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'''Sodom''' was a legendary (possibly  fictional) ancient city located in the Middle East. The exact whereabouts of the city are  unknown but it was  possibly in geographic proximity to the Dead Sea.<ref name="britannica">https://www.britannica.com/place/Sodom-and-Gomorrah/Religious-views</ref> The area of the Dead Sea borders Jordan to the east and Israel and the West Bank to the west. It lies in the Jordan Rift Valley, and its main tributary is the Jordan River. <ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dead_Sea</ref>
 
**''The complete biblical story of Sodom and Gomorrah is not included on this pages because of it's use to promote social discrimination, violence, and murder.''
[[File:Sodom and Gomorrah afire, by Jacob Jacobsz. de Wet d. J., probably Köln, c. 1680, oil on canvas - Hessisches Landesmuseum Darmstadt - Darmstadt, Germany - DSC01149.jpg|thumb|Sodom and Gomorrah afire by Jacob de Wet II, 1680]]


'''Sodom''' was an ancient city located in the Middle East. The exact whereabouts of the city are still unknown but it was  possibly in geographic proximity to the Dead Sea.<ref name="britannica">https://www.britannica.com/place/Sodom-and-Gomorrah/Religious-views</ref>
==History==
==History==
In the biblical Sodom and Gomorrah mythology, both cities were destroyed by “sulfur and fire” by God because of their "wickedness" <ref>Genesis 19:24</ref> It has been theorized that if the story does have a historical basis and the cities were destroyed by a natural disaster. One such idea is that the Dead Sea was devastated by an earthquake between 2100 and 1900 BCE. This might have unleashed showers of steaming tar<ref>{{cite book|last1=Isbouts|first1=Jean-Pierre|author-link1=Jean-Pierre Isbouts|title=The Biblical World: An Illustrated Atlas|year=2007|publisher=[[National Geographic Books]]|isbn=978-1-4262-0138-7|page=71|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UTEQRDWYJ0kC&pg=PR57}}</ref> or the petroleum and gases existing in the area ignited and possibly contributed to the imagery of “brimstone and fire” that accompanied the geological upheaval that destroyed the cities.<ref name="britannica"/>
In the biblical accounts of the Sodom and Gomorrah mythology, both cities were destroyed by “sulfur and fire” by God because of their "wickedness". <ref>Genesis 19:24</ref> It has been theorized that if the story does have a historical basis and that the cities were likely destroyed by a natural disaster. One such idea is that the Dead Sea was devastated by an earthquake between 2100 and 1900 BCE. This might have unleashed showers of steaming tar<ref>{{cite book|last1=Isbouts|first1=Jean-Pierre|author-link1=Jean-Pierre Isbouts|title=The Biblical World: An Illustrated Atlas|year=2007|publisher=[[National Geographic Books]]|isbn=978-1-4262-0138-7|page=71|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UTEQRDWYJ0kC&pg=PR57}}</ref> or the petroleum and gases existing in the area may have ignited and possibly contributed to the imagery of “brimstone and fire” that accompanied the geological upheaval that destroyed the cities.<ref name="britannica"/> Another theory put forward in September 2021 is that the destruction of Tall el-Hammam, a Bronze Age city in the Jordan Valley, by an exploding comet or meteor may have inspired the biblical story of Sodom and Gomorrah. At the time of the disaster, around 1650 B.C.E., Tall el-Hammam was the largest of three major cities in the valley. <ref> https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/destruction-of-city-by-space-rock-may-have-inspired-biblical-story-of-sodom-180978734/</ref>
 
There is much disagreement between the different religious sects and the three major religions of Judaism, Christianity and Islam as to the "sin" of Sodom and Gomorrah ranging from inhospitality to homosexuality.<ref>https://www.str.org/w/what-was-the-sin-of-sodom-and-gomorrah-1 </ref> These debates are irreverent and produce few positive results. What is not inconsequential is how the mythology of Sodom and Gomorrah has been used in the past and is currently being used as justification to persecute and even murder people, especially by fundamentalist and extremist Christians and Muslims. <ref>https://www.hrw.org/report/2022/01/26/even-if-you-go-skies-well-find-you/lgbt-people-afghanistan-after-taliban-takeover</ref><ref>https://www.newsweek.com/pastor-gay-people-solution-killings-bible-1714037</ref>


