=John Wiley & Sons |date=2008 |page=127 |isbn=978-0-470-22556-1 |accessdate=18 December 2013 |quote=The symbol [swastika] was used on the Thanks Badge, created in 1911. The swastika had been a symbol for luck in India long before being adopted by the Nazis, and Baden-Powell would have come across it during his years serving in that country. In 1922, the swastika was incorporated into the design for the Medal of Merit. The symbol was dropped by the Boy Scouts in 1934 because of its use by the Nazi Party.}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Boy Scout medal with fleur-de-lis and swastika, 1930s |publisher=The Learning Federation |url=http://elearning.scgs.qld.edu.au/learningfederation/drs/R2944/description.html |accessdate=3 September 2008}}</ref>
According to biographer [[Michael Rosenthal]], Baden-Powell used the swastika because he was a [[Nazi]] sympathiser. Jeal, however, argues that Baden-Powell was ignorant of the symbol's growing association with Nazism and that he used the symbol for its centuries-old meaning of "good luck" in India. (The Nazis included Baden-Powell in "[[The Black Book]]" in a 1940 list of people slated for detention following the planned conquest of the United Kingdom. Nazism regarded Scouting as a dangerous espionage organisation.<ref name="blackbook">{{cite book |first=Walter |last=Schellenberg |authorlink=Tim Jeal |title=Invasion, 1940: The Nazi Invasion Plan for Britain |work=[[Imperial War Museum]] |publisher=St Ermin's Press |location=London |year=2000}}</ref>) When Nazi use of the swastika became well-known, the Scouts stopped using it. Nazi Germany banned Scouting in June 1934, seeing it as "a haven for young men opposed to the new State".<ref>{{cite book |last=Laqueur |first=Walter |title=Young Germany: A History of the German Youth Movement |publisher=Transaction Books |isbn=0-88738-002-6 |pages=201–202 |url=http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=d5po4b0U2xEC&pg=PA201&lpg=PA201 }}</ref>

Michael Rosenthal notes "a coherent ideology stressing unquestioning obedience to properly structured authority; happy acceptance of one's social and economic position in life; and an unwavering, uncritical patriotism".<ref>{{cite book |last1=Rosenthal |first1=Michael |title=The Character Factory: Baden-Powell and the Origins of the Boy Scout Movement |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=UQ-4AAAAIAAJ |publisher=Pantheon Books |date=1986 |page=7 |accessdate=18 December 2013 |quote=While the Scout factory for the turning out of serviceable citizens could not vouch for the uniformity of its finished product, its aspirations for such uniformity were nonetheless real. Both specifications and uses, in this case, were supplied by a coherent ideology stressing unquestioning obedience to properly structured authority; happy acceptance of one's social and economic position in life; and an unwavering, uncritical patriotism.}}</ref>

=== Artist and writer ===
Baden-Powell made paintings and drawings almost every day of his life. Most have a humorous or informative character.<ref name="jeal" /> He published books and other texts during his years of military service both to finance his life and to educate his men.<ref name="jeal" />

Baden-Powell was regarded as an excellent storyteller. During his whole life he told "ripping yarns" to audiences.<ref name="jeal" /> After having published ''Scouting for Boys'', Baden-Powell kept on writing more handbooks and educative materials for all Scouts, as well as directives for Scout Leaders. In his later years, he also wrote about the Scout movement and his ideas for its future. He spent the last decade of his life in Africa, and many of his later books had African themes.
Currently, many pages of his field diary, complete with drawings, are on display at the [[National Scouting Museum]] in [[Irving, Texas]].

Baden-Powell was keen on amateur theatricals, from Charterhouse public school where among other roles he played female operatic roles. In the army he made a speciality of female roles and would often make his own dresses. His stage specialty was what he called his skirt dance.

=== Sexuality ===
Some modern authors have explained Baden-Powell's interest in boys as a chaste manifestation of homosexual sensibilities. Among these historians are Tim Jeal, author of ''[[Baden-Powell: Founder of the Boy Scouts (book)|Baden-Powell: Founder of the Boy Scouts]]'' and Michael Rosenthal of [[Columbia University]], in ''The character factory: Baden-Powell and the origins of the Boy Scout movement''.<ref name="rosenthal">{{cite book | author=Rosenthal, Michael | title=The character factory: Baden-Powell and the origins of the Boy Scout movement | publisher=Pantheon | year=1986 | }}</ref> Other historians have been less sympathetic; Kenneth Morgan of [[University of Oxford|Oxford]], in ''The Boer War and the Media'', refers to Baden-Powell's "probable [[pederasty]]" as a character defect covered up by the media.<ref name="morgan">{{cite web|url=http://ics.leeds.ac.uk/papers/pmt/exhibits/1215/Morgan.pdf|work=Twentieth Century British History|title=The Boer War and the Media (1899-1902)|accessdate=February 05|accessyear=2006}}</ref>

