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In its ancient usage a '''catamite''' (Latin ''catamitus'') was a [[boy|pubescent boy]] who was the intimate companion of a young man [[Ancient Rome|in ancient Rome]], usually in a [[Boylove in antiquity|pederastic friendship]].<ref>Craig Williams, ''Roman Homosexuality'' (Oxford University Press, 1999, 2010), pp. 52–55, 75.</ref>  It was usually a term of affection and literally means "[[Ganymede (mythology)|Ganymede]]" in Latin.  It was sometimes used as a term of insult.<ref name="Cicero p. 95">Cicero, frg. B29 of his orations and ''[[Philippics]]'' 2.77; Bertocchi and Maraldi, "''Menaechmus quidam''," p. 95.</ref> The word derives from the proper noun Catamitus, the Latinized form of [[Ganymede (mythology)|Ganymede]], the beautiful Trojan youth abducted by [[Zeus]] to be his companion and cupbearer.<ref>Alastair J.L. Blanshard, "Greek Love," in ''Sex: Vice and Love from Antiquity to Modernity'' (Wiley-Blackwell, 2010), p. 131. Both [[Servius]], note to ''[[Aeneid]]'' 1.128, and [[Sextus Pompeius Festus|Festus]] state clearly that ''Catamitus'' was the Latin equivalent of ''Ganymedes''; Festus says he was the ''concubinus'' of Jove. Alessandra Bertocchi and Mirka Maraldi, "''Menaechmus quidam:'' Indefinites and Proper Nouns in Classical and Late Latin," in ''Latin vulgaire–Latin tardif. Actes du VII<sup>ème</sup> Colloque international sur le latin vulgaire et tardif. Séville, 2–6 septembre 2003'' (University of Seville, 2006), p. 95, note 16.</ref> The [[Etruscan language|Etruscan]] form of the name was ''Catmite'', from an alternate Greek form of the name, ''Gadymedes''.<ref>Larissa Bonfante and Judith Swaddling, ''Etruscan Myths'' (University of Texas Press, 2006), p. 73.</ref>
In its ancient usage a '''catamite''' (Latin ''catamitus'') was a [[boy|pubescent boy]] who was the intimate companion of a young man [[Ancient Rome|in ancient Rome]], usually in a [[Boylove in antiquity|pederastic friendship]].<ref>Craig Williams, ''Roman Homosexuality'' (Oxford University Press, 1999, 2010), pp. 52–55, 75.</ref>  It was usually a term of affection and literally means "[[Ganymede (mythology)|Ganymede]]" in Latin.  It was sometimes used as a term of insult.<ref name="Cicero p. 95">Cicero, frg. B29 of his orations and ''[[Philippics]]'' 2.77; Bertocchi and Maraldi, "''Menaechmus quidam''," p. 95.</ref> The word derives from the proper noun Catamitus, the Latinized form of [[Ganymede (mythology)|Ganymede]], the beautiful Trojan youth abducted by [[Zeus]] to be his companion and cupbearer.<ref>Alastair J.L. Blanshard, "Greek Love," in ''Sex: Vice and Love from Antiquity to Modernity'' (Wiley-Blackwell, 2010), p. 131. Both [[Servius]], note to ''[[Aeneid]]'' 1.128, and [[Sextus Pompeius Festus|Festus]] state clearly that ''Catamitus'' was the Latin equivalent of ''Ganymedes''; Festus says he was the ''concubinus'' of Jove. Alessandra Bertocchi and Mirka Maraldi, "''Menaechmus quidam:'' Indefinites and Proper Nouns in Classical and Late Latin," in ''Latin vulgaire–Latin tardif. Actes du VII<sup>ème</sup> Colloque international sur le latin vulgaire et tardif. Séville, 2–6 septembre 2003'' (University of Seville, 2006), p. 95, note 16.</ref> The [[Etruscan language|Etruscan]] form of the name was ''Catmite'', from an alternate Greek form of the name, ''Gadymedes''.<ref>Larissa Bonfante and Judith Swaddling, ''Etruscan Myths'' (University of Texas Press, 2006), p. 73.</ref>
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=====''Puer delicatus''=====
The ''puer delicatus'' was an "exquisite" or "dainty" child-slave chosen by his master for his beauty as a "[[Age disparity in sexual relationships|boy toy]]",<ref>Elizabeth Manwell, "Gender and Masculinity," in ''A Companion to Catullus'' (Blackwell, 2007), p. 118.</ref> also referred to as ''deliciae'' ("sweets" or "delights").<ref>Guillermo Galán Vioque, ''Martial, Book VII: A Commentary'' (Brill, 2002), p. 120.</ref> Unlike the freeborn Greek ''[[eromenos]]'' ("beloved"), who was protected by social custom, the Roman ''delicatus'' was in a physically and morally vulnerable position.<ref>Manwell, "Gender and Masculinity," p. 118.</ref> The "coercive and exploitative" relationship between the Roman master and the ''delicatus'', who might be prepubescent, can be characterized as [[pedophilia|pedophilic]], in contrast to Greek ''[[Pederasty in ancient Greece|paiderasteia]]''.<ref>Beert C. Verstraete and Vernon Provencal, introduction to ''Same-Sex Desire and Love in Greco-Roman Antiquity and in the Classical Tradition'' (Haworth Press, 2005), p. 3.</ref> The boy was sometimes [[Sexuality in ancient Rome#Castration and circumcision|castrated]] in an effort to preserve his youthful qualities; the emperor [[Nero]] had a ''puer delicatus'' named [[Sporus]], whom he castrated and married.<ref>[[Caroline Vout]], ''Power and Eroticism in Imperial Rome'' (Cambridge University Press, 2007), p. 136 (for Sporus in [[Alexander Pope]]'s poem "[[Epistle to Dr Arbuthnot]]", see [[Who breaks a butterfly upon a wheel?]]).</ref>
''Pueri delicati'' might be idealized in poetry. In the erotic elegies of [[Tibullus]], the ''delicatus'' Marathus wears lavish and expensive clothing.<ref>Alison Keith, "Sartorial Elegance and Poetic Finesse in the Sulpician Corpus," in ''Roman Dress and the Fabrics of Roman Culture'', p. 196.</ref> The beauty of the ''delicatus'' was measured by [[Apollo]]nian standards, especially in regard to his long hair, which was supposed to be wavy, fair, and scented with perfume.<ref>Fernando Navarro Antolín, ''Lygdamus. Corpus Tibullianum III.1–6: Lygdami Elegiarum Liber'' (Brill, 1996), pp. 304–307.</ref> The mythological type of the ''delicatus'' was represented by [[Ganymede (mythology)|Ganymede]], the [[Troy|Trojan]] youth abducted by [[Jupiter (mythology)|Jove]] (Greek [[Zeus]]) to be his divine companion and cupbearer.<ref>Vioque, ''Martial, Book VII'', p. 131.</ref> In the ''[[Satyricon]]'', the tastelessly wealthy freedman [[Trimalchio]] says that as a child-slave he had been a ''puer delicatus'' servicing both the master and the mistress of the household.<ref>William Fitzgerald, ''Slavery and the Roman Literary Imagination'' (Cambridge University Press, 2000), p. 54.</ref>
==References in literature==
==References in literature==