==Sodomy==
==Sodomy==
'''Sodomy'''  is generally anal sex but may also be oral sex  or sexual activity between a person and a non-human animal (bestiality), or any non-procreative sexual activity.<ref name="Phelps">{{cite book|author=Shirelle Phelps|title=World of Criminal Justice: N-Z|publisher=[[Gale (publisher)|Gale Group]]|year=2001|page=686|isbn =0787650730|accessdate=January 13, 2014|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=izwvAQAAIAAJ&q=World+of+Criminal+Justice:+N-Z.&dq=World+of+Criminal+Justice:+N-Z.&hl=en&sa=X&ei=kx3UUp3gMJGqqQH32YDACw&ved=0CEIQ6AEwAA}}</ref><ref name="Scheb">{{cite book|authors=John Scheb, John Scheb, II|title=Criminal Law and Procedure|publisher=[[Cengage Learning]]|year=2013|page=185|isbn =128554613X|accessdate=January 13, 2014|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VZoWAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA185&dq=&hl=en&sa=X&ei=eB7UUsnOCYqjrgHB9oDADQ&ved=0CEEQ6AEwAw#v=onepage&q=&f=false}}</ref><ref name="Newton">{{cite book|author=David Newton|title=Gay and Lesbian Rights: A Reference Handbook, Second Edition|publisher=[[ABC-CLIO]]|year=2009|page=85|isbn =1598843079|accessdate=January 13, 2014|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gjcUFK4RZNcC&pg=PA85&dq=&hl=en&sa=X&ei=-xzUUoveD8GbrgGsuIHIDQ&ved=0CDMQ6AEwAQ#v=onepage&q=&f=false}}</ref> Originally, the term ''sodomy'', which is derived from the story of Sodom and Gomorrah in the Book of Genesis,<ref name="Douglas">{{cite book|authors=J. D. Douglas, Merrill C. Tenney|title=Zondervan Illustrated Bible Dictionary|publisher=[[Zondervan]]|year=2011|pages=1584 pages|isbn =0310492351|accessdate=September 21, 2013|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8Tq7UcPMwacC&pg=PT3169&dq=&hl=en&sa=X&ei=P3Q-UpHVB4SW2AW_yoH4BA&ved=0CDoQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=&f=false}}</ref> was commonly restricted to anal sex.<ref name="Edsall">{{cite book|author=Nicholas C. Edsall|title=Toward Stonewall: Homosexuality and Society in the Modern Western World|publisher=[[University of Virginia Press]]|year=2006 |pages=3–4|isbn =0813925436|accessdate=September 21, 2013|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0qjwZeKNyh4C&pg=PA3&dq=&hl=en&sa=X&ei=fmY-UrL3K6TC2QXS-YDoBQ&ved=0CDgQ6AEwAjgU#v=onepage&q=&f=false}}</ref><ref name="Sumner">{{cite book|author=Colin Sumner|title=The Blackwell Companion to Criminology|publisher=[[John Wiley & Sons]]|year=2008|pages=310–320|isbn =0470998954|accessdate=September 21, 2013|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=seDrXjekCWwC&pg=PA311&dq=&hl=en&sa=X&ei=cm0-UrmQGsHh2AXAvYHoAg&ved=0CFYQ6AEwCDgK#v=onepage&q=&f=false}}</ref> [[Sodomy law]]s in many countries criminalized the aforementioned behaviors.<ref name="Sumner"/><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.tnr.com/article/unnatural-law|title=Unnatural Law |last=Sullivan |first=Andrew |authorlink=Andrew Sullivan |date=March 24, 2003|work=The New Republic |accessdate=November 27, 2009|quote=Since the laws had rarely been enforced against heterosexuals, there was no sense of urgency about their repeal.}} (Or {{cite journal |last=Sullivan |first=Andrew |authorlink=Andrew Sullivan|title=Unnatural Law |journal=The New Republic |volume=228 |issue=11 |date=2003-03-24}})</ref> In the Western world, many of these laws have been overturned or are not routinely enforced.
'''Sodomy'''  is primarily used to describe anal sex (commonly know as butt-fucking) but may also be oral sex  or sexual activity between a person and a non-human animal (bestiality), or any non-procreative sexual activity.<ref name="Phelps">{{cite book|author=Shirelle Phelps|title=World of Criminal Justice: N-Z|publisher=[[Gale (publisher)|Gale Group]]|year=2001|page=686|isbn =0787650730|accessdate=January 13, 2014|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=izwvAQAAIAAJ&q=World+of+Criminal+Justice:+N-Z.&dq=World+of+Criminal+Justice:+N-Z.&hl=en&sa=X&ei=kx3UUp3gMJGqqQH32YDACw&ved=0CEIQ6AEwAA}}</ref><ref name="Scheb">{{cite book|authors=John Scheb, John Scheb, II|title=Criminal Law and Procedure|publisher=[[Cengage Learning]]|year=2013|page=185|isbn =128554613X|accessdate=January 13, 2014|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VZoWAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA185&dq=&hl=en&sa=X&ei=eB7UUsnOCYqjrgHB9oDADQ&ved=0CEEQ6AEwAw#v=onepage&q=&f=false}}</ref><ref name="Newton">{{cite book|author=David Newton|title=Gay and Lesbian Rights: A Reference Handbook, Second Edition|publisher=[[ABC-CLIO]]|year=2009|page=85|isbn =1598843079|accessdate=January 13, 2014|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gjcUFK4RZNcC&pg=PA85&dq=&hl=en&sa=X&ei=-xzUUoveD8GbrgGsuIHIDQ&ved=0CDMQ6AEwAQ#v=onepage&q=&f=false}}</ref> Originally, the term ''sodomy'', which is derived from the story of Sodom and Gomorrah in the Book of Genesis,<ref name="Douglas">{{cite book|authors=J. D. Douglas, Merrill C. Tenney|title=Zondervan Illustrated Bible Dictionary|publisher=[[Zondervan]]|year=2011|pages=1584 pages|isbn =0310492351|accessdate=September 21, 2013|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8Tq7UcPMwacC&pg=PT3169&dq=&hl=en&sa=X&ei=P3Q-UpHVB4SW2AW_yoH4BA&ved=0CDoQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=&f=false}}</ref> was restricted to anal sex.<ref name="Edsall">{{cite book|author=Nicholas C. Edsall|title=Toward Stonewall: Homosexuality and Society in the Modern Western World|publisher=[[University of Virginia Press]]|year=2006 |pages=3–4|isbn =0813925436|accessdate=September 21, 2013|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0qjwZeKNyh4C&pg=PA3&dq=&hl=en&sa=X&ei=fmY-UrL3K6TC2QXS-YDoBQ&ved=0CDgQ6AEwAjgU#v=onepage&q=&f=false}}</ref><ref name="Sumner">{{cite book|author=Colin Sumner|title=The Blackwell Companion to Criminology|publisher=[[John Wiley & Sons]]|year=2008|pages=310–320|isbn =0470998954|accessdate=September 21, 2013|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=seDrXjekCWwC&pg=PA311&dq=&hl=en&sa=X&ei=cm0-UrmQGsHh2AXAvYHoAg&ved=0CFYQ6AEwCDgK#v=onepage&q=&f=false}}</ref> The main use of this word was in the persecution of homosexuals, boylovers and others and lead to the advent of "Sodomy laws" used to  criminalized sexual behaviors linked to homosexuality.<ref name="Sumner"/><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.tnr.com/article/unnatural-law|title=Unnatural Law |last=Sullivan |first=Andrew |authorlink=Andrew Sullivan |date=March 24, 2003|work=The New Republic |accessdate=November 27, 2009|quote=Since the laws had rarely been enforced against heterosexuals, there was no sense of urgency about their repeal.}} (Or {{cite journal |last=Sullivan |first=Andrew |authorlink=Andrew Sullivan|title=Unnatural Law |journal=The New Republic |volume=228 |issue=11 |date=2003-03-24}})</ref> In the Western world, many of these laws have been overturned in the 21st century or are not routinely enforced. However in the United States, many of these laws remain on the books and there has been a recent push by conservatives and religious zealots to nullify Federal prohibitions on these laws.
 