There is however, no evidence of his ever engaging in sexual activity with any males. He was adamant against Scoutmasters engaging in sexual contact with their charges, recommending flogging for transgressors. Baden-Powell believed strongly in the negative effects of masturbation - a view not shared by all educators of his time - and counseled Scouts to restrain the sexual impulse as far as possible. An exhortation against masturbation, written by Baden-Powell for inclusion in an early scouting manual, was so graphic that his printer refused to print it unedited.
  
Along with many other pieces of evidence for his contention, Jeal mentions as illustrative an episode which occurred in November of [[1919]]. While on a visit to Charterhouse, his old public school, he stayed with an old friend, A. H. Tod, a bachelor teacher and housemaster who had taken large numbers of nude photographs of his pupils as part of a photographic record of public school life. Baden-Powell's diary entry about his stay reads: "Stayed with Tod. Tod's photos of naked boys and trees. Excellent." In a subsequent communication to Tod regarding starting up a Scout troop at the school, Baden-Powell mentions his impending return visit and adds: "Possibly I might get a further look at those wonderful photographs of yours."
 
Tod's pictures survived until the 1960's, when they were destroyed reportedly in order to "protect Tod's reputation." We are told, however (by R. Jenkyns), that the album contained nude boys in poses which were in his opinion "contrived and artificial." There is no reason to suspect that either Tod or Powell's relations were anything but chaste, and the pictures were in keeping with the contemporary tradition of male art exemplified by [[Henry Scott Tuke]]'s paintings, Baron [[Wilhelm von Gloeden]]'s photography, and others.
 
Jeal also mentions that Baden-Powell ". . . consistently praised the male body when naked and denigrated the female. At [[Gilwell Park]], the Scouts' camping ground in [[Epping Forest]], he always enjoyed watching the boys swimming naked, and would sometimes chat with them after they had just 'stripped off.'" (Personal communications between Jeal and old scouts)
 
Despite his appreciation for the beauty of young boys, Baden-Powell is not known to have acted on his suspected attraction with any of the boys. Indeed, he was adamant about the need to restrain the sexual impulse, especially in his communications with boys. He incorporated a graphic prohibition against [[masturbation]] in early scouting manuals (so graphic that Cox, his printer, refused to run the presses till the mention was watered down), and into his eighties carried on correspondences with individual scouts exhorting them to control their urge for "self-abuse." He subscribed to the commonly held turn-of-the-century opinion that the practice led to disease, madness and sexual impotence. His views were not shared by all. Dr. F. W. W. Griffin, editor of ''The Scouter,'' wrote in 1930 in a book for Rover Scouts that the temptation to masturbate was "a quite natural stage of development" and steered scouts to a text by [[H. Havelock Ellis]] that held that "the effort to achieve complete abstinence was a very serious error." (Tim Jeal, ''Baden-Powell: Founder of the Boy Scouts'' 1989, pp. 93-94)

== Works ==
{{Div col|cols=3}}
'''Military books'''
* 1884: ''Reconnaissance and Scouting''
* 1885: ''Cavalry Instruction''
* 1889: ''Pigsticking or Hoghunting''
* 1896: ''The Downfall of Prempeh''
* 1897: ''The Matabele Campaign''
* 1899: ''Aids to Scouting for N.-C.Os and Men''
* 1900: ''Sport in War''
* 1901: ''Notes and Instructions for the South African Constabulary''
* 1914: ''Quick Training for War''