Revision as of 15:05, 1 November 2013

Warren Cup, depicting sexual intimacy between an "erastes" (a young man) or a "pederast" and his "eromenos" (his beloved boy) or "catamite"


In its modern usage the term catamite[1] refers to the passive partner in anal intercourse.[2]

In its ancient usage a catamite (Latin catamitus) was a pubescent boy who was the intimate companion of a young man in ancient Rome, usually in a pederastic friendship.[3] It was usually a term of affection and literally means "Ganymede" in Latin. It was sometimes used as a term of insult.[4] The word derives from the proper noun Catamitus, the Latinized form of Ganymede, the beautiful Trojan youth abducted by Zeus to be his companion and cupbearer.[5] The Etruscan form of the name was Catmite, from an alternate Greek form of the name, Gadymedes.[6]

Puer delicatus

The puer delicatus was an "exquisite" or "dainty" child-slave chosen by his master for his beauty as a "boy toy",[7] also referred to as deliciae ("sweets" or "delights").[8] Unlike the freeborn Greek eromenos ("beloved"), who was protected by social custom, the Roman delicatus was in a physically and morally vulnerable position.[9] The "coercive and exploitative" relationship between the Roman master and the delicatus, who might be prepubescent, can be characterized as pedophilic, in contrast to Greek paiderasteia.[10] The boy was sometimes castrated in an effort to preserve his youthful qualities; the emperor Nero had a puer delicatus named Sporus, whom he castrated and married.[11]