==Sodomite==
Sodomite is a word that was historically used to label gay men and boylovers, particularly in the middle ages ( 5th to the late 15th) and into the Renaissance (the 15th and 16th centuries) and  before the advent of the word homosexual in 1868. "The earliest surviving use of the word "sodomite" used in a sexual sense may be an exchange of letters in 395 C. E. between Saint Jerome and a priest named Amandus, who asks for advice on how to deal with a woman who has left her husband because he was "an adulterer and a sodomite." <ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20080704144443/http://www.glbtq.com/social-sciences/sodomy.html</ref>


==Sodomy laws==
==Sodomy laws==
===Sodomy laws in 18th-century Europe===
While sodomy laws may be enforced against anyone deemed to be immoral, they are primary intended/enacted to promote the persecution and to punish [[homosexual]]s, [[boylover]]s, and other sexual and gender minorities.
 
===Sodomy laws in the Middle Ages (from the collapse of Roman civilization in the 5th century CE to the period of the Renaissance)===
In medieval Europe, attitudes toward homosexuality was determined by religious culture; the Catholic Church, which dominated the religious landscape, considered, and still considers, sodomy as a mortal sin and a "crime against nature". By the 11th century Sodomy was increasingly viewed as a serious moral crime and punishable by mutilation or death.
 
In early Medieval years, homosexuality was given no particular penance; it was viewed like all the other sins. For example, during the eighth century, Pope Gregory III gave penances of 160 days for unnatural female acts and usually one year for males who committed acts of sodomy, the passive partner being treated more severely.<ref>John Boswell, ''Christianity, Social Tolerance, and Homosexuality'' page 180</ref> During the Inquisition itself, individuals were rarely investigated for sodomy alone; it was usually associated with the expression of heretical beliefs and attacks on the Church. Those who did not recant their heresy would be severely punished.<ref>John Boswell, ''Christianity, Social Tolerance, and Homosexuality'' page 285</ref>
 
The Papal ''restoratio'' of the 11th century led to increasingly harsher attitudes towards Sodomites.
 
The Council of Nablus in 1120, in the Kingdom of Jerusalem, enacted severe penalties for Sodomy in the aftermath of the defeat of the Antiochene army at the Field of Blood the year before. Canons 8-11 establish punishments for sodomy, the first appearance of such punishments in medieval law. According to canon 8, an adult sodomite, "tam faciens quam paciens" (both the active and the passive parties), should be burned at the stake. If, however, the passive party is a child or an elderly person, canon 9 says that only the active party should be burned, and it will suffice that the passive party repent, as he is presumed to have sinned against his will. If the sodomy is against his will but he keeps it hidden for whatever reason, canon 10 says that he too will be judged as a sodomite. Canon 11 allows for a sodomite to repent and avoid punishment, but if he is found to have participated in sodomy a second time, he will be allowed to repent again but will be exiled from the kingdom.
 
===Sodomy laws in the Renaissance (the 13th, 14th, or 15th century)===
 
In thirteenth century France Sodomy resulted in castration on the first offense, dismemberment on the second, and burning on the third. [[Lesbian]] ( a term never used in the Middle Ages) behavior was punished with specific mutilations for the first two offenses and burning on the third as well.
 
By the mid-fourteenth century in many cities of Italy, civil laws against Sodomy were common. If a person was found to have committed sodomy, the city's government was entitled to confiscate the offender's property.<ref>John Boswell, ''Christianity, Social Tolerance, and Homosexuality'' pages 289-291</ref>


By 1533, King Henry VIII had enacted the death penalty for sodomy, which became the basis for many anti-sodomy laws to establish the death penalty ''The Buggery Act 1533''.  This also led to the fact that although the Renaissance traced its origins to ancient Greece, none of the literary masters dared to publicly proclaim "males' love".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bl.uk/collection-items/the-buggery-act-1533|title=The Buggery Act 1533|website=The British Library|access-date=2020-04-03}}</ref>  Sex between men was punishable by death until 1861 in the UK.


An examination of trials for rape and sodomy during the 18th century at the [[Old Bailey]] in London shows that the treatment of rape was often lenient, while the treatment of sodomy was often severe. However, the difficulty of proving that penetration and ejaculation had occurred meant that men were often convicted of the lesser charge of 'assault with sodomitical intent', which was not a capital offence.<ref>[http://www.oldbaileyonline.org/static/Crimes.jsp#assaultwithsodomiticalintent Crimes tried at the Old Bailey], ''Proceedings of the Old Bailey'' online</ref>
==Sodomy laws in the Modern Era ==
===Early modern era (16th, 17th and 18th centuries)===
An examination of trials for rape and sodomy during the 18th century at the Old Bailey in London shows that the treatment of rape was often lenient, while the treatment of sodomy was often severe. However, the difficulty of proving that penetration and ejaculation had occurred meant that men were often convicted of the lesser charge of 'assault with sodomitical intent', which was not a capital offence.<ref>[http://www.oldbaileyonline.org/static/Crimes.jsp#assaultwithsodomiticalintent Crimes tried at the Old Bailey], ''Proceedings of the Old Bailey'' online</ref>