'''Scouting books'''
* 1908: ''[[Scouting for Boys]]''
* 1909: ''Yarns for Boy Scouts''
* 1912: ''[[How Girls Can Help to Build Up the Empire|The Handbook for the Girl Guides or How Girls Can Help to Build Up the Empire]]'' (co-authored with Agnes Baden-Powell)
* 1913: ''Boy Scouts Beyond The Sea: My World Tour''
* 1916: ''[[The Wolf Cub's Handbook]]''
* 1918: ''Girl Guiding''
* 1919: ''Aids To Scoutmastership''
* 1921: ''What Scouts Can Do: More Yarns''<ref>{{cite book |last=Lord Baden-Powell of Gilwell |title=What Scouts Can Do: More Yarns |year=1921 |url=http://www.pinetreeweb.com/bp-can1.htm |accessdate=1 August 2007}}</ref>
* 1922: ''[[Rovering to Success]]''
* 1929: ''Scouting and Youth Movements''
* est 1929: ''[[s:Last message to scouts|Last Message to Scouts]]''<ref>[http://scout.org/en/about_scouting/facts_figures/history/b_p_s_last_message "B-P prepared a farewell message to his Scouts, for publication after his death"]. Scouts.org.</ref>
* 1932: ''He-who-sees-in-the-dark; the Boys' Story of Frederick Burnham, the American Scout''<ref>{{cite book |last=West |first=James E. |authorlink=James E. West (Scouting) |last2=Lamb |first2=Peter O. |others=illustrated by Lord Baden-Powell |title=He-who-sees-in-the-dark; the Boys' Story of Frederick Burnham, the American Scout |publisher=Brewer, Warren and Putnam; Boy Scouts of America |location=New York |date=1932}}</ref>
* 1935: ''Scouting Round the World''

'''Other books'''
* 1905: ''Ambidexterity'' (co-authored with John Jackson)
* 1915: ''Indian Memories''
* 1915: ''My Adventures as a Spy''<ref>{{gutenberg |no=15715 |name=My Adventures as a Spy|bullet=none}}</ref>
* 1916: ''Young Knights of the Empire: Their Code, and Further Scout Yarns''<ref>{{gutenberg |no=6673 |name=Young Knights of the Empire: Their Code, and Further Scout Yarns|bullet=none}}</ref>
* 1921: ''An Old Wolf's Favourites''
* 1927: ''Life's Snags and How to Meet Them''
* 1933: ''Lessons From the Varsity of Life''
* 1934: ''Adventures and Accidents''
* 1936: ''Adventuring to Manhood''
* 1937: ''African Adventures''
* 1938: ''Birds and Beasts of Africa''
* 1939: ''Paddle Your Own Canoe''
* 1940: ''More Sketches Of Kenya''

'''Sculpture'''
* 1905 ''John Smith''<ref>{{cite web |title=John Smith |publisher=The Library of Virginia |url=http://www.lva.virginia.gov/exhibits/treasures/arts/art-p1.htm |accessdate=29 July 2007}}</ref>

[[File:Scouting for boys 1 1908.jpg|thumb|upright|Cover of first part of ''Scouting for Boys'', January 1908]]
{{Div col end}}

==Quotes on boys and scouting==
:This was not in the original Wikipedia article: the source is http://www.scouting.org/filestore/pdf/Quotes.pdf

“A boy on joining wants to begin Scouting right away.”

“A fisherman does not bait his hook with food he likes. He uses food the fish likes. So with boys.”

“Scouting is a man’s job cut down to a boy’s size.”

“Scouting is a game for boys under the leadership of boys under the direction of a man.”

“Where is there a boy to whom the call of the wild and the open road does not appeal?”

“It is important to arrange games and competition so that all Scouts of the troop take part.”

“We are not a club or a Sunday school class, but a school of the woods.”

“Fun, fighting, and feeding! These are the three indispensable elements of the boy’s world.”

“Scoutmasters need to enter into boys’ ambitions.”

“A boy is supremely confident of his own power, and dislikes being treated as a child.”

“Boys can see adventure in a dirty old duck puddle, and if the Scoutmaster is a boys’ man he can see it, too.”

“A boy can see the smoke rising from Sioux villages under the shadow of the Albert memorial.”

“Teach Scouts not how to get a living, but how to live.”

“We must change boys from a ‘what can I get’ to a ‘what can I give’ attitude.”

“The code of the knight is still the code of the gentleman today.”

“The real way to gain happiness is to give it to others.”

“In Scouting you are combating the brooding of selfishness.”

“Scoutmasters deal with the individual boy rather than with the mass.”

“Can we not interpret our adult wisdom into the language of boyhood?”

“It is only when you know a boy’s environment that you can know what influences to bring to bear.”

“It’s the spirit within, not the veneer without, that makes a man.”

“It is risky to order a boy ''not'' to do something; it immediately opens to him the adventure of doing it.”

“You can only get discipline in the mass by discipline in the individual.”

“The Scoutmaster must be alert to check badge hunting as compared to badge earning.”

“The Scout Oath and Law are our binding disciplinary force.”

“A week of camp life is worth six months of theoretical teaching in the meeting room.”

“A boy is not a sitting-down animal.” 

“Vigorous Scout games are the best form of physical education because most of them bring in moral education.”

