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In Roman law during the Republic, '''''calumnia''''' was the willful bringing of a false accusation, that is ...versity Press, 1998), p. 65ff.</ref> More generally, especially during the Republic and Principate, ''infamia'' was informal damage to one's esteem or reputati ...

** [[2.1 Roman Republic]] ** [[2.2 Roman Empire]] ...

...c. schola cantorum (close-up).png|thumb|300px|right|Close-up of an ancient Roman pavimental polychrome mosaic depicting a sacred choir or ''schola cantorum' ...t of fashion during different periods of both the republic and the empire. Roman patricians frequently condemned the practice of [[Greek love]] publicly whi ...

[[File:289px-Roman SPQR banner.svg.png|200 px|right]] ===Roman Republic - (509 BC–27 BC)=== ...

...Pater and [[Oscar Wilde|Wilde]]</i> by Michael Matthew Kaylor (Brno, Czech Republic: Masaryk University Press, 2006). Footnotes omitted. ...nckelmann, 1767.png|thumb|center|Engraving after an [[Ancient Rome|ancient Roman]] marble bas-relief of the Bithynian [[Ancient Greece|Greek]] youth [[Antin ...

...custodiet ipsos custodes?''''' is a Latin phrase found in the work of the Roman poet [[Juvenal]] from his ''Satires'' (Satire VI, lines 347–8). It is liter ...ons of persons in positions of power, an issue discussed by Plato in ''The Republic''. It is not clear whether the phrase was written by Juvenal, or whether th ...

'''France''', officially the '''French Republic''' (French: ''République française'' [ʁepyblik fʁɑ̃sɛz]), is a unitary sove ...as [[Marseille]]. The Gauls were conquered by the [[:Category:Ancient Rome|Roman Empire]] in 51 BCE, which progressively integrated Gaul and officially rule ...

[[File:289px-Roman SPQR banner.svg.png|200 px|right]] ...the later emperors in the east are generally termed Byzantine rather than Roman. ...

...have been the first [[Roman Emperors|Roman Emperor]] from 27 BC, when the Roman Senate gave him the titles Augustus and Princeps Senatus. ....jpg|thumb|left|200px|Bust of Gaius Julius Caesar Augustus Octavius, first Roman Emperor. 27 BC - 14 AD, Marble. cm 42 From Rome, Via Merulana Capitoline Mu ...

...nd Penalties for Sexual Offences in Republican Rome," in ''Roman Readings: Roman Response to Greek Literature from Plautus to Statius and Quintilian'' (Walt ...-broad definition of the law by Adolf Berger, ''Encyclopedic Dictionary of Roman Law'' (American Philosophical Society, 1953, reprinted 1991), pp. 559 and 7 ...

...lise Phang, ''Roman Military Service: Ideologies of Discipline in the Late Republic and Early Principate'' (Cambridge University Press, 2008), pp. 263–264.</re ...r, there were major differences between the Roman and Greek symposiums. A Roman symposium served wine before, with and after food was served, and women wer ...

The '''Philippines''', officially known as the '''Republic of the Philippines''', is a sovereign island country in [[Southeast Asia]] ...011|volume=19|number=1|pages=55-79}}</ref> According to the Anti-Rape Law (Republic Act 8353), [[statutory rape]] is committed against a girl under 12 years of ...

...st=Andrew |authorlink=Andrew Sullivan|title=Unnatural Law |journal=The New Republic |volume=228 |issue=11 |date=2003-03-24}})</ref> In the Western world, many ===Sodomy laws in the Middle Ages (from the collapse of Roman civilization in the 5th century CE to the period of the Renaissance)=== ...

...ready given many examples from [[Ancient Greece|Greek]] and [[Ancient Rome|Roman]] poetry of just such expressions of love? The explanation appears to be th [[Category:Czech Republic]] ...

...which means "in use today".</ref><ref name="Williams">{{cite book |title = Roman homosexuality | last=Williams | first=Craig Arthur | publisher = Oxford Uni ...ral revivals throughout documented history attempted to bring back ancient Roman and Greek philosophies as well as other classic traditions. Interests in hi ...

** [[2.1 Roman Republic]] ** [[2.2 Roman Empire]] ...

...sed after eromenoi of his own, for which he is teased in The Republic.<ref>Republic 474d-eThe people of Plato: a prosopography of Plato and other Socratics By ...oticism in Shelley and his Circle"] in ''Same-sex desire and love in Greco-Roman antiquity'', Ed. Beert C. Verstraete, Vernon Provencal, p.364</ref> ...

...Church]] rejects that contention, claiming that, <blockquote>''The Graeco-Roman "ideal" did not entail erotic love of children, but of young (teenage) male ...exuality in classical antiquity titled ''Same-Sex Desire and Love in Greco-Roman Antiquity and in the Classical Tradition of the West.'' This was in respons ...

Greek, Etruscan and Roman Antiquities. one that extends from its ritual beginnings in Minoan Crete to its polemical Roman Empire</font> ...

...e youths they celebrated were probably little better than the exoleti of a Roman Emperor.[74] This cannot be said exactly of Alcæus, whose love for black-ey ...detur; in quibus isti liberi et concesi sunt amores." He adds, with a true Roman's antipathy to Greek æsthetics and their flimsy screen for sensuality, "Ben ...