In France in the 18th century, sodomy was still theoretically a capital crime, and there are a handful of cases where sodomites were executed. However, in several of these, other crimes were involved as well. Records from the Bastille and the police lieutenant d'Argenson, as well as other sources, show that many who were arrested were exiled, sent to a regiment, or imprisoned in places (generally the Hospital) associated with moral crimes such as prostitution. Of these, a number were involved in prostitution or had approached children, or otherwise gone beyond merely having homosexual relations. Ravaisson (a 19th-century writer who edited the Bastille records) suggested that the authorities preferred to handle these cases discreetly, lest public punishments in effect publicize "this vice".
In France in the 18th century, sodomy was still theoretically a capital crime, and there are a handful of cases where sodomites were executed. However, in several of these, other crimes were involved as well. Records from the Bastille and the police lieutenant d'Argenson, as well as other sources, show that many who were arrested were exiled, sent to a regiment, or imprisoned in places (generally the Hospital) associated with moral crimes such as prostitution. Of these, a number were involved in prostitution or had approached children, or otherwise gone beyond merely having homosexual relations. Ravaisson (a 19th-century writer who edited the Bastille records) suggested that the authorities preferred to handle these cases discreetly, lest public punishments in effect publicize "this vice".




Periodicals of the time sometimes casually named known sodomites, and at one point even suggested that sodomy was increasingly popular. This does not imply that sodomites necessarily lived in security - specific police agents, for instance, watched the [[Tuileries]], even then a known cruising area. But, as with much sexual behaviour under the Old Regime, discretion was a key concern on all sides (especially since members of prominent families were sometimes implicated) - the law seemed most concerned with those who were the least discreet.
Periodicals of the time sometimes casually named known sodomites, and at one point even suggested that sodomy was increasingly popular. This does not imply that sodomites necessarily lived in security - specific police agents, for instance, watched the Tuileries, even then a known cruising area. But, as with much sexual behaviour under the Old Regime, discretion was a key concern on all sides (especially since members of prominent families were sometimes implicated) - the law seemed most concerned with those who were the least discreet.


In 1730, there was a wave of sodomy trials in the [[Netherlands]]; some 250 men were summoned before the authorities; 91 faced decrees of exile for not appearing. At least 60 men were sentenced to death.<ref>Rictor Norton, [http://rictornorton.co.uk/eighteen/1730news.htm The Dutch Purge of Homosexuals 1730]</ref>
In 1730, there was a wave of sodomy trials in the [[Netherlands]]; some 250 men were summoned before the authorities; 91 faced decrees of exile for not appearing. At least 60 men were sentenced to death.<ref>Rictor Norton, [http://rictornorton.co.uk/eighteen/1730news.htm The Dutch Purge of Homosexuals 1730]</ref>
[[File:Pratt-and-smith.png|thumb|350 px| November 27, 1835 - Pratt & Smith hanged for the crime of buggery]]
===Modern Era (19th century to present)===
====United Kingdom====


The last two Englishmen that were hanged for sodomy were executed in 1835. [[James Pratt and John Smith]] died in front of [[Newgate Prison]] in [[London]] on 27 November of that year.<ref>[http://www.capitalpunishmentuk.org/newgate.html See]</ref><ref>[http://www.madelinehunter.com/history10.html Alternative date April 8, 1835 seen 2012] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121120003411/http://madelinehunter.com/history10.html |date=November 20, 2012 }}</ref> They had been prosecuted under the [[Offences against the Person Act 1828]], which had replaced the 1533 [[Buggery Act]].
The last two Englishmen that were hanged for sodomy were executed in 1835. James Pratt and John Smith died in front of Newgate Prison in London on 27 November of that year.<ref>[http://www.capitalpunishmentuk.org/newgate.html See]</ref><ref>[http://www.madelinehunter.com/history10.html Alternative date April 8, 1835 seen 2012] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121120003411/http://madelinehunter.com/history10.html |date=November 20, 2012 }}</ref> They had been prosecuted under the Offences against the Person Act 1828<ref>https://the-singapore-lgbt-encyclopaedia.fandom.com/wiki/Offences_against_the_Person_Act_1828</ref>, which had replaced the 1533 Buggery Act.
 
===Modern sodomy laws===
 


====United States====
====United States====
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In the 1950s, all states had some form of law criminalizing sodomy, and in 1986 the United States Supreme Court ruled that nothing in the United States Constitution bars a state from prohibiting sodomy. However, state legislators and state courts had started to repeal or overturn their sodomy laws, beginning with Illinois in 1961, and thus in 2003, only 10 states had laws prohibiting all sodomy, with penalties ranging from 1 to 15 years imprisonment. Additionally, four other states had laws that specifically prohibited same-sex sodomy.
In the 1950s, all states had some form of law criminalizing sodomy, and in 1986 the United States Supreme Court ruled that nothing in the United States Constitution bars a state from prohibiting sodomy. However, state legislators and state courts had started to repeal or overturn their sodomy laws, beginning with Illinois in 1961, and thus in 2003, only 10 states had laws prohibiting all sodomy, with penalties ranging from 1 to 15 years imprisonment. Additionally, four other states had laws that specifically prohibited same-sex sodomy.