“An invaluable step in character training is to put responsibility on the individual.”

“When a boy finds someone who takes an interest in him, he responds and follows.”



111

Pearls of Wisdom—Quotes from Baden-Powell



“The sport in Scouting is to find the good in every boy and develop it.”

“Success in training the boy depends largely on the Scoutmaster’s own personal example.”

“Correcting bad habits cannot be done by forbidding or punishment.”

“Show me a poorly uniformed troop and I’ll show you a poorly uniformed leader.”

“The more responsibility the Scoutmaster gives his patrol leaders, the more they will respond.”

“It should be the thing never to mention unfairness of judging when defeated in a contest.”

“The Scoutmaster teaches boys to play the game by doing so himself.”

“O God, help me to win, but in thy wisdom if thou willest me not to win, then O God, make me a good loser.”

“There is no teaching to compare with example.”

“We do not want to make Scout training too soft.”

“The Good Turn will educate the boy out of the groove of selfishness.”

“When you want a thing done, ‘Don’t do it yourself’ is a good motto for Scoutmasters.”

“Loyalty is a feature in a boy’s character that inspires boundless hope.”

“See things from the boy’s point of view.”

“The boy is not governed by ''don’t'', but is led by ''do.''”

“The object of the patrol method is not so much saving the Scoutmaster trouble as to give responsibility to the boy.”

“The most important object in Boy Scout training is to educate, not instruct.”

“Scoutmasters need the capacity to enjoy the out-of-doors.”

“A boy is naturally full of humor.”

“If you make listening and observation your occupation you will gain much more than you can by talk.”

“A boy carries out suggestions more wholeheartedly when he understands their aim.”

“The Scoutmaster guides the boy in the spirit of an older brother.”

“To get a hold on boys you must be their friend.”

“In Scouting, a boy is encouraged to educate himself instead of being instructed.”

“The spirit is there in every boy; it has to be discovered and brought to light.”

 112

== Awards ==
[[File:Robert Baden-Powell Monument London.jpg|right|thumb|upright|Statue of Baden-Powell by [[Don Potter]] in front of [[Baden-Powell House]] in London]]
[[File:Baden Powell plaque.png|thumb|Memorial to Baden-Powell, "Chief Scout of the World", at [[Westminster Abbey]]]]

In 1937 Baden-Powell was appointed to the [[Order of Merit]], one of the most exclusive awards in the [[Orders, decorations, and medals of the United Kingdom|British honours system]], and he was also awarded 28 decorations by foreign states, including the Grand Officer of the Portuguese [[Order of Christ (Portugal)|Order of Christ]],<ref>{{cite journal |title=Supplement to the London Gazette |journal=London Gazette |date=1 June 1920 |url=http://www.london-gazette.co.uk/issues/31928/supplements/6176 |accessdate=17 June 2009}}</ref> the Grand Commander of the Greek [[Order of the Redeemer]] (1920),<ref>{{cite journal |title=Decoration Conferred by His Majesty the King of the Hellenes |work=The London Gazette |date=22 October 1920 |url=http://www.london-gazette.co.uk/issues/32095/pages/10197/page.pdf |accessdate=10 February 2010}}</ref> the Commander of the French [[Légion d'honneur]] (1925), the First Class of the Hungarian Order of Merit (1929), the Grand Cross of the [[Order of the Dannebrog]] of Denmark, the Grand Cross of the [[Order of the White Lion]], the Grand Cross of the [[Order of the Phoenix (Greece)|Order of the Phoenix]], and the [[Order of Polonia Restituta]].

The [[Silver Wolf Award]] worn by Robert Baden-Powell is handed down the line of his successors, with the current Chief Scout, [[Bear Grylls]], wearing this original award.

The [[Bronze Wolf Award]], the only distinction of the [[World Organization of the Scout Movement]], awarded by the [[World Scout Committee]] for exceptional services to world Scouting, was first awarded to Baden-Powell by a unanimous decision of the then ''International Committee'' on the day of the institution of the Bronze Wolf in [[Stockholm]] in 1935. He was also the first recipient of the [[Silver Buffalo Award]] in 1926, the highest award conferred by the [[Boy Scouts of America]].