Pueri delicati might be idealized in poetry. In the erotic elegies of Tibullus, the delicatus Marathus wears lavish and expensive clothing.[12] The beauty of the delicatus was measured by Apollonian standards, especially in regard to his long hair, which was supposed to be wavy, fair, and scented with perfume.[13] The mythological type of the delicatus was represented by Ganymede, the Trojan youth abducted by Jove (Greek Zeus) to be his divine companion and cupbearer.[14] In the Satyricon, the tastelessly wealthy freedman Trimalchio says that as a child-slave he had been a puer delicatus servicing both the master and the mistress of the household.[15]

References in literature

  • In Plato's dialogue Gorgias (at 494d) Socrates uses the term in a conversation with Callicles contrasting appetites and contentment.
  • The word appears widely but not necessarily frequently in the Latin literature of antiquity, from Plautus to Ausonius. It is sometimes a synonym for Puer delicatus, "delicate boy". Cicero uses the term as an insult.[4] The word became a general term for a boy groomed for sexual purposes.
  • Stephen Dedalus ponders the word in Ulysses when discussing accusations that William Shakespeare might have been a pederast.
  • C. S. Lewis in his partial autobiography Surprised by Joy described the social roles during his time at Wyvern College including the role of "Tart": "a pretty and effeminate-looking small boy who acts as a catamite to one or more of his seniors..." and noted that "pederasty...was not [frowned upon as seriously as] wearing one's coat unbuttoned." [16]
  • Anthony Burgess's 1980 novel Earthly Powers uses the word in its "outrageously provocative"[17] opening sentence: "It was the afternoon of my eighty-first birthday, and I was in bed with my catamite when Ali announced that the archbishop had come to see me."
  • In the postapocalyptic landscape of Cormac McCarthy's novel The Road, the narrator describes an army on the move on foot with "women, perhaps a dozen in number, some of them pregnant, and lastly a supplementary consort of catamites." [18]

See also

References

  1. ↑ Article adapted from Wikipedia
  2. ↑ Oxford English Dictionary 3rd Ed. (2003)
  3. ↑ Craig Williams, Roman Homosexuality (Oxford University Press, 1999, 2010), pp. 52–55, 75.
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 Cicero, frg. B29 of his orations and Philippics 2.77; Bertocchi and Maraldi, "Menaechmus quidam," p. 95.
  5. ↑ Alastair J.L. Blanshard, "Greek Love," in Sex: Vice and Love from Antiquity to Modernity (Wiley-Blackwell, 2010), p. 131. Both Servius, note to Aeneid 1.128, and Festus state clearly that Catamitus was the Latin equivalent of Ganymedes; Festus says he was the concubinus of Jove. Alessandra Bertocchi and Mirka Maraldi, "Menaechmus quidam: Indefinites and Proper Nouns in Classical and Late Latin," in Latin vulgaire–Latin tardif. Actes du VIIème Colloque international sur le latin vulgaire et tardif. Séville, 2–6 septembre 2003 (University of Seville, 2006), p. 95, note 16.
  6. ↑ Larissa Bonfante and Judith Swaddling, Etruscan Myths (University of Texas Press, 2006), p. 73.
  7. ↑ Elizabeth Manwell, "Gender and Masculinity," in A Companion to Catullus (Blackwell, 2007), p. 118.
  8. ↑ Guillermo Galán Vioque, Martial, Book VII: A Commentary (Brill, 2002), p. 120.
  9. ↑ Manwell, "Gender and Masculinity," p. 118.
  10. ↑ Beert C. Verstraete and Vernon Provencal, introduction to Same-Sex Desire and Love in Greco-Roman Antiquity and in the Classical Tradition (Haworth Press, 2005), p. 3.
  11. ↑ Caroline Vout, Power and Eroticism in Imperial Rome (Cambridge University Press, 2007), p. 136 (for Sporus in Alexander Pope's poem "Epistle to Dr Arbuthnot", see Who breaks a butterfly upon a wheel?).
  12. ↑ Alison Keith, "Sartorial Elegance and Poetic Finesse in the Sulpician Corpus," in Roman Dress and the Fabrics of Roman Culture, p. 196.
  13. ↑ Fernando Navarro Antolín, Lygdamus. Corpus Tibullianum III.1–6: Lygdami Elegiarum Liber (Brill, 1996), pp. 304–307.
  14. ↑ Vioque, Martial, Book VII, p. 131.
  15. ↑ William Fitzgerald, Slavery and the Roman Literary Imagination (Cambridge University Press, 2000), p. 54.
  16. ↑ Surprised by Joy: The Shape of My Early Life, Chapter IV Bloodery, pp.83-84, C.S.Lewis
  17. ↑ An arresting opening
  18. ↑ McCarthy, Cormac (2006). The Road. Vintage International. pp. 92. ISBN 9780307387899. 
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