On June 26, 2003, the [[Supreme Court of the United States|U.S. Supreme Court]] in a 6–3 decision in ''[[Lawrence v. Texas]]'' struck down the [[Texas]] same-sex sodomy law, ruling that this private sexual conduct is protected by the liberty rights implicit in the [[Due process|due process clause]] of the [[United States Constitution]], with [[Sandra Day O'Connor]]'s concurring opinion arguing that they violated equal protection. (''See [[Sodomy law]].)'' This decision invalidated all  [[U.S. state|state]] sodomy laws insofar as they applied to noncommercial conduct in private between consenting civilians and overruled its 1986 ruling in ''[[Bowers v. Hardwick]]'' which upheld [[Georgia (U.S. state)|Georgia]]'s sodomy law.
On June 26, 2003, the [[Supreme Court of the United States|U.S. Supreme Court]] in a 6–3 decision in ''Lawrence v. Texas'' struck down the [[Texas]] same-sex sodomy law, ruling that this private sexual conduct is protected by the liberty rights implicit in the due process clause of the United States Constitution, with Sandra Day O'Connor's concurring opinion arguing that they violated equal protection. This decision invalidated all  state sodomy laws insofar as they applied to noncommercial conduct in private between consenting civilians and overruled its 1986 ruling in ''Bowers v. Hardwick'' which upheld [[Georgia (U.S. state)|Georgia]]'s sodomy law.


In the [[U.S. military]], the United States Army Court of Criminal Appeals has ruled that the ''Lawrence v. Texas'' decision applies to Article 125 of the [[Uniform Code of Military Justice]], the statute banning sodomy.  In ''United States v. Stirewalt'':  
In the U.S. military, the United States Army Court of Criminal Appeals has ruled that the ''Lawrence v. Texas'' decision applies to Article 125 of the Uniform Code of Military Justice, the statute banning sodomy.  In ''United States v. Stirewalt'':  


<blockquote>CRAWFORD, Chief Judge (concurring in part and in the result): I agree with the result in this case but I "would reserve for another day the questions of whether and how ''Lawrence'' [''v. Texas'', 539 U.S. 558 (2003)] applies to the military. "1  ''Like United States v. Marcum'', "the factual differences between Lawrence and Appellant's case are striking" for the reasons mentioned by the majority as well as the circumstances surrounding the charges themselves.<ref>[http://www.armfor.uscourts.gov/opinions/2004Term/03-0433.htm U.S. v. Stirewalt]</ref></blockquote>
<blockquote>CRAWFORD, Chief Judge (concurring in part and in the result): I agree with the result in this case but I "would reserve for another day the questions of whether and how ''Lawrence'' [''v. Texas'', 539 U.S. 558 (2003)] applies to the military. "1  ''Like United States v. Marcum'', "the factual differences between Lawrence and Appellant's case are striking" for the reasons mentioned by the majority as well as the circumstances surrounding the charges themselves.<ref>[http://www.armfor.uscourts.gov/opinions/2004Term/03-0433.htm U.S. v. Stirewalt]</ref></blockquote>
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Stirewalt's conviction of sodomy stood due to the circumstances surrounding the crime. The court went on to say that despite ''Lawrence''{{'}}s application to the military, Article 125 can still be upheld in cases where there are "factors unique to the military environment" which would place the conduct "outside any protected liberty interest recognized in ''Lawrence''."<ref>[http://www.armfor.uscourts.gov/opinions/2004Term/02-0944.htm ''U.S. v. Marcum'']</ref>  Examples of such factors could be fraternization, public sexual behavior, or any other factors that would adversely affect good order and discipline. ''United States v. Meno'' and ''United States v. Bullock'' are two known cases in which consensual sodomy convictions have been overturned in military courts under the ''Lawrence'' precedent.<ref>[http://www.sldn.org/binary-data/SLDN_ARTICLES/pdf_file/2309.pdf United States v. Meno, United States Court of  Criminal Appeals] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080227001854/http://www.sldn.org/binary-data/SLDN_ARTICLES/pdf_file/2309.pdf |date=2008-02-27 }}</ref>
Stirewalt's conviction of sodomy stood due to the circumstances surrounding the crime. The court went on to say that despite ''Lawrence''{{'}}s application to the military, Article 125 can still be upheld in cases where there are "factors unique to the military environment" which would place the conduct "outside any protected liberty interest recognized in ''Lawrence''."<ref>[http://www.armfor.uscourts.gov/opinions/2004Term/02-0944.htm ''U.S. v. Marcum'']</ref>  Examples of such factors could be fraternization, public sexual behavior, or any other factors that would adversely affect good order and discipline. ''United States v. Meno'' and ''United States v. Bullock'' are two known cases in which consensual sodomy convictions have been overturned in military courts under the ''Lawrence'' precedent.<ref>[http://www.sldn.org/binary-data/SLDN_ARTICLES/pdf_file/2309.pdf United States v. Meno, United States Court of  Criminal Appeals] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080227001854/http://www.sldn.org/binary-data/SLDN_ARTICLES/pdf_file/2309.pdf |date=2008-02-27 }}</ref>


==Sodomite==
====Other====
Sodomite is a word that was historically used to label gay men and Boylovers, particularly in the middle ages and before the advent of the word homosexual. "The earliest surviving use of the word "sodomite" in a sexual sense may be an exchange of letters in 395 C. E. between Saint Jerome and a priest named Amandus, who asks for advice on how to deal with a woman who has left her husband because he was "an adulterer and a sodomite." <ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20080704144443/http://www.glbtq.com/social-sciences/sodomy.html</ref>
In the following nation states, same-sex acts are illegal and in the bolded countries below, sodomy remains punishable by death.<ref>https://www.bl.uk/lgbtq-histories/articles/the-men-killed-under-the-buggery-act</ref>
 
'''Afghanistan''', Algeria, Angola, Antigua & Barbuda, Bangladesh, Barbados, Bhutan, Botswana, Brunei Darussalam, Burundi, Cameroon, Comoros, Cook Islands, Dominica, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Egypt, Gambia, Gaza, Ghana, Grenada, Guinea, Guyana, India, Indonesia, '''Iran,''' '''Iraq''', Jamaica, Kenya, Kiribati, Kuwait, Lebanon, Liberia, Libya, Malawi, Malaysia, Maldives, '''Mauritania''', Mauritius, Morocco, Myanmar, Namibia, '''Nigeria''', Oman, '''Pakistan''', Papua New Guinea, '''Qatar''', Saint Kitts & Nevis, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent & the Grenadines, '''Saudi Arabia''', Senegal, Sierra Leone, Singapore, Solomon Islands, '''Somalia''', Samoa, South Sudan, Sri Lanka, '''Sudan''', Swaziland, '''Syria''', Tanzania, Togo, Tonga, Trinidad & Tobago, Tunisia, Turkmenistan, Tuvalu, '''United Arab Emirates''', '''Uganda''', Uzbekistan, '''Yemen''', Zambia, Zimbabwe.