In 1927, at the Swedish National Jamboree he was awarded by the [[Scouting in Austria|Österreichischer Pfadfinderbund]] with the "''Großes Dankabzeichen des ÖPB''.<ref name="Pribich">{{cite book |last=Pribich |first=Kurt |title=Logbuch der Pfadfinderverbände in Österreich |publisher=Pfadfinder-Gilde-Österreichs |year=2004 |location=Vienna |language=German}}</ref>{{rp |113}}

In 1931 Baden-Powell received the highest award of the [[First Austrian Republic]] (''Großes Ehrenzeichen der Republik am Bande'') out of the hands of President [[Wilhelm Miklas]].<ref name="Pribich" />{{rp |101}} Baden-Powell was also one of the first and few recipients of the ''Goldene Gemse'', the highest award conferred by the Österreichischer Pfadfinderbund.<ref>{{cite book |last=Wilceczek |first=Hans Gregor |title=Georgsbrief des Bundesfeldmeisters für das Jahr 1931 an die Wölflinge, Pfadfinder, Rover und Führer im Ö.P.B. |publisher=Österreichischer Pfadfinderbund |year=1931 |location=Vienna |page=4 |language=German}}</ref>

In 1931, Major [[Frederick Russell Burnham]] dedicated [[Mount Baden-Powell]]<ref name="mtbp">{{cite web |url={{Gnis3 |255344}} |work=USGS |title=Mount Baden-Powell |accessdate=17 April 2006}}</ref> in California to his old Scouting friend from forty years before.<ref name="dedication">{{cite web |url=http://www.pinetreeweb.com/dedication.htm |work=The Pine Tree Web |title=Dedication of Mount Baden-Powell |accessdate=23 April 2006}}</ref><ref name="chances">{{cite book |last=Burnham |first=Frederick Russell |authorlink=Frederick Russell Burnham |title=Taking Chances |publisher=Haynes |year=1944 |pages=xxv–xxix |isbn=1-879356-32-5 |nopp=true}}</ref> Today their friendship is honoured in perpetuity with the dedication of the adjoining peak, [[Mount Burnham]].<ref name="mtburnham">{{cite web |url={{Gnis3 |255383}} |work=Mount Burnham |title=Mapping Service |accessdate=17 April 2006}}</ref>

Baden-Powell was nominated for the [[Nobel Peace Prize]] on numerous occasions, including 10 separate nominations in 1928.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/peace/nomination/nomination.php?action=show&showid=1589 |title=Nomination Database: Baden-Powell |accessdate=2 November 2010 |work=The Nomination Database for the Nobel Peace Prize, 1901–1956}}</ref> He was awarded the [[Wateler Peace Prize]] in 1937.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.vredespaleis.nl/index.php?pid=111|title=Lijst van Laureaten van de Carnegie Wateler Vredesprijs|accessdate=11 July 2013}}</ref>

In 2002, Baden-Powell was named in the [[BBC]]'s list of the [[100 Greatest Britons]] following a UK-wide vote.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-134458/100-great-Britons--A-complete-list.html |title=100 great Britons – A complete list |work=Daily Mail |date=21 August 2002 |accessdate=4 August 2012}}</ref>

As part of the [[Scouting 2007 Centenary]], Nepal renamed Urkema Peak to [[Baden-Powell Peak]].<ref>[http://www.thehimalayantimes.com/fullNews.php?headline=Rasuwa++peak+named+after+Baden+Powell&NewsID=291408 "Rasuwa peak named after Baden Powell"]. The Himalayan Times. Retrieved 4 August 2012</ref>

== Styles ==
: ''The family name legally changed from Powell to Baden-Powell by Royal Licence on 30 April 1902.''<ref name="ThePeerage" />
* 1857–1860: Robert Stephenson Smyth Powell
* 1860–1876: Robert Stephenson Smyth Baden-Powell
* 1876: Second[[Sub-Lieutenant|-Lieutenant]] Robert Stephenson Smyth Baden-Powell
* 1876–1884: Lieutenant Robert Stephenson Smyth Baden-Powell
* 1884–1892: [[Captain (British Army and Royal Marines)|Captain]] Robert Stephenson Smyth Baden-Powell
* 1892–1896: Major Robert Stephenson Smyth Baden-Powell
* 1896–25 April 1897: Major (Bvt. [[Lieutenant-Colonel]]) Robert Stephenson Smyth Baden-Powell
* 25 April – 8 May 1897: Lieutenant-Colonel Robert Stephenson Smyth Baden-Powell
* 7 May 1897 – 1900: Lieutenant-Colonel (Bvt. [[Colonel]]) Robert Stephenson Smyth Baden-Powell
* 1900–1901: [[Major-general (United Kingdom)|Major-General]] Robert Stephenson Smyth Baden-Powell
* 1901–1907: Major-General Robert Stephenson Smyth Baden-Powell, [[Companion of the Order of the Bath|CB]]
* 1907–3 October 1909: [[Lieutenant-general (United Kingdom)|Lieutenant-General]] Robert Stephenson Smyth Baden-Powell, CB
* 3 October – 9 November 1909: Lieutenant-General Sir Robert Stephenson Smyth Baden-Powell, [[Knight Commander of the Royal Victorian Order|KCVO]], CB
* 9 November 1909 – 1912: Lieutenant-General Sir Robert Stephenson Smyth Baden-Powell, [[Knight Commander of the Order of the Bath|KCB]], KCVO
* 1912–1921: Lieutenant-General Sir Robert Stephenson Smyth Baden-Powell, KCB, KCVO, [[Venerable Order of Saint John|KStJ]]
* 1921–1923: Lieutenant-General Sir Robert Stephenson Smyth Baden-Powell, [[Baronet|Bt.]], KCB, KCVO, KStJ
* 1923–1927: Lieutenant-General Sir Robert Stephenson Smyth Baden-Powell, Bt., [[Knight Grand Cross of the Royal Victorian Order|GCVO]], KCB, KStJ
* 1927–1929: Lieutenant-General Sir Robert Stephenson Smyth Baden-Powell, Bt., [[Knight Grand Cross of the Order of St Michael and St George|GCMG]], GCVO, KCB, KStJ
* 1929–1937: Lieutenant-General [[The Right Honourable]] The Lord Baden-Powell, GCMG, GCVO, KCB, KStJ
* 1937–1941: Lieutenant-General The Right Honourable The Lord Baden-Powell, [[Order of Merit|OM]], GCMG, GCVO, KCB, KStJ

== Promotions ==
* Commissioned Second[[Sub-Lieutenant|-Lieutenant]] – 11 September 1876<ref>[http://www.london-gazette.co.uk/issues/24362/pages/4962 London Gazette, 12 September 1876]</ref> (retroactively granted the rank of [[Lieutenant]] from the same date on 17 September 1878<ref>[http://www.london-gazette.co.uk/issues/24625/pages/5174 London Gazette, 17 September 1878]</ref>)
* [[Captain (British Army and Royal Marines)|Captain]] – 16 May 1883<ref>[http://www.london-gazette.co.uk/issues/25308/pages/244 London Gazette, 15 January 1884]</ref>
* [[Major]] – 1 July 1892<ref>[http://www.london-gazette.co.uk/issues/26306/pages/4008 London Gazette, 12 July 1892]</ref>
** Brevet [[Lieutenant-Colonel]] – 25 March 1896<ref>[http://www.london-gazette.co.uk/issues/26726/pages/2028 London Gazette, 31 March 1896]</ref>
* Lieutenant-Colonel – 25 April 1897<ref>[http://www.london-gazette.co.uk/issues/26848/pages/2367 London Gazette, 30 April 1897]</ref>
** Brevet [[Colonel]] – 8 May 1897<ref>[http://www.london-gazette.co.uk/issues/26850/pages/2535 London Gazette, 7 May 1897]</ref>
* [[Major-general (United Kingdom)|Major-General]] – 23 May 1900<ref>[http://www.london-gazette.co.uk/issues/27194/pages/3253 London Gazette, 22 May 1900]</ref>
* [[Lieutenant-General]] – 10 June 1907<ref>[http://www.london-gazette.co.uk/issues/28029/pages/4011 London Gazette, 11 June 1907]</ref>
* [[Honorary Colonel]], 2nd Cadet Volunteer Battalion, [[King's Liverpool Regiment]] - 1 January 1902.<ref>{{LondonGazette | issue=27398 | date=17 January 1902 | startpage=390}}</ref>