==See also==
==See also==
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==External links==
==External links==
 
*For more on the religious mythology see: [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodom_and_Gomorrah Sodom and Gomorrah (Wikipedia)]


*[https://web.archive.org/web/20080704144443/http://www.glbtq.com/social-sciences/sodomy.html ''Sodomy'' by Prof. Eugene F. Rice]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20080704144443/http://www.glbtq.com/social-sciences/sodomy.html ''Sodomy'' by Prof. Eugene F. Rice]
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[[Category:LGBT articles]]
[[Category:LGBT articles]]
[[Category:Sex crimes]]
[[Category:Sex crimes]]
[[Category:Middle East]]
[[Category:Religion]]

Latest revision as of 13:02, 4 April 2023

Sodom was a legendary (possibly fictional) ancient city located in the Middle East. The exact whereabouts of the city are unknown but it was possibly in geographic proximity to the Dead Sea.[1] The area of the Dead Sea borders Jordan to the east and Israel and the West Bank to the west. It lies in the Jordan Rift Valley, and its main tributary is the Jordan River. [2]

    • The complete biblical story of Sodom and Gomorrah is not included on this pages because of it's use to promote social discrimination, violence, and murder.
Sodom and Gomorrah afire by Jacob de Wet II, 1680

History

In the biblical accounts of the Sodom and Gomorrah mythology, both cities were destroyed by “sulfur and fire” by God because of their "wickedness". [3] It has been theorized that if the story does have a historical basis and that the cities were likely destroyed by a natural disaster. One such idea is that the Dead Sea was devastated by an earthquake between 2100 and 1900 BCE. This might have unleashed showers of steaming tar[4] or the petroleum and gases existing in the area may have ignited and possibly contributed to the imagery of “brimstone and fire” that accompanied the geological upheaval that destroyed the cities.[1] Another theory put forward in September 2021 is that the destruction of Tall el-Hammam, a Bronze Age city in the Jordan Valley, by an exploding comet or meteor may have inspired the biblical story of Sodom and Gomorrah. At the time of the disaster, around 1650 B.C.E., Tall el-Hammam was the largest of three major cities in the valley. [5]

There is much disagreement between the different religious sects and the three major religions of Judaism, Christianity and Islam as to the "sin" of Sodom and Gomorrah ranging from inhospitality to homosexuality.[6] These debates are irreverent and produce few positive results. What is not inconsequential is how the mythology of Sodom and Gomorrah has been used in the past and is currently being used as justification to persecute and even murder people, especially by fundamentalist and extremist Christians and Muslims. [7][8]

Sodomy

Sodomy is primarily used to describe anal sex (commonly know as butt-fucking) but may also be oral sex or sexual activity between a person and a non-human animal (bestiality), or any non-procreative sexual activity.[9][10][11] Originally, the term sodomy, which is derived from the story of Sodom and Gomorrah in the Book of Genesis,[12] was restricted to anal sex.[13][14] The main use of this word was in the persecution of homosexuals, boylovers and others and lead to the advent of "Sodomy laws" used to criminalized sexual behaviors linked to homosexuality.[14][15] In the Western world, many of these laws have been overturned in the 21st century or are not routinely enforced. However in the United States, many of these laws remain on the books and there has been a recent push by conservatives and religious zealots to nullify Federal prohibitions on these laws.

Sodomite

Sodomite is a word that was historically used to label gay men and boylovers, particularly in the middle ages ( 5th to the late 15th) and into the Renaissance (the 15th and 16th centuries) and before the advent of the word homosexual in 1868. "The earliest surviving use of the word "sodomite" used in a sexual sense may be an exchange of letters in 395 C. E. between Saint Jerome and a priest named Amandus, who asks for advice on how to deal with a woman who has left her husband because he was "an adulterer and a sodomite." [16]

Sodomy laws

While sodomy laws may be enforced against anyone deemed to be immoral, they are primary intended/enacted to promote the persecution and to punish homosexuals, boylovers, and other sexual and gender minorities.

Sodomy laws in the Middle Ages (from the collapse of Roman civilization in the 5th century CE to the period of the Renaissance)

In medieval Europe, attitudes toward homosexuality was determined by religious culture; the Catholic Church, which dominated the religious landscape, considered, and still considers, sodomy as a mortal sin and a "crime against nature". By the 11th century Sodomy was increasingly viewed as a serious moral crime and punishable by mutilation or death.

In early Medieval years, homosexuality was given no particular penance; it was viewed like all the other sins. For example, during the eighth century, Pope Gregory III gave penances of 160 days for unnatural female acts and usually one year for males who committed acts of sodomy, the passive partner being treated more severely.[17] During the Inquisition itself, individuals were rarely investigated for sodomy alone; it was usually associated with the expression of heretical beliefs and attacks on the Church. Those who did not recant their heresy would be severely punished.[18]

The Papal restoratio of the 11th century led to increasingly harsher attitudes towards Sodomites.