== Honours ==
=== British ===
[[File:Coat of Arms of Baron Baden-Powell.svg|thumbnail|150px|right|Coat of Arms of Lord Robert Stephenson Smyth Baden-Powell, 1st Baron Baden-Powell of Gilwell.]]
* Knight Commander of the Order of the Bath (KCB) - 9 November 1909<ref>[http://www.london-gazette.co.uk/issues/28305/supplements/8239 London Gazette, 9 November 1909]</ref> (CB: 1901)
* Knight Grand Cross of the Royal Victorian Order (GCVO) - 1 January 1923<ref>[http://www.london-gazette.co.uk/issues/32782/supplements/6 London Gazette, 1 January 1923]</ref> (KCVO: 3 October 1909)<ref>[http://www.london-gazette.co.uk/issues/28296/pages/7493 London Gazette, 12 October 1909]</ref>
* Knight of Grace of the Venerable Order of St. John (KStJ) - 23 May 1912<ref>[http://www.london-gazette.co.uk/issues/28611/pages/3791 London Gazette, 24 May 1912]</ref>
* Baronet - 1 January 1921<ref>[http://www.london-gazette.co.uk/issues/32178/supplements/2 London Gazette, 1 January 1921]</ref> (dated 21 February 1923<ref>[http://www.london-gazette.co.uk/issues/32798/pages/1296 London Gazette, 23 February 1923]</ref>)
* Knight Grand Cross of the Order of St. Michael and St. George (GCMG) - 3 June 1927<ref>[http://www.london-gazette.co.uk/issues/33280/supplements/3606 London Gazette, 3 June 1927]</ref>
* Baron Baden-Powell, of Gilwell in the County of Essex - 17 September 1929<ref>[http://www.london-gazette.co.uk/issues/33536/pages/6032 London Gazette, 20 September 1929]</ref>
* Member of the Order of Merit (OM) - 11 May 1937<ref>[http://www.london-gazette.co.uk/issues/34396/supplements/3080 London Gazette, 11 May 1937]</ref>

=== Others ===
* Grand Officer of the Order of Christ of Portugal (GOC) - 7 October 1919<ref>[http://www.london-gazette.co.uk/issues/31586/supplements/12415 London Gazette, 7 October 1919]</ref>
* Grand Commander of the Order of the Redeemer of the Kingdom of Greece - 21 October 1920<ref>[http://www.london-gazette.co.uk/issues/32095/pages/10197 London Gazette, 22 October 1920]</ref>
* Grand Cross of the Order of the Dannebrog of Denmark - 11 October 1921<ref>[http://www.london-gazette.co.uk/issues/32483/pages/7974 London Gazette, 11 October 1921]</ref>

== Arms ==
{{Infobox COA wide
|image = Coat of Arms of Baron Baden-Powell.svg
|image size =
|bannerimage =
|badgeimage =
|notes = Coat of Arms started using the 1st [[Baron Baden-Powell|Baron Baden-Powell of Gilwell]].
|year_adopted = 1929
|crest = 1st:  a Lion passant Or in the paw a broken Tilting Spear in bend proper pendent therefrom by a Riband Gules an Escutcheon wresting on a Wreath Sable charged with a Pheon Or (Powell);  2nd:  out of a Crown Vallary Or a Demi Lion rampant Gules on the head a like Crown charged on the shoulders with a Cross Patée Argent and supporting with the paws a Sword Erect proper Pommel and Hilt Gold (Baden).
|torse =
|helm =
|coronet = [[Coronet]] of a baron.
|escutcheon = Quarterly: 1 and 4th, Per fess Or and Argent a Lion rampant gules between two Tilting Spears erect proper (Powell); 2nd and 3rd, Argent a Lion rampant proper on the head a Crown Vallary Or between four Crosses Patée Gules and as many Fleur-de-lis Azure alternately (Baden).
|supporters = Not shown here. [[Dexter and sinister|Dexter]]:  an Officer of 13th/18th [[Hussar]]s in full dress his Sword drawn over his shoulder proper;  [[Dexter and sinister|sinister]]:  a [[Scouting|Boy Scout]] holding a Staff also proper.
|compartment =
|motto = '''Ar Nyd Yw Pwyll Pyd Yw''' (Where there is steadiness, there will be a Powell).
|orders = {{plainlist|
* Knight Commander of the [[Order of the Bath]] (KCB) - 9 November 1909 (CB: 1901)
* Knight Grand Cross of the [[Royal Victorian Order]] (GCVO) - 1 January 1923[84] (KCVO: 3 October 1909)
* Knight of Grace of the Venerable [[Venerable Order of Saint John|Order of St. John]] (KStJ) - 23 May 1912
* Grand Officer of the [[Order of Christ (Portugal)|Order of Christ]] of Portugal (GOC) - 7 October 1919
* Grand Commander of the [[Order of the Redeemer]] of the Kingdom of Greece - 21 October 1920
* Grand Cross of the [[Order of the Dannebrog]] of Denmark - 11 October 1921
* [[Baronet]] - 1 January 1921 (dated 21 February 1923)
* Grand Cross of the [[Order of St Michael and St George]] (GCMG) - 3 June 1927
* [[Baron]] Baden-Powell, of Gilwell in the County of Essex - 17 September 1929
* Member of the [[Order of Merit]] (OM) - 11 May 1937}}
|other_elements =
|banner =
|badge =
|symbolism =
|previous_versions =
}}

== See also ==
{{Portal|Scouting|Biography}}
* [[Baden-Powell House]]
* [[Scouting memorials]]
* [[Baden-Powell's Unilens]]

== Notes ==
{{Reflist|3}}

== Related readings: biographies ==
{{Refbegin}}
* {{cite book |last=Begbie |first=Harold |authorlink=Edward Harold Begbie |title=The story of Baden-Powell: The Wolf that never Sleeps |location=London |publisher=Grant Richards |date=1900 |url=http://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/17300}}
* {{cite book |last=Kiernan |first=R.H. |title=Baden-Powell |date=1939 |publisher=Harrap |location=London}}
* {{cite book |last=Saunders |first=Hilary St George |authorlink=Hilary Saint George Saunders |title=The Left Handshake |date=1948}}
* {{cite book |last=Palstra |first=Theo P.M. |title=Baden-Powel, zijn leven en werk |publisher=De Nationale Padvindersraad |location=Den Haag |date=April 1967}}
* {{cite book |last=Drewery |first=Mary |title=Baden-Powell: the man who lived twice |publisher=[[Hodder & Stoughton]] |location=London |date=1975 |isbn=0-340-18102-8}}
* {{cite book |last=Brendon |first=Piers |authorlink=Piers Brendon |title=Eminent Edwardians |publisher=Houghton Mifflin Company |isbn=0-395-29195-X |date=1980}}
* {{cite book |last=Jeal |first=Tim |authorlink=Tim Jeal |title=Baden-Powell |publisher=[[Hutchinson (publisher)|Hutchinson]] |location=London |date=1989 |isbn=0-09-170670-X}}
* {{cite book |last=Hillcourt |first=William |authorlink=William Hillcourt |last2=Baden-Powell |first2=Olave |title=Baden-Powell: The Two Lives Of A Hero |date=1992 |publisher=Gilwellian Press d/b/a Scouter's Journal Magazine |location=New York |isbn=0-8395-3594-5}}
* {{cite web |title=Robert Baden-Powell, Founder of the World Scout Movement, Chief Scout of the World  |publisher=Pine Tree Web |url=http://www.pinetreeweb.com/B-P.htm |accessdate=29 July 2007}}
{{Refend}}

== External links ==
{{Sister project links |wikt=no |commons=Robert Baden-Powell |b=no |n=no |q=Robert Baden-Powell |s=Robert Baden-Powell |v=no |species=no |author=yes}}
{{Commons|Scouting}}
* {{Gutenberg author |id=Baden-Powell+of+Gilwell,+Robert+Stephenson+Smyth+Baden-Powell,+Baron}}
* {{Internet Archive author |sname=Robert Stephenson Smyth Baden-Powell}}
* {{Librivox author |id=1213}}
* [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/magazine/6918066.stm What would Baden-Powell do?]

{{S-start}}
{{S-reg|uk}}
{{S-new}}
{{S-ttl|title=[[Baron Baden-Powell]]|years=1929–1941}}
{{S-aft|after=[[Peter Baden-Powell, 2nd Baron Baden-Powell|Peter Baden-Powell]]}}
{{S-reg|uk-bt}}
{{S-new}}
{{S-ttl|title=Baronet<br />''' (of Bentley)|years='''1922–1941}}
{{S-aft|after=[[Peter Baden-Powell, 2nd Baron Baden-Powell|Peter Baden-Powell]]}}
{{S-npo|scout}}
{{S-new}}
{{S-ttl|title=[[Chief Scout (The Scout Association)|Chief Scout]] of the British Empire|years=1908–1941}}
{{S-aft|after=[[Arthur Somers-Cocks, 6th Baron Somers|Lord Somers]]}}
{{S-new}}
{{S-ttl|title=Chief Scout of the World|years=1920–1941}}
{{S-non|reason=Never assigned again}}
{{End}}

{{Scouting|founders}}
{{Featured article}}

{{Authority control|VIAF=2479236|LCCN=n/50/50831}}

{{Persondata
| NAME              = Baden-Powell, Robert Stephenson Smyth Baden-Powell, 1st Baron
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES = B.-P., Lord Baden-Powell, Lord Baden-Powell of Gilwell, B-P, BiPi
| SHORT DESCRIPTION = Founder of Scouting, British Army Lt. General
| DATE OF BIRTH     = 22 February 1857
| PLACE OF BIRTH    = Paddington, London, UK
| DATE OF DEATH     = 6 January 1941
| PLACE OF DEATH    = Nyeri, Kenya
}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Badenpowell, Robert Stephenson Smyth}}

[[Category:Scouting]]