The Council of Nablus in 1120, in the Kingdom of Jerusalem, enacted severe penalties for Sodomy in the aftermath of the defeat of the Antiochene army at the Field of Blood the year before. Canons 8-11 establish punishments for sodomy, the first appearance of such punishments in medieval law. According to canon 8, an adult sodomite, "tam faciens quam paciens" (both the active and the passive parties), should be burned at the stake. If, however, the passive party is a child or an elderly person, canon 9 says that only the active party should be burned, and it will suffice that the passive party repent, as he is presumed to have sinned against his will. If the sodomy is against his will but he keeps it hidden for whatever reason, canon 10 says that he too will be judged as a sodomite. Canon 11 allows for a sodomite to repent and avoid punishment, but if he is found to have participated in sodomy a second time, he will be allowed to repent again but will be exiled from the kingdom.

Sodomy laws in the Renaissance (the 13th, 14th, or 15th century)

In thirteenth century France Sodomy resulted in castration on the first offense, dismemberment on the second, and burning on the third. Lesbian ( a term never used in the Middle Ages) behavior was punished with specific mutilations for the first two offenses and burning on the third as well.

By the mid-fourteenth century in many cities of Italy, civil laws against Sodomy were common. If a person was found to have committed sodomy, the city's government was entitled to confiscate the offender's property.[19]

By 1533, King Henry VIII had enacted the death penalty for sodomy, which became the basis for many anti-sodomy laws to establish the death penalty The Buggery Act 1533.  This also led to the fact that although the Renaissance traced its origins to ancient Greece, none of the literary masters dared to publicly proclaim "males' love".[20] Sex between men was punishable by death until 1861 in the UK.

Sodomy laws in the Modern Era

Early modern era (16th, 17th and 18th centuries)

An examination of trials for rape and sodomy during the 18th century at the Old Bailey in London shows that the treatment of rape was often lenient, while the treatment of sodomy was often severe. However, the difficulty of proving that penetration and ejaculation had occurred meant that men were often convicted of the lesser charge of 'assault with sodomitical intent', which was not a capital offence.[21]

In France in the 18th century, sodomy was still theoretically a capital crime, and there are a handful of cases where sodomites were executed. However, in several of these, other crimes were involved as well. Records from the Bastille and the police lieutenant d'Argenson, as well as other sources, show that many who were arrested were exiled, sent to a regiment, or imprisoned in places (generally the Hospital) associated with moral crimes such as prostitution. Of these, a number were involved in prostitution or had approached children, or otherwise gone beyond merely having homosexual relations. Ravaisson (a 19th-century writer who edited the Bastille records) suggested that the authorities preferred to handle these cases discreetly, lest public punishments in effect publicize "this vice".


Periodicals of the time sometimes casually named known sodomites, and at one point even suggested that sodomy was increasingly popular. This does not imply that sodomites necessarily lived in security - specific police agents, for instance, watched the Tuileries, even then a known cruising area. But, as with much sexual behaviour under the Old Regime, discretion was a key concern on all sides (especially since members of prominent families were sometimes implicated) - the law seemed most concerned with those who were the least discreet.

In 1730, there was a wave of sodomy trials in the Netherlands; some 250 men were summoned before the authorities; 91 faced decrees of exile for not appearing. At least 60 men were sentenced to death.[22]

November 27, 1835 - Pratt & Smith hanged for the crime of buggery

Modern Era (19th century to present)

United Kingdom

The last two Englishmen that were hanged for sodomy were executed in 1835. James Pratt and John Smith died in front of Newgate Prison in London on 27 November of that year.[23][24] They had been prosecuted under the Offences against the Person Act 1828[25], which had replaced the 1533 Buggery Act.

United States

In the 1950s, all states had some form of law criminalizing sodomy, and in 1986 the United States Supreme Court ruled that nothing in the United States Constitution bars a state from prohibiting sodomy. However, state legislators and state courts had started to repeal or overturn their sodomy laws, beginning with Illinois in 1961, and thus in 2003, only 10 states had laws prohibiting all sodomy, with penalties ranging from 1 to 15 years imprisonment. Additionally, four other states had laws that specifically prohibited same-sex sodomy.

On June 26, 2003, the U.S. Supreme Court in a 6–3 decision in Lawrence v. Texas struck down the Texas same-sex sodomy law, ruling that this private sexual conduct is protected by the liberty rights implicit in the due process clause of the United States Constitution, with Sandra Day O'Connor's concurring opinion arguing that they violated equal protection. This decision invalidated all state sodomy laws insofar as they applied to noncommercial conduct in private between consenting civilians and overruled its 1986 ruling in Bowers v. Hardwick which upheld Georgia's sodomy law.

In the U.S. military, the United States Army Court of Criminal Appeals has ruled that the Lawrence v. Texas decision applies to Article 125 of the Uniform Code of Military Justice, the statute banning sodomy. In United States v. Stirewalt:

CRAWFORD, Chief Judge (concurring in part and in the result): I agree with the result in this case but I "would reserve for another day the questions of whether and how Lawrence [v. Texas, 539 U.S. 558 (2003)] applies to the military. "1 Like United States v. Marcum, "the factual differences between Lawrence and Appellant's case are striking" for the reasons mentioned by the majority as well as the circumstances surrounding the charges themselves.[26]

Stirewalt's conviction of sodomy stood due to the circumstances surrounding the crime. The court went on to say that despite Lawrence's application to the military, Article 125 can still be upheld in cases where there are "factors unique to the military environment" which would place the conduct "outside any protected liberty interest recognized in Lawrence."[27] Examples of such factors could be fraternization, public sexual behavior, or any other factors that would adversely affect good order and discipline. United States v. Meno and United States v. Bullock are two known cases in which consensual sodomy convictions have been overturned in military courts under the Lawrence precedent.[28]

Other

In the following nation states, same-sex acts are illegal and in the bolded countries below, sodomy remains punishable by death.[29]

Afghanistan, Algeria, Angola, Antigua & Barbuda, Bangladesh, Barbados, Bhutan, Botswana, Brunei Darussalam, Burundi, Cameroon, Comoros, Cook Islands, Dominica, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Egypt, Gambia, Gaza, Ghana, Grenada, Guinea, Guyana, India, Indonesia, Iran, Iraq, Jamaica, Kenya, Kiribati, Kuwait, Lebanon, Liberia, Libya, Malawi, Malaysia, Maldives, Mauritania, Mauritius, Morocco, Myanmar, Namibia, Nigeria, Oman, Pakistan, Papua New Guinea, Qatar, Saint Kitts & Nevis, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent & the Grenadines, Saudi Arabia, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Singapore, Solomon Islands, Somalia, Samoa, South Sudan, Sri Lanka, Sudan, Swaziland, Syria, Tanzania, Togo, Tonga, Trinidad & Tobago, Tunisia, Turkmenistan, Tuvalu, United Arab Emirates, Uganda, Uzbekistan, Yemen, Zambia, Zimbabwe.

See also

References

  1. 1.0 1.1 https://www.britannica.com/place/Sodom-and-Gomorrah/Religious-views
  2. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dead_Sea
  3. Genesis 19:24
  4. Isbouts, Jean-Pierre (2007). The Biblical World: An Illustrated Atlas. National Geographic Books. p. 71. ISBN 978-1-4262-0138-7. https://books.google.com/books?id=UTEQRDWYJ0kC&pg=PR57. 
  5. https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/destruction-of-city-by-space-rock-may-have-inspired-biblical-story-of-sodom-180978734/
  6. https://www.str.org/w/what-was-the-sin-of-sodom-and-gomorrah-1
  7. https://www.hrw.org/report/2022/01/26/even-if-you-go-skies-well-find-you/lgbt-people-afghanistan-after-taliban-takeover
  8. https://www.newsweek.com/pastor-gay-people-solution-killings-bible-1714037
  9. Shirelle Phelps (2001). World of Criminal Justice: N-Z. Gale Group. p. 686. ISBN 0787650730. https://books.google.com/books?id=izwvAQAAIAAJ&q=World+of+Criminal+Justice:+N-Z.&dq=World+of+Criminal+Justice:+N-Z.&hl=en&sa=X&ei=kx3UUp3gMJGqqQH32YDACw&ved=0CEIQ6AEwAA. Retrieved on January 13, 2014. 
  10. John Scheb, John Scheb, II (2013). Criminal Law and Procedure. Cengage Learning. p. 185. ISBN 128554613X. https://books.google.com/books?id=VZoWAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA185&dq=&hl=en&sa=X&ei=eB7UUsnOCYqjrgHB9oDADQ&ved=0CEEQ6AEwAw#v=onepage&q=&f=false. Retrieved on January 13, 2014. 
  11. David Newton (2009). Gay and Lesbian Rights: A Reference Handbook, Second Edition. ABC-CLIO. p. 85. ISBN 1598843079. https://books.google.com/books?id=gjcUFK4RZNcC&pg=PA85&dq=&hl=en&sa=X&ei=-xzUUoveD8GbrgGsuIHIDQ&ved=0CDMQ6AEwAQ#v=onepage&q=&f=false. Retrieved on January 13, 2014. 
  12. J. D. Douglas, Merrill C. Tenney (2011). Zondervan Illustrated Bible Dictionary. Zondervan. pp. 1584 pages. ISBN 0310492351. https://books.google.com/books?id=8Tq7UcPMwacC&pg=PT3169&dq=&hl=en&sa=X&ei=P3Q-UpHVB4SW2AW_yoH4BA&ved=0CDoQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=&f=false. Retrieved on September 21, 2013. 
  13. Nicholas C. Edsall (2006). Toward Stonewall: Homosexuality and Society in the Modern Western World. University of Virginia Press. pp. 3–4. ISBN 0813925436. https://books.google.com/books?id=0qjwZeKNyh4C&pg=PA3&dq=&hl=en&sa=X&ei=fmY-UrL3K6TC2QXS-YDoBQ&ved=0CDgQ6AEwAjgU#v=onepage&q=&f=false. Retrieved on September 21, 2013. 
  14. 14.0 14.1 Colin Sumner (2008). The Blackwell Companion to Criminology. John Wiley & Sons. pp. 310–320. ISBN 0470998954. https://books.google.com/books?id=seDrXjekCWwC&pg=PA311&dq=&hl=en&sa=X&ei=cm0-UrmQGsHh2AXAvYHoAg&ved=0CFYQ6AEwCDgK#v=onepage&q=&f=false. Retrieved on September 21, 2013. 
  15. Andrew Sullivan (March 24, 2003). Unnatural Law. The New Republic. Retrieved on November 27, 2009. “Since the laws had rarely been enforced against heterosexuals, there was no sense of urgency about their repeal.” (Or Sullivan, Andrew (2003-03-24). "Unnatural Law". The New Republic 228 (11). )
  16. https://web.archive.org/web/20080704144443/http://www.glbtq.com/social-sciences/sodomy.html
  17. John Boswell, Christianity, Social Tolerance, and Homosexuality page 180
  18. John Boswell, Christianity, Social Tolerance, and Homosexuality page 285
  19. John Boswell, Christianity, Social Tolerance, and Homosexuality pages 289-291
  20. The Buggery Act 1533.
  21. Crimes tried at the Old Bailey, Proceedings of the Old Bailey online
  22. Rictor Norton, The Dutch Purge of Homosexuals 1730
  23. See
  24. Alternative date April 8, 1835 seen 2012 Archived November 20, 2012, at the Wayback Machine
  25. https://the-singapore-lgbt-encyclopaedia.fandom.com/wiki/Offences_against_the_Person_Act_1828
  26. U.S. v. Stirewalt
  27. U.S. v. Marcum
  28. United States v. Meno, United States Court of Criminal Appeals Archived 2008-02-27 at the Wayback Machine
  29. https://www.bl.uk/lgbtq-histories/articles/the-men-killed-under-the-buggery-act